En 2019, le trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle continue de générer une importante polarisation des opinions sur les places publiques et politiques. Même si les écrits entourant ce phénomène sont nombreux, celui-ci reste mal défini. Le manque de recherches bâties sur une méthodologie rigoureuse demeure une entrave importante à l’élaboration de connaissances fiables autant en ce qui concerne le paradigme du passage à l’acte que celui de la réaction sociale. Pourtant, la gravité des impacts de ce crime sur la vie des victimes mérite de s’y attarder consciencieusement. La présente recherche souhaite poursuivre l’exploration empirique du phénomène. L’objectif est de décrire le processus du trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle. Pour ce faire, l’approche des scripts a été retenu comme cadre théorique. C’est une approche utilisée dans de nombreuses études de phénomènes complexes et pourtant rarement appliquée au trafic humain. L’approche du script nous permet de considérer le trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle dans sa globalité tout en permettant de mettre en lumière les éléments spécifiques nécessaires qui composent le processus. Vingt-deux cas, tirés de jugements canadiens ayant des accusations sous l’article 279.01 du Code criminel, ont été retenus pour créer le script général du trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle. Le résultat est un script en huit étapes, du recrutement à la distribution des bénéfices. Deux étapes additionnelles ont été ajoutées. En amont, le contexte initial est soulevé pour, notamment, établir les motivations individuelles des travailleuses et, en aval, la fin de la carrière est décrite pour aborder les causes du désengagement. Le script identifié rapporte un trafic national, peu structuré et opportuniste. / In 2019, human trafficking for sexual exploitation still generate important public and political debates. Even if the literature is growing on the subject, the latter stays ill-defined. Indeed, the lack of researches based on a rigorous methodology is, still today, a major impediment to the development of reliable knowledge on the phenomenon itself as well as on the social reaction to it. This research aims at pursuing the empirical exploration of the human trafficking for sexual exploitation. The objective is to describe the global process from the recruitment up to the sexual exploitation and beyond. In order to achieve this, the script methodological approach will be applied. It is an efficient approach that has been used in numerous studies to improve the understanding of complex phenomenon yet, it has been rarely applied to human trafficking. The script enables the researchers to consider the whole process of human trafficking for sexual exploitation while highlighting the key elements that are required to allow the chain of events that build up to the exploitation. Twenty-two individual cases from Canadian judgments having accusations under the article 279.01 of the Criminal Code were retained to create the general script of the human trafficking for sexual exploitation. The result is a script in eight steps, from the recruitment of the sex worker to the distribution of the gains. Two steps were added in order to expand the knowledge around the process of the phenomenon. Before the process, the initial context is presented in order, notably, to raise the individual motivations of the workers. After the process, the end of the career is also added to explore the factors that bring them to quit the sex work. Moreover, the general script exposes a national, loosely structured and opportunistic traffic.

Syftet med den aktuella studien är att undersöka socialarbetares attityder, erfarenheter och kompetens i arbetet med pojkar, flickor och icke-binära, under 18 år, som säljer sexuella tjänster. Studien ämnar också undersöka hur bekväma socialarbetarna är att arbeta med frågan. Studien har bedrivits genom en kvantitativ webbenkät där socialarbetare, vilka är medlemmar i en Facebook-grupp för socionomer, fått möjligheten att besvara frågor angående ämnet ungdomar som säljer sexuella tjänster.  Resultaten av enkäten har sedan testats statistiskt och analyserats mot tidigare forskning kring ungdomar som säljer sexuella tjänster samt ett strukturellt organisationsperspektiv. Ungdomar som säljer sexuella tjänster visas utsättas för stora risker och dåligt psykiskt mående både under- och efter erfarenheten av att sälja sexuella tjänster. Resultaten tyder på att bekvämlighet i samtal om ungas sexuella hälsa är det som i högst grad påverkar hur säkra socialarbetare känner sig på hur de ska agera när de möter unga som säljer sexuella tjänster. Samtidigt som konsensus råder om att socionomutbildningar över lag inte prioriterar ämnet under programmens gång. Resultaten visar att respondenterna har högre grad av misstankar kring flickor, än pojkar och icke-binära, som säljer sexuella tjänster, trots att tidigare undersökningar visar att procenten pojkar som säljer sexuella tjänster är något högre än gruppen flickor. Majoriteten av respondenterna anger även att de inte känner till att deras arbetsplats har några rutiner kring ungdomar som säljer sexuella tjänster, samt att det råder varians kring hur säkra respondenterna känner sig kring att arbeta med frågan. / The aim of this study is to examine the attitudes, experiences and competence of social workers regarding the work towards boys, girls and non-binary youth, below the age of 18, who are selling sexual services. The study also aims to examine how comfortable social workers are while working with this subject. The study was conducted with a quantitative web-based poll where social workers, who were members of the Facebook-group “Socionom” specifically for social workers, had the opportunity to answer questions regarding youths who sell sexual services. The results of the poll were later statistically tested and analyzed by using previously conducted research around youths who sell sexual services, and by using a structural organizational perspective. Youths who sell sexual services are exposed to high risks and poor mental health both during- and after the experience of selling sexual services. The results of the poll indicate that the most important aspect of working with this subject is depending on how comfortable the social worker feels having discussions with the youths regarding sexual health, while consensus show that social work-education, according to the respondents, does not prioritize or give lectures regarding youth who are selling sexual services or their sexual health. The results also show that the respondents to a higher degree suspect female clients are selling sexual services than boys or non-binary, even though previous research show that boys are selling sexual services to a higher degree. Most of the respondents also specify that they are not aware of any current guidelines at their current workplace regarding youths who are selling sexual services, and that there is variance in how comfortable the respondents feel working with this subject.

In my diploma thesis I focus on women who work in the sex business and their careers. The aim of the work is to present relevant theories and current knowledge about the life careers of sex workers, expanded by my own research. The work is dividing sex business according to the place of provisioning of services as well as according to the trends of this profession in our country and abroad. It describes present social and health risks in the historical perspective, career in the sex business, motivation to do such a job, and also mentioning an organization that works with women from the sex business. The work concerns only women who provide sexual services for a fee and are over 18 years of age. In my work I focus on biographies of women who provide paid sexual services from their point of view, and how they view their lives. I also adapted a selected sample of respondents to this work and addressed both existing clients of ROZKOŠ bez RIZIKA, z. s., including those who no longer work in the sex business. I used the method of structured interviews, through which it was possible to get a basic picture of the interviewee's family, personal and work situation. Furthermore, I focused on capturing their view of the stage of life when they were working in the sex business. I tried to identify the key...

Att människohandel för sexuell exploatering utgör ett brott mot mänskliga rättigheter står klart. Människohandel kränker flertalet av individens rättigheter och staters skyldigheter gentemot dessa individer finns således stadgade i flertalet internationella konventioner. Palermoprotokollet stadgar den första internationellt gemensamma definitionen av människohandel och stadgar vidare ett krav på att definitionen utgör ett brott i konventionsstaternas nationella lagstiftning. Om prostitution anses kränka individers rättigheter och föranleder krav på rättslig reglering är däremot omtvistat, detta trots de likheter som finns. Med utgångspunkt i mänskliga rättigheter syftar uppsatsen, med hjälp av genus- och rättssociologisk teori och metod, att undersöka om prostitution torde omfattas av dessa samt om, och i så fall, vilka positiva skyldigheter stater enligt folkrätten har gentemot personer som befinner sig i prostitution. Detta för att utreda huruvida det är möjligt att kräva att stater kriminaliserar sexköp, antingen för att uppfylla de konventioner som kräver ett förebyggande arbete mot människohandel för sexuell exploatering men även för att leva upp till de åtaganden stater åtagit sig för att motverka den könsojämställdhet, könsdiskriminering och våld som prostitution bevisligen kan innebära. Det finns en tydlig korrelation mellan prostitution och människohandel för sexuell exploatering. Forskning visar att omfattningen av människohandel är högre i stater med legaliserad prostitution samtidigt som både prostitutionen och människohandeln minskat i Sverige sedan sexköpslagen trädde i kraft. Prostitution kan anses uppfylla många delar av det som utgör människohandelsbrottet enligt Palermoprotokollets definition och torde således generellt sett kunna vara en form av människohandel. Således, med hänvisning till krav på förebyggande åtgärder mot människohandel, så torde det kunna krävas att stater kriminaliserar sexköp, inte minst då det bevisligen kan vara ett effektivt sätt att motverka den efterfrågan vilken upprätthåller både prostitution och människohandel för sexuell exploatering. / Whether trafficking for sexual exploitation constitutes a violation of human right is indisputable. Human trafficking violates several individual rights and states' obligations towards victims of trafficking are thus stated in various international conventions. The Palermo Protocol constitutes the first international joint definition of human trafficking and the statute further requires that the definition constitutes a criminal offence in the convention states' national legislation. Whether prostitution is considered a violation of human rights and therefore induce a legal obligations of states is however disputed. Based on human rights, with a gender -and sociological theory of law this study aims to examine whether prostitution also should benefit from these rights and if so, determine the obligations of states under international law towards people in prostitution. Further to investigate whether it is possible to require states to criminalize the purchase of sexual services, either to comply with international conventions that urges prevention of human trafficking for sexual exploitation but also to live up to commitments to discourage the gender inequality, discrimination and violence often included in prostitution. There is a correlation between prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation. Research shows that the scope of human trafficking is higher in states with legalized prostitution, while both prostitution and trafficking for sexual exploitation decreased in Sweden since the Sex Purchase Act came into force 1999. Prostitution is often considered to satisfy several elements of what constitutes trafficking under the Palermo Protocol's definition and could therefore generally be considered a form of human trafficking. Thus, by referring to the many requirements of preventive measures against trafficking it could therefore be argued that states should criminalize purchase of sexual services, as it is proven an effective way to counter the demand that maintains both prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation.

Aj The goal of the diploma thesis is to find out what is the life career of women who provide paid sexual services. The thesis only applies to women who provide sexual services for financial compensation and are over 18 years old. Although we know from research that a large portion of women started providing sexual services for money before the age of 18, we are not getting into direct contact with teenage sex workers. In my work, I focus on the biography of women providing paid sex services. From their perspective, and how they view their lives. The sample of respondents was adapted to the topic and we approached both the clients of Bliss without RISK, z. s. as well as those who no longer working in the sex business. I used the in-depth interview method to get a basic picture of the interviewee's family, personal, and work situation. Furthermore, I focused on capturing their view of the life stage when they worked in the sex business. I tried to identify the moments that led to the entry and exit of this profession. Keywords: Sex business, Bliss without RISK (R-R), Sex worker, Life career, Paid sexual services

Il a été montré que l’Homme a un penchant latent à poser des gestes prohibés qui sont contrôlés par les normes formelles et informelles de sa communauté. Si nous sortons un individu de sa communauté sera-t-il plus enclin à poser ces gestes? C’est cette situation que le présent mémoire cherche à exposer. Nous visons à comprendre le processus menant à la consommation de services sexuels rémunérés dans un contexte touristique à l’étranger par l’étude du tourisme sexuel au Mexique. Nous cherchons à définir les facteurs qui motivent, ou du moins favorisent ce type de consommation dans un tel contexte. Pour rendre compte de ces facteurs, nous utilisons un corpus de données composé de commentaires publiés par des touristes sexuels sur un forum de clavardage, se trouvant sur la Toile, et de données existantes. Nous analysons ce corpus de données par une combinaison théorique de l’intersectionnalité et du contrôle social. Précisément, nous analysons les commentaires seuls afin de rendre compte des motivations des touristes à pratiquer le tourisme sexuel, puis nous analysons les données existantes en établissant des liens avec les commentaires publiés pour connaitre les facteurs qui permettent aux touristes cette pratique. / It has been demonstrated that the human being has a latent inclination for transgression, which is restrained by formal and informal standards set by its community. If, however, we take an individual out of its community, will he be more inclined to transgress norms? The present thesis attempts to expound that situation. We aim to understand the process that leads one to consume paid sexual services in a touristic context abroad by studying sex tourism in Mexico. We are trying to define the factors that motivate, or at least, favour this type of consummation in such context. We use a body of evidence composed of comments published by sex tourists on an online forum, and of existing data to account for these factors. We analyze these evidences by combining intersectionality and social control on a theoretical level. Specifically, we review the comments alone in order to understand the tourists' motives to seek sex tourism, and we analyze the existing data, establishing links with the published comments as to identify the factors permitting tourists to engage in that practice.

Il a été montré que l’Homme a un penchant latent à poser des gestes prohibés qui sont contrôlés par les normes formelles et informelles de sa communauté. Si nous sortons un individu de sa communauté sera-t-il plus enclin à poser ces gestes? C’est cette situation que le présent mémoire cherche à exposer. Nous visons à comprendre le processus menant à la consommation de services sexuels rémunérés dans un contexte touristique à l’étranger par l’étude du tourisme sexuel au Mexique. Nous cherchons à définir les facteurs qui motivent, ou du moins favorisent ce type de consommation dans un tel contexte. Pour rendre compte de ces facteurs, nous utilisons un corpus de données composé de commentaires publiés par des touristes sexuels sur un forum de clavardage, se trouvant sur la Toile, et de données existantes. Nous analysons ce corpus de données par une combinaison théorique de l’intersectionnalité et du contrôle social. Précisément, nous analysons les commentaires seuls afin de rendre compte des motivations des touristes à pratiquer le tourisme sexuel, puis nous analysons les données existantes en établissant des liens avec les commentaires publiés pour connaitre les facteurs qui permettent aux touristes cette pratique. / It has been demonstrated that the human being has a latent inclination for transgression, which is restrained by formal and informal standards set by its community. If, however, we take an individual out of its community, will he be more inclined to transgress norms? The present thesis attempts to expound that situation. We aim to understand the process that leads one to consume paid sexual services in a touristic context abroad by studying sex tourism in Mexico. We are trying to define the factors that motivate, or at least, favour this type of consummation in such context. We use a body of evidence composed of comments published by sex tourists on an online forum, and of existing data to account for these factors. We analyze these evidences by combining intersectionality and social control on a theoretical level. Specifically, we review the comments alone in order to understand the tourists' motives to seek sex tourism, and we analyze the existing data, establishing links with the published comments as to identify the factors permitting tourists to engage in that practice.