This paper examines the prevalence of sexual violence in American media with particular focus on attitudes of sexual violence as a contribution to rape culture. Included is a content analysis of the prevalence of sexually violent lyrics in popular rap music, and a literature review of articles and studies on the effects of sexually violent media. The media discussed in the literature review includes films, television, and pornography. The relationship between the presence of sexually violent media and its impact on public opinion on sexual assault and rape proclivity are analyzed. The literature reviewed includes studies on differences in response to sexually violent media based on gender. Also included are explanation and summary of a study utilizing the excitation transfer theory and the social learning theory as they apply to the understanding of the perpetuation of rape myth acceptance based in the viewing of sexually violent media. These studies utilize the rape myth acceptance scale, the acceptance of interpersonal violence scale, and the adversarial sexual beliefs scale, among other scales of measurement to assess rape myth acceptance and rape proclivity. The high prevalence of sexual assault in the United States calls for an analysis of the acceptance of beliefs that perpetuate sexual assault and the media which support and increase the presence of these beliefs.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

- SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN ARMED CONFLICT - THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURTS The purpose of this thesis is to describe the phenomenon of sexual violence against women in armed conflicts and to describe the influence of the international criminal courts in understanding of this phenomenon. Sexual violence appears in almost every armed conflict. Until the establishment of the international criminal courts in the ninetees the issue of sexual violence against women in armed conflict was overlooked. The prohibition of such treatment was existing, for example The Hague Convention or The Geneva Convention, however no efficient sanction mechanism to punish the perpetrators was existing. The violence against woman was moreover understood as her honour attack without any consequences for the community and the society as a whole. It was a private crime. Mass violation of the human rights in the area of Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda made the United Nations to begin with prosecuting and punishing such treatment. Rape and other forms of sexual violence was recognized as a war crime and the crime against humanity on the basis of the judgements of the international criminal courts. Rape can, under certain circumstances, fulfill the fact of the case of genocide. The international criminal courts strongly made...

- Sexual Violence against Women in Armed Conflicts - the Role of the International Criminal Tribunals The purpose of my thesis is to describe and analyse a development of a regulation in the international humanitarian law and international criminal law and the contribution of decision making of international criminal tribunals in former Yugoslavia and Rwanda with a special focus on sexual violence against women during armed conflict. The reason for my research is the fact that during armed conflict women worldwide are permanently exposed to danger of sexual violence and it is necessary to stress this issue continuously. The thesis is composed of seven chapters. Chapter One is introductory and describes the current state of sexual violence in armed conflict. Further it explains what fields of international law the sexual violence is subject to and it provides a structure of the thesis. Chapter Two examines the international humanitarian law. The chapter is subdivided into four parts. Part One deals with the international humanitarian law in general. Part Two characterises the specificity of sexual violence. Part Three analyses the development of norms protecting women under international humanitarian law until the adoption of the Geneva conventions in 1949. Part Four analyses the regulation in the...

Esta pesquisa consiste em uma leitura de três textos literários do escritor Sérgio Sant\'Anna: o conto \"O monstro\", que compõe o livro homônimo O monstro - três histórias de amor (1994), e as narrativas mais longas, Um crime delicado (1997) e O livro de Praga - narrativas de amor e arte (2011), com especial atenção ao capítulo \"A boneca\". É possível identificar nessas obras aspectos semelhantes. A perspectiva narrativa privilegiada é a de homens intelectuais que foram, em momentos determinados dos respectivos enredos, acusados de estupro. Além disso, as vítimas dos crimes, consumados ou supostos, têm constituições físicas específicas, que contribuem para a situação de vulnerabilidade à violência. Considerando tais afinidades, este trabalho elegeu como prioritários os seguintes elementos de análise: a caracterização dos narradores protagonistas; a configuração do problema da violência sexual nos respectivos enredos e a construção não convencional das personagens femininas. Sustenta-se que os procedimentos estéticos empregados por Sant\'Anna nessa série literária provocam discussões sobre o complexo fenômeno da violência sexual. Pretende-se, assim, contribuir tanto para a fortuna crítica do autor quanto para o debate, ainda escasso no campo da crítica literária brasileira, sobre o tópico da violência sexual na literatura. / This research consists of a reading of three literary texts of the writer Sérgio Sant\'Anna: the tale \"The monster\", that composes the homonymous book The monster - three histories of love (1994), and the longer narratives, A delicate crime (1997) and The Book of Prague - narratives of love and art (2011). Similar aspects can be identified in these works. The privileged narrative perspective is that of intellectual men accused of rape. In addition, the victims of the crimes, consummate or supposed, have specific physical constitutions that accentuate the state of vulnerability to violence. Considering such affinities, this work choses as priorities the following elements of analysis: the configuration of the problem of sexual violence in the respective scenarios; the self-image formulated in and through the discourse of each of the intellectual narrators and the unconventional construction of the female characters. Because they deal with sexuality and violence, the analyzes present constant reflections on the body. It is maintained that the aesthetic procedures employed by Sant\'Anna in this literary series provoke varied discussions about the complex phenomenon of sexual violence. It is intended, therefore, to contribute both to the critical fortune of the author and to the debate, still scarce in the field of Brazilian literary criticism, on the topic of sexual violence in literature.

Societal discourses and rigid gender norms, tenaciously reinforced by media representations, prevent men from being recognized as survivors of sexual violence (Gulas, McKeage, & Weinberger, 2010; Heber, 2017). Consequently, research on the ability of male survivors of sexual violence to acquire positive characteristics as a result of their victimization, termed posttraumatic growth (PTG), is limited (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004a). This thesis assesses the experience of PTG for male survivors of sexual violence, specifically analyzing the role of gender norms, coping styles, and service access in the production, or lack thereof, of PTG. Through the concepts of gender norms and coping, the experience of PTG for male survivors is contextualized, providing insight into how these forces individually and collectively facilitate or hinder the experience of PTG. A qualitative comparative analysis is conducted in order to establish a configuration of causal factors that are associated with the presence and absence of PTG for male survivors (N=9). Only one of the five hypotheses this thesis tests are supported; high stability (no interruption) of service access is associated with PTG. This thesis argues that the use of coping styles and service access is intertwined with conflicts between their gender and victimization, where male survivors utilize certain forms of coping or services depending on the degree to which they need to regain feelings of control.

Procuramos nesta pesquisa, trabalhar a questão da violência voltada à mulher, em especial à mulher detenta. Para tanto, sentimos necessidade de buscar referenciais teóricos que nos desse subsídios para compreensão do significado da violência generalizada, a doméstica e a sexual e a vulnerabilidade às IST- aids e sua articulação com as relações de gênero. Isto nos levou a traçar os seguintes objetivos: fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre as questões mais amplas que envolvem a violência generalizada, e particularmente a sexual; investigar qual a percepção que as mulheres detentas têm sobre a violência, detectando suas possíveis experiências nesse sentido e conseqüentes riscos de infecção pelo IST/HIV-aids; trabalhar, conjuntamente com elas, um programa educativo, desenvolvendo ações e intervenções, visando ao atendimento das questões em apreço, incluindo a elaboração de cartilha sobre violência, IST, aids e drogas, destinada a este público alvo. Para tanto, desenvolvemos um estudo exploratório-descritivo através da pesquisa-ação, fundamentada numa visão humanitária. Priorizamos a abordagem qualitativa cuja análise se deu por categorização – valorizando a subjetividade, ao favorecer a compreensão e a interpretação da fala dos sujeitos pesquisados. Trabalhamos com 15 mulheres detentas, de uma Cadeia Pública Feminina do interior paulista. As técnicas utilizadas foram: a entrevista individual, semi-estruturada, tendo como instrumento, questionário com questões norteadoras; e a observação participante. Os resultados evidenciaram que a violência sexual é repudiada e tida como geradora de marcas psíquicas e emocionais à mulher. Sete (7) do total de pesquisadas, sofreram algum tipo de violência sexual; em cinco (5) casos, os ofensores eram conhecidos. Duas (2) engravidaram de seus ofensores sendo que uma delas ainda se infectou pelo HIV. Sentimentos de rejeição, humilhação, revolta, baixa auto-estima e medo, foram descritos pela maioria delas. Muitas mulheres na delinqüência são agredidas sexualmente, por parceiros, tornando-se mais vulneráveis aos riscos de contágio às IST-aids e a gravidez. Fazem-se necessárias, ações educativas preventivas à violência de gênero e as temáticas interligadas a essa questão, merecendo sejam implantados programas especiais educativos, exames e controle da saúde sexual e reprodutiva da mulher detenta, sob a supervisão de profissionais de saúde gabaritados. / The purpose of this study was to understand the violence against women that are prisoners. Therefore, the author searched for theoretical references that helped her to understand generalized, domestic and sexual violence as well as the vulnerability regarding STD – AIDS and the relationship of violence and gender. As immediate goals, the author aimed at reviewing the literature on questions involving generalized violence and particularly sexual violence and investigating the perception of women prisoners about violence in order to find out possible risks to STD and AIDS infection. The author also had the goal to work with these women through an educative program, developing actions and interventions, including the elaboration of a folder about violence, STD, AIDS and drugs. Thus, this was an exploratory and descriptive study, through action research based on an humane view. The author prioritized a qualitative approach that occurred through a categorization – valuing the subjectivity and favoring the understanding and interpretation of the subjects’ speech. The author worked with 15 women prisoners of a Public Prison located at the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The techniques used were: individual semi-structured interviews, with a questionnaire composed by guiding questions; and participant observation. Results showed that sexual violence results in psychical and emotional consequences for women. Seven women were victims of some type of violence; in five cases, the aggressors were known. Two women got pregnant and one of them was infected by HIV. Feelings of rejection, humiliation and low self-esteem were described by the majority of the subjects. These women were sexually harassed by their partners and are vulnerable to the risks of being infected by HIV and getting pregnant. As a result, the author recommends educative actions that will prevent violence and the themes related to this problem, through the implementation of special programs, examinations regarding their sexual and reproductive health of the women prisoners, under de supervision of qualified health professionals.

Thesis advisor: Lynda Lytle Holmstrom / Rape is a socially constructed behavior used in patriarchal societies to devalue women and ensure male supremacy. Being socially constructed means that the definition of rape can change. This thesis addresses the question of whether an established institution—television—can promote a more progressive definition of rape and help delegitimize it. It uses a feminist content analysis to examine the main themes on 14 episodes of Law and Order: Special Victims Unit (SVU) aired from 2012-2015. It is qualitative and inductive in nature, approached from a grounded theory perspective. The data demonstrate that SVU does, to some extent, present a more progressive view of rape instead of perpetuating the common stereotypes of rape. Essentially, SVU represents a new variety of definitions of rape that are reflective of white, privileged, heterosexual and young women's experiences in the United States. Race, class, sexual orientation and identity are barely taken into account even though many social inequalities based on them characterize American life. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Sociology.

fenômeno da violência sexual infanto-juvenil não se explica por si só, pois é também resultado de uma prática socioespacial, em que é nítido o envolvimento simultâneo de variáveis sociais, culturais e psicológicas. Nossa pesquisa tem como objetivo entender a violência sexual infanto-juvenil em Manaus (2006-2010), a partir de uma leitura geográfica e psicossocial do fenômeno. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, de natureza exploratória, retrospectiva e descritiva, com abordagem baseada na hermenêutica da profundidade, por meio da qual realizamos pesquisa de campo junto aos casos denunciados, entrevistas aos usuários dos serviços de atendimento às vítimas, mapeamento do fenômeno das zonas administrativas da cidade, levantamento em bases estatísticas oficiais e revisão bibliográfica. Os resultados mostram que a formação do quadro regional da Amazônia a partir de seus projetos de ocupação e desenvolvimento teve sua base na exploração material e sexual de seus povos. Não se pode negar que a distribuição espacial do fenômeno em Manaus tem forte ligação com as carências de infra-estrutura urbana e de equipamentos e serviços nas zonas onde a freqüência do número de denúncias é maior, constituindo-se assim como espaços segregados e de maior vulnerabilidade do fenômeno. As instituições que compõem a rede de enfrentamento da violência sexual infanto-juvenil em Manaus são insuficientes frente à demanda do número de casos, à superfície territorial e à população da cidade que buscam por seus serviços. Sua fragilidade está na articulação da rede, na ausência de políticas públicas para o enfrentamento deste tipo de violência, assim como a inadequada distribuição das instituições no espaço da cidade, dificultando o acesso e a acessibilidade da população às mesmas. / The phenomenon of child-youth sexual abuse can not be explained by itself alone. It is also the result of socio-spatial practice. It is clear that there is simultaneous involvement of social, cultural and psychological variables. Our research aims at understanding the sexual abuse of children and youth in Manaus (2006-2010) from a geographical and psychosocial reading of the phenomenon. It is about quantitative and qualitative research, of exploratory nature, descriptive and retrospective, using a depth hermeneutics approach for conducting field research in the reported cases, interviewing those who have used the services that care for such victims, mapping the phenomenon in the administrative areas of the city, using survey databases from official statistics and reviewing library materials. The results show that the formation of a regional framework of the Amazon from its settlement projects and \"development\" has had its basis in the material and sexual exploitation of its people. There is no denying that the spatial distribution of the phenomenon in Manaus has strong links with the lack of urban infrastructure, facilities and services in areas where the frequency of the number of complaints is higher, thus forming as if they were segregated spaces with greater vulnerability to the phenomenon. The institutions that make up the network for fighting child-youth sexual abuse in Manaus are insufficient in facing the demand of the number of cases, the size of the area, and the city population that seeks their services. Its weakness is in the joint network in the absence of public policies to face this kind of violence, as well as the inadequate distribution of institutions within the city, making availability and access difficult for the population to get to them.

Atualmente há uma grande mobilização social envolvendo a questão do abuso sexual, tamanha a ocorrência deste fenômeno. A OMS (Organização Mundial da Saúde) estima que entre 7-36% de meninas e 3-29% de meninos já sofreram abuso sexual em algum momento de sua vida. No entanto, muitos dos casos de abuso sexual acabam não sendo revelados e notificados, agravando a situação por não ter a possibilidade de obter tratamento para os envolvidos. O incesto, abuso sexual que ocorre dentro da família, é um tipo de violência sexual que apresenta uma dinâmica específica, que não somente a violência envolvendo seus participantes. O presente trabalho se apoia na visão psicanalítica para a compreensão das características desta dinâmica familiar, pois a trama incestuosa indica que houve uma falha na estruturação mental de todos os participantes, demarcando uma leitura intra/intersubjetiva e relacional para além de um estigma agressor e uma vítima. Objetivos do trabalho: refletir acerca de categorias de funcionamento psíquico destas famílias, que serão vislumbrados dentro do eixo psicanalítico e analisados a partir de dados apreendidos em entrevistas de triagens obtidas em uma instituição que oferece tratamento para tal população e frente a um questionário elaborado, cujo produto foi a construção de um inventário para detecção de atuação incestuosa / Currently there is a great social mobilization involving the issue of sexual abuse, because of the phenomenon occurrence. WHO (World Health Organization) estimates that between 7-36% and 3-29% of girls and boys have already been sexually abused at some point in their lives. However, many cases of sexual abuse do not end up being revealed and reported, aggravating the situation by not having opportunity for treatment of those involved. Incest, sexual abuse that occurs within the family is a type of sexual violence and has a specific dynamic that not only has violence with the participants. This work is based on psychoanalytic view in order to understand the characteristics of incestuous family dynamics, wich the incestuous abuse indicates that there was a flaw in the mental structure of all members, marking a intra/inter subjective and relational as well beyond an aggressor/victim stigma. Goals of work: to reflect on these categories of mental functioning families, contemplated within the psychoanalytic theory and analysed data from an institutions archives that provides treatment for this population and compared to a questionnaire, wich product will be used to create an Inventory for detection of an incestuous activity