As integrinas constituem uma família de receptores de membrana que tem como função primária a adesão de células a proteínas da matriz extracelular e alguns de seus membros estão envolvidos nos processos de diferenciação osteoblástica e formação óssea, eventos diretamente relacionados à osseointegração de implantes de titânio (Ti). Sabe-se que superfícies de Ti com nano e microtopografia podem favorecer a diferenciação osteoblástica e a mineralização da matriz extracelular. No entanto, os mecanismos celulares envolvidos nesses processos não são completamente entendidos. Neste contexto, os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) caracterizar as superfícies de Ti com nano (Ti-Nano) e microtopografia (Ti-Micro), (2) investigar a participação da integrina V na diferenciação osteoblástica induzida pelo Ti-Nano e (3) investigar a participação da integrina β3 na diferenciação osteoblástica induzida por Ti-Nano e Ti-Micro. Para isso, discos de Ti-Nano e Ti-Micro foram preparados por ataque ácido com H2SO4/H2O2 ou com HNO3/H2SO4 / HCl, respectivamente, e caracterizados quanto à topografia, rugosidade e composição química de superfície. Discos de Ti usinados foram usados com controle (Ti-Controle) em alguns experimentos. Células-tronco mesenquimais derivadas de medula óssea de ratos foram cultivadas sobre as três superfícies de Ti e foi avaliada a expressão gênica de componentes envolvidos na via de sinalização das integrinas por PCR array. Com base nos resultados do PCR array, as integrinas αV e β3 foram selecionadas e silenciadas por RNA de interferência (shRNA) ou CRISPR/Cas9, respectivamente, em células pré-osteoblásticas da linhagem MC3T3-E1 para investigarmos a participação dessas integrinas na diferenciação osteoblástica induzida por superfícies de Ti com diferentes topografias. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que os tratamentos empregados foram eficientes para a produção de superfícies de Ti com topografias nas escalas nano e micrométrica. Além disso, foi demonstrado que o maior potencial osteogênico do Ti-Nano se deve, ao menos em parte, à integrina αV, uma vez que seu silenciamento reduziu a diferenciação osteoblástica induzida pela nanotopografia. Por fim, também demonstramos que a via de sinalização ativada pela integrina β3 exerce um papel fundamental no potencial osteogênico do Ti-Nano, mas não do Ti-Micro. O silenciamento da integrina β3 reduziu a diferenciação osteoblástica, concomitantemente com a regulação negativa da expressão de vários componentes das vias de sinalização de Wnt e de BMP, apenas nas células crescidas sobre a nanotopografia. Em conjunto, nossos resultados revelam um novo mecanismo para explicar a maior diferenciação osteoblástica induzida pelo Ti-Nano, que envolve uma complexa rede regulatória ativada pela maior expressão das integrinas αV e β3, esta última gerando ativação da transdução de sinal das vias de Wnt e de BMP / Integrins are a family of membrane receptors that primarily mediate cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and some members are involved in the process of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, key events of titanium (Ti) implant osseointegration. It is well known that Ti surfaces with nano and microtopography may favor osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization. However, the cellular mechanisms involved in this process are not entirely understood. In this context, the aims of this study were: (1) to characterize the Ti surfaces with nano (Ti-Nano) and microtopography (Ti-Micro), (2) to investigate the participation of integrin V on osteoblast differentiation induced by Ti-Nano and (3) to investigate the participation of integrin β3 on osteoblast differentiation induced by Ti-Nano and Ti-Micro. Discs of Ti-Nano and Ti-Micro were prepared with acid etching with H2SO4/H2O2 or with HNO3/H2SO4 / HCl, respectively, and characterized in terms of surface topography, roughness and chemical composition. Machined Ti discs (untreated) were used as control (Ti-Control) in some experiments. Mesenchymal stem cells from rat bone marrow were cultured on Ti discs with the three different surfaces and the gene expression of members of the integrin signaling pathway was evaluated by PCR array. Based on PCR array results, the integrins αV and β3 were selected and silenced using RNA interference (shRNA) or CRISPR-Cas9, respectively, in pre-osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 to investigate the participation of these integrins in osteoblast differentiation induced by Ti with different surface topographies. The results showed that the treatments used were efficient to generate Ti surfaces with topographies at the nano and micrometric scales. We showed that the higher osteogenic potential of Ti-Nano may be, at least in part, due to the integrin &alphaV, since its silencing reduced the osteoblast differentiation induced by nanotopography. We also demonstrated that the signaling pathway triggered by integrin β3 plays a key role in the osteogenic potential of Ti-Nano, but not of Ti-Micro. The silencing of integrin β3 reduced the osteoblast differentiation concomitantly with the negative regulation of the gene expression of several Wnt and BMP signaling components only in cells grown on Ti-Nano. Taken together, our results uncover a novel mechanism to explain the higher osteoblast differentiation induced by Ti-Nano that involves a complex regulatory network triggered by integrins αV and β3 upregulation, with the integrin β3 activating the Wnt and BMP signal transductions

O carcinoma de células renais (CCR) é responsável por, aproximadamente, 1 a 3% das neoplasias malignas humanas e, dentre os tumores urológicos, é o mais agressivo. A heterogeneidade biológica, a resistência aos fármacos e os efeitos colaterais à quimioterapia são os maiores obstáculos ao tratamento eficaz do CCR. Várias moléculas vêm sendo correlacionadas com o fenótipo agressivo deste tumor, sendo uma delas o fator de transcrição NF-kB. Estudos demonstraram a ativação de NF-kB no CCR e muitos apontaram NF-kB1 (p50) como uma molécula importante na progressão tumoral e metástase. Neste trabalho, foi utilizada a técnica de silenciamento gênico de interferência por RNA - Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) - para diminuir a expressão de NF-kB1 em células murinas de carcinoma de células renais (Renca). Verificou-se que, in vitro, a diminuição da expressão do gene NF-kB1 reduz a capacidade proliferativa das células Renca e aumenta a taxa de apoptose tardia/necrose e a quantidade de células na fase G2/M do ciclo celular. Além disso, as análises de Western blot revelaram aumento significativo da expressão proteica de Ciclina B1 e Bax. A regulação negativa da p50 também alterou a capacidade clonogênica das células que, conjugada à irradiação ionizante, levou à diminuição significativa da fração de sobrevivência das células Renca e diminuiu a viabilidade celular verificada através do ensaio de MTS. Os ensaios in vivo mostraram que as células com baixa expressão de NF-kB1 (Renca-shRNA- NF-kB1) apresentam tumorigenicidade significativamente menor que as células controle e as análises de imunohistoquímica mostraram aumento significativo das áres necróticas dos tumores Renca-shRNA-NF-kB1, além da diminuição da marcação de Ki-67, um marcador de proliferação celular. Os resultados indicam que a diminuição da expressão de NF-kB1 pode suprimir a tumorigênese do CCR, induzindo apoptose tardia/necrose, podendo ser um potencial alvo terapêutico para este carcinoma. / Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is responsible for approximately 1 to 3% of human malignancies and, among urological tumors, is the most aggressive. Biological heterogeneity, drug resistance, and side effects to chemotherapy are major obstacles to effective RCC treatment. Several molecules have been correlated with the aggressive phenotype of this tumor, one of them being the transcription factor NF-kB. Studies have demonstrated the activation of NF-kB in the RCC and many have pointed to NF-kB1 (p50) as an important molecule in tumor progression and metastasis. In this study, the gene silencing technique of RNA Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) interference was used to decrease the expression of NF-kB1 in murine cells of renal cell carcinoma (Renca). It has been found that, in vitro, the decrease in NF-kB1 gene expression reduces the proliferative capacity of Renca cells and increases the rate of late apoptosis/necrosis and the number of cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle. In addition, Western blotting analyzes revealed a significant increase in the protein expression of Cyclin B1 and Bax. Knockdown of p50 also altered clonogenic ability of cells and, together with ionizing irradiation, significantly increased renal cell fraction and decreased cell viability through the MTS assay. In vivo assays showed that cells with low expression of NF-kB1 (Renca-shRNA-NF-kB1) showed significantly less tumorigenicity than control cells and immunohistochemical analyzes showed a significant increase in necrotic areas of the Renca-shRNA-NFkB1. Moreover, decreased the Ki-67 labeling, a cell proliferation biomarker. The results indicate that the decrease in NF-kB1 expression may suppress RCC tumorigenesis, inducing late apoptosis/necrosis, and may be a potential therapeutic target for this carcinoma.

Les BMPs (Boue Morphogenetic Proteins) sont des morphogènes membres de la superfamille du TGF-[bêta] qui interagissent avec des récepteurs de surface cellulaire à activité sérine/thréonine kinase. L'interaction des BMPs avec ces récepteurs entraîne l'activation d'une cascade de signalisation cellulaire impliquant les facteurs de types R-Smads (Smad1, 5 et 8). La voie de signalisation des BMPs joue des rôles cruciaux dans des processus biologiques tels que l'embryogenèse et l'organogenèse des tissus ainsi que des processus cellulaires tels que la prolifération, la migration et la différenciation cellulaire. De plus, ces derniers semblent aussi impliqués dans les processus de mort cellulaire et dans la tumorigenèse. Malgré un intérêt grandissant pour la signalisation des BMPs, il existe très peu d'études sur les rôles spécifiques joués individuellement par les différents Smads dans la morphogenèse de l'intestin in vivo . Ceci est principalement dû au fait que la délétion classique des différents effecteurs de la voie des BMPs entraîne la mort in utero à cause de multiples défauts dans l'embryogenèse. Le système Cre/loxP, sous le contrôle d'un promoteur tissu spécifique, a été utilisé dans notre laboratoire, dans le but de générer une lignée murine possédant une délétion conditionnelle de l'effecteur Smad5 strictement au niveau de l'épithélium intestinal. Une analyse comparative à l'aide d'un modèle de délétion conditionnelle du récepteur BmpR1a au niveau de l'épithélium intestinal a été effectuée afin de décortiquer spécifiquement le rôle de l'effecteur Smad5 dans le développement de cet organe. Afin de valider les résultats obtenus in vivo nous avons généré un modèle cellulaire nous permettant de mimer l'effet de la délétion de l'effecteur Smad5 à l'aide de la technologie du shRNA.Les résultats obtenus dans les deux modèles suggèrent que Smad5 serait un facteur clé impliqué dans la régulation de la migration cellulaire des entérocytes. En effet, l'invalidation de la voie des BMPs et plus particulièrement de l'effecteur Smad5 dans les souris entraîne une augmentation de la vitesse de migration des cellules le long de l'axe crypte villosité. Ces résultats sont corroborés dans un modèle cellulaire dans lequel l'expression de Smad5 a été inhibée par interférence d'ARN. Dans ce modèle, la migration se fait de façon beaucoup plus compacte en comparaison aux cellules contrôles. L'augmentation de la vitesse de migration cellulaire pourrait être due à un phénomène de relocalisation des protéines de jonctions adhérentes ainsi qu'à une modulation de l'actine filamenteuse. Ce phénomène pourrait faire intervenir les petites protéines G Rho/Rac ainsi que les kinases Src. En plus de l'actine filamenteuse, différentes protéines impliquées dans la formation des complexes de jonctions adhérentes semblent relocalisées dans nos deux modèles (E-cadhérine/[bêta]-caténine). En conclusion, les différents résultats recueillis au cours de mes travaux de maîtrise dans le laboratoire du Dr. Nathalie Perreault nous suggèrent que l'effecteur Smad5 de la voie des BMPs serait un facteur impliqué dans la stabilité des complexes de jonctions adhérentes, régulant ainsi la migration des cellules le long de l'axe crypte villosité.

PTEN est une protéine dotée d'une activité phosphatase qui déphosphoryle les phosphatidylinositols issus de l'activation de la phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Des mutations germinales du gène PTEN ont été mises en évidence dans le syndrome de Cowden, une maladie caractérisée par le développement de polypes le long du tube digestif et associée à un risque accru de cancer. De plus, la perte d'un allèle de Pten chez la souris conduit à la formation d'hyperplasie et de dysplasie du tractus gastro-intestinal ainsi qu'à des tumeurs notamment au niveau du côlon. Ces observations suggèrent que PTEN joue un rôle important dans le tube digestif. Cependant, ses mécanismes d'action dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales sont peu connus. Nos travaux nous ont permis de mieux caractériser les rôles de PTEN dans ces cellules. Pour ce faire, nous avons d'abord analysé l'effet d'un shRNA inhibant spécifiquement l'expression de PTEN dans les cellules Caco-2/15, une lignée cancéreuse colorectale qui a la particularité de se différencier suite à l'atteinte de la confluence en adoptant un phénotype semblable aux cellules absorbantes de l'intestin grêle. La perte d'expression de PTEN stimule la prolifération de ces cellules. Cette augmentation de la prolifération semble résulter d'une diminution de l'expression de p21 et de p27 ainsi que d'une hausse des cyclines D2 et E. De plus, le shRNA contre PTEN inhibe la différenciation fonctionnelle et morphologique des Caco-2/15. Cela découle partiellement de l'inhibition de l'expression des facteurs de transcription CDX2, HNF-1? et HNF-4?. Les jonctions serrées sont également altérées dans ces cellules. En effet, une réduction importante de l'expression des claudines et une augmentation de la perméabilité transépithéliale a été observée. Une augmentation de la synthèse protéique a aussi été remarquée. De plus, nos résultats laissent également croire que PTEN pourraient jouer un rôle dans la carcinogenèse colorectale. Nous avons effectivement constaté une augmentation du potentiel tumorigénique des Caco-2/l5 exprimant le shRNA contre PTEN suite à l'injection des cellules dans des souris nues. De plus, ces cellules ont des capacités de migration et d'invasion accrues. Nous avons également constaté que les niveaux de PTEN sont plus faibles dans plusieurs lignées cancéreuses colorectales comparativement aux cellules épithéliales intestinales normales. Nous avons aussi analysé le phénotype d'une lignée de souris possédant une délétion du gène Pten exclusivement au niveau de l'épithélium intestinal, générée à l'aide du système Cre/loxP. Macroscopiquement, une organomégalie de l'intestin grêle et du côlon a été observé chez les souris déficientes pour Pten. Histologiquement, nous avons constaté une désorganisation de l'architecture épithéliale intestinale caractérisée par un allongement des villosités et par la présence d'embranchements villositaires. De plus, un épaississement important des couches musculaires a été remarqué. Il y a également une augmentation du nombre de cellules prolifératives au niveau des cryptes intestinales corrélant avec une augmentation des niveaux de ?-caténine et des cyclines D. Finalement, une augmentation du contenu protéique par cellule a également été observée ainsi qu'une activation de la voie mTOR. En conclusion, nos résultats montrent que la phosphatase PTEN est impliquée dans l'établissement de l'architecture générale de l'intestin et qu'elle contrôle la synthèse protéique, la migration, le cycle cellulaire ainsi que la différenciation des cellules épithéliales intestinales. De plus, nos résultats indiquent que la perte d'expression de PTEN pourrait influencer la progression des cancers colorectaux. [Symboles non conformes]

Les gliomes sont les tumeurs cérébrales primitives les plus fréquentes de l'adulte. Le glioblastome (grade IV) en est la forme la plus agressive, caractérisé par sa résistance aux traitements actuels (chirurgie, chimiothérapie et radiothérapie). La mortalité de cette pathologie est quasi constante (survie médiane de 15 mois), ce qui justifie l'importance de découvrir de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Le challenge est d'arriver à identifier des marqueurs spécifiques pour proposer un schéma thérapeutique alignant des stratégies de thérapies ciblées qui vont améliorer la prise en charge clinique, la survie globale et la survie sans progression des patients atteints de ces pathologies. Deux axes sont au centre des recherches fondamentales, translationnelles et cliniques. Le premier axe se définit autour du développement de molécules inhibitrices des voies de signalisation et le second autour du concept de cellules souches tumorales (CST) de glioblastomes (GBM) découvertes récemment dans le cerveau et qui révolutionnent la conception de la transformation tumorale.ASPM (Abnormal Spindle Like Microcéphaly Associated) est une cible candidate pertinente susceptible de participer au développement des gliomes (Horvath et al., 2007 ; Hagmann et al., 2008). Cette protéine régule la prolifération des neuroblastes, elle est fortement exprimée au stade embryonnaire, mais, reste faiblement exprimée dans le cerveau adulte. Par ailleurs, ASPM est impliquée dans divers processus de cancérisation (surexprimée dans les cancers du sein, du foie et du cerveau...), toute fois, le mécanisme responsable de cette dérégulation n'est pas encore bien caractérisé.Nos études menées sur une série de 169 gliomes humains, sélectionnés à partir de notre cohorte de patients, montrent que le gène ASPM est un marqueur de la progression vers la malignité, les grades les plus élevés exprimant le plus fortement ASPM. En outre, nous avons également montré que le niveau des transcrits d'ASPM est augmenté dans les récidives de gliomes et qu'en in vitro, ASPM contrôle la formation des gliomasphères (CST de GBM) avec une augmentation de l'expression de ses transcrits dans les cultures in vitro au fil des passages. En continuité de ces observations, nous avons alors développé un sh-miR-RNA spécifique d'ASPM permettant l'extinction post-transcriptionnelle de ce gène. Les résultats obtenus in vitro montrent que la perte d'expression d'ASPM conduit à un arrêt de la prolifération et aboutit à une mort cellulaire massive.Actuellement, des modèles de greffe de gliomasphères chez la souris (orthotopique) sont en cours de développement pour confirmer les effets observés in vitro et vérifier in vivo la validité de notre approche thérapeutique. En perspective, nous tenterons d'étudier les effets du silencing d'ASPM sur la voie de signalisation la plus dérégulée (pRB / E2F ou PI3K / AKT). Enfin, nous étudierons le rôle potentiel de cette protéine dans le contrôle du cycle cellulaire, et, in fine la mise en évidence de ses partenaires...

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a severe hemoglobin disorder caused by co-inheritance of a single mutation in the β-globin gene of adult hemoglobin (HbA; α2β2). This alteration leads to the formation of sickle hemoglobin (HbS; α2βS2) and deformed, sickle-shaped red blood cells (RBCs). Sickle RBCs obstruct small blood vessels resulting in anemia, excruciating pain crises, organ damage, and stroke. For the millions of people affected by this disease, life expectancy is only 40-60 years of age. The only cure for SCD is hematopoietic stem cell (HSC, CD34+) transplantation, which requires a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donor. However, this option runs the risk of complications associated with graft versus host disease and infection. Before birth, individuals with SCD do well because their RBCs are filled with γ-globin containing fetal hemoglobin (HbF; α2γ2), which inhibits the formation of HbS. In fact, some SCD patients who co-inherit mutations that allow for high-level expression of HbF into adulthood are asymptomatic. This suggests that genetic modification of the patient’s own HSCs to permit HbF production would be a viable therapeutic alternative to HSC transplantation. Our work has focused on the use of lentiviral vectors to introduce an exogenous γ-globin gene or shRNA sequences designed to knockdown repressors of γ-globin, such as the zinc-finger transcription factor, BCL11A, to prevent silencing of the endogenous γ-globin genes allowing for persistent expression of HbF. Despite significant progress using both approaches, we have been unable to increase the level of HbF > 30%; a curative threshold for SCD patients who continue to produce HbF into adulthood. The goal of my project was to combine these approaches into a single lentiviral vector to achieve co-regulated, erythroid-specific expression and augmented levels of HbF. I successfully modified the insulated, erythroid-specific γ-globin vector (termed V5m3-400) to include microRNA (miR)-adapted shRNAs (or shmiRs) targeting BCL11A (based on miR-30 and miR-E architectures) in the first and second noncoding introns of the γ-globin genomic sequences. Inclusion of shmiRs had no appreciable effect on integrity of the integrated provirus or vector titer. Vector performance was initially tested using human K562 erythroleukemia cells expressing a flag-tagged version of BCL11A. In this cell line, BCL11A knockdown was significantly improved using miR-E-shRNAs due to a dramatic increase (up to 350-fold) in processing of mature shRNA sequences. The miR-E vectors also provided high-level expression of γ-globin. Erythroid-specific expression of the γ-globin transgene and BCL11A knockdown was confirmed in maturing erythroid cells derived from transduced CD34+ cells of a healthy donor resulting in a 50% increase in HbF levels compared with cells transduced with V5m3-400 as a control. While encouraging, I was unable to discriminate HbF derived from the vector-encoded versus endogenous γ-globin genes. To address this, I introduced a single base change in exon 2 of the γ-globin gene encoded by V5m3-400 such that threonine replaces isoleucine at amino acid 75 (I75T). This variant was successfully distinguished from endogenous γ-globin gene products by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in culture-differentiated erythroid cells. Based on these findings, I created compound γ-globin/shmiR-E vectors that include the I75T substitution (I75Tγ-globin/shmiR-E). Future studies will focus on testing this novel vector design in erythroid cells derived from transduced CD34+ cells of healthy donors and patients with SCD. I anticipate that this compound vector has the potential to maximize γ-globin expression and promote levels of HbF that are unlikely to be safely and effectively achieved by conventional globin gene addition or shRNA knockdown approaches alone.

Since Yamanaka and Takahashi first described the isolation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in 2006, researchers have invested a vast amount of time and resources into trying to understand the process of reprogramming. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the induction of somatic cells to pluripotency is still incompletely understood. With this in mind, a screening approach was undertaken to identify shRNA that enhance the reprogramming process. A retrovirus based system was used to knock down candidate genes during reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) containing doxycycline-inducible reprogramming factors and a Nanog-GFP reporter, which is activated when cells become iPSCs. The initial round of screening with over 150 shRNA vectors successfully identified several shRNAs that enhance reprogramming. One of these shRNA vectors exhibited both faster reprogramming kinetics as determined by activation of the Nanog-GFP reporter 2 to 3 days earlier and increased reprogramming efficiency giving rise to >5 fold more GFP+ colonies when compared with a control. Cell surface marker analysis with flow cytometry demonstrated that changes in CD44 and ICAM1 expression, which occur preceding Nanog-GFP expression, were also accelerated. Validation of this shRNA determined that the enhanced reprogramming phenotype is the result of an unknown off-target effect. Microarray and RNA-sequencing analysis was carried out to identify the off target gene with a view to investigate the functional importance of this knock down and its role in establishing the pluripotency transcriptional network during reprogramming.

No description available.

O adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático (PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma), o tipo mais prevalente de câncer do pâncreas, é uma neoplasia extremamente agressiva e com elevado índice de letalidade. Há uma necessidade premente de identificação de vulnerabilidades no PDAC que possam ser exploradas como alvos terapêuticos, e a utilização de modelos pré-clínicos que recapitulem a complexidade biológica e heterogeneidade clínica da doença é um aspecto central para a realização dessa tarefa. Os xenotransplantes de tecido tumoral derivado de pacientes (PDX, patient-derived tumor tissue xenografts), realizados em camundongos imunodeficientes, replicam com grande similaridade as principais características do tumor original e, assim, constituem uma ferramenta valiosa para o teste de drogas e estudos funcionais. Neste trabalho, 17 amostras cirúrgicas de PDAC humano foram implantadas subcutaneamente em camundongos nude atímicos. Sete tumores (41%) foram enxertados com sucesso e têm sido mantidos em sucessivas gerações de animais receptores. O exame histológico de seis desses xenoenxertos identificou características morfológicas compatíveis com os padrões reconhecidos no PDAC humano, assim como uma consistente similaridade de seu status de diferenciação histológica em relação aos perfis verificados nos tumoresoriginais. O cultivo in vitro de células derivadas de um dos xenotumores resultou em uma nova linhagem de câncer de pâncreas, com morfologia e cinética de crescimento comparáveis às de outras linhagens celulares de câncer pancreático. O potencial tumorigênico dessa nova linhagem foi validado in vivo, com uma consistente formação de tumores após inoculação em camundongos nude. A fim de aproveitar esse recurso para a investigação de potenciais alvos terapêuticos no PDAC, um rastreamento de vulnerabilidades moleculares foi realizado por meio de silenciamento gênico em larga-escala com RNA de interferência (RNAi). Uma biblioteca lentiviral de 4492 shRNAs (short hairpin RNAs), alvejando cerca de 350 genes envolvidos na regulação epigenética, foi empregada para a triagem de genes de suscetibilidade nas células derivadas de PDX, e em outras cinco linhagens tumorais pancreáticas (AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Capan-1, MIA PaCa-2 e PANC-1). Inicialmente, foi realizada uma série de experimentos preliminares, visando à amplificação e controle de qualidade da biblioteca de silenciamento, à produção de vetores lentivirais e à padronização das condições experimentais para a transdução e seleção das células-alvo. Apenas três das linhagens avaliadas (AsPC-1, MIA PaCa-2 e PANC-1) mostraram-se permissíveis à transdução pelos vetores lentivirais, e foram assim utilizadas no screening de alvos epigenéticos. A análise dos dados obtidos nesse ensaio está em curso e os resultados serão utilizados para a definição de potenciais alvos candidatos. Em conclusão, recursos valiosos para apoiar a pesquisa sobre o câncer de pâncreas foram desenvolvidos. A coleção de PDXs estabelecida, bem como a linhagem celular recém-derivada, constituem uma fonte permanente e estável de células de PDAC para análises moleculares e estudos funcionais que busquem elucidar aspectos da doença ainda pouco compreendidos. Adicionalmente, os reagentes gerados e a expertise adquirida com os ensaiosrealizados com a biblioteca de shRNAs contra alvos epigenéticos serão de grande utilidade em futuras investigações para identificar genes com funções importantes na manutenção do fenótipo tumoral, e consequentemente com potencial para serem explorados terapeuticamente. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most prevalent type of pancreatic cancer, is a highly aggressive and lethal neoplasm. There is a pressing need to identify vulnerabilities in PDAC suited to be exploited as therapeutic targets, and the use of preclinical models recapitulating the biological complexity and clinical heterogeneity of the disease is central to this task. Patient-derived tumor tissue xenografts (PDX), established in immunodeficient mice, replicate with great similarity the main characteristics of the original tumor and thus constitute a valuable tool for drug testing and functional studies. In this work, 17 surgical samples of human PDAC were implanted subcutaneously in athymic nude mice. Seven tumors (41%) were successfully grafted and have been maintained through successive generations of recipient animals. Histological examination of six of these xenografts identified morphological characteristics compatible with the recognized patterns of human PDAC, as well as a consistent similarity of their histological differentiation status in relation to the profiles verified in the original tumors. In vitro culture of cells derived from one of these xenografts resulted in a new pancreatic cancer cell line, with morphology and growth kinetics comparable to those of other pancreatic tumor cells. The tumorigenic potential of this freshly derived cell line was validated in vivo, with a consistent tumor formation following inoculation into nude mice. To take advantage ofthis resource to investigate potential therapeutic targets in PDAC, a screening of molecular vulnerabilities was performed through large-scale gene silencing with RNA interference (RNAi). A lentiviral library containing 4492 short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), targeting about 350 genes involved in epigenetic regulation, was employed for the search of susceptibility genes in the PDX-derived cells and in other five pancreatic tumor cell lines (AsPC-1, BxPC -3, Capan-1, MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1). Initially, a series of preliminary experiments were carried out aiming at the amplification and quality control of the silencing library, production of lentiviral vectors and adjustment of the experimental conditions for transduction and selection of the target cells. Only three of the cell lines evaluated (AsPC-1, MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1) were permissible for transduction by the lentiviral vectors, and were accordingly used in the screening of epigenetic targets. The analysis of data obtained in this trial is ongoing and the results will be used for definition of potential candidate targets. In conclusion, valuable resources to support research on pancreatic cancer have been developed. The established collection of PDXs as well as the newly derived cell line constitutes a permanent and stable source of PDAC cells for molecular analyzes and functional studies seeking to elucidate aspects of this disease that are still poorly understood. Additionally, both the reagents generated and the expertise gained from the RNAi assay against epigenetic targets will have inordinate usefulness in future investigations to identify genes with major functions in maintaining the malignant phenotype, and consequently with the potential to be exploited therapeutically.

Les circuits neuronaux responsables du sommeil paradoxal (SP) et de l'atonie musculaire qui le caractéristique sont l'objet de nombreuses recherches expérimentales, notamment en raison de l'existence de plusieurs pathologies invalidantes associées. Cette thèse de Neurobiologie s'inscrit plus spécifiquement dans la description anatomique et fonctionnelle du réseau neuronal responsable de l'atonie musculaire et son potentiel dysfonctionnement dans les troubles comportementaux en SP (RBD, REM sleep Behavior Disorder). Pour ce faire, nous avons combiné plusieurs techniques faisant appel à la neuroanatomie fonctionnelle, au traçage rétrograde de voies nerveuses, à l'hybridation in situ à la polysomnographie et à l'inactivation irréversible de populations neuronales ciblées moléculairement à l'aide de virus adéno-associés contenant des short hairpin RNAs (AAV-shRNA) chez le rat libre de ses mouvements. Nous avons ainsi montré que, contrairement à l'hypothèse généralement admise, le noyau sublatérodorsal pontique (SLD) n'est pas le générateur du SP. En effet, l'inactivation neurochimique de ses neurones glutamatergiques ou sa lésion totale diminuent les quantités de SP sans le supprimer, indiquant que le SLD n'est pas suffisant pour la genèse du SP. En revanche, ces expériences démontrent son implication directe dans la mise en place de l'atonie musculaire lors du SP. En effet, la déconnexion neurochimique des neurones glutamatergiques du SLD provoque pendant le SP l'apparition intermittente de tonus musculaire accompagné de comportements moteurs anormaux. En parallèle, nos travaux de thèse ont permis d'apporter des données expérimentales nouvelles sur la localisation, au sein de la formation réticulée bulbaire ventrale et non dans la moelle épinière, des interneurones GABA/glycine responsables de l'hyperpolarisation des motoneurones somatiques pendant le SP. En effet, ces neurones réticulaires sont exclusivement recrutés pendant le SP et envoient des projections monosynaptiques inhibitrices vers les motoneurones somatiques lombaires. De plus, leur déconnexion neurochimique ciblée déclenche des comportements moteurs anormaux sous-tendus par le maintien d'un tonus musculaire irrégulier pendant le SP. L'analyse actimétrique de ces comportements moteurs oniriques induits expérimentalement montre qu'ils sont très semblables à ceux observés après l'inactivation du SLD et à ceux décrits chez les patients RBD. Les données rapportées dans cette thèse permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes neurobiologiques générant le SP et ceux contribuant au contrôle moteur pendant le SP. Par la même occasion, nos travaux ont permis de valider deux modèles rongeurs du RBD humain, ouvrant ainsi des perspectives expérimentales pour l'élaboration de traitements ciblés de cette pathologie affectant le SP / A growing number of studies investigate the neuronal network responsible for paradoxical (PS) (or REM) sleep genesis and muscle atonia specific of this sleep state. The aim of this thesis was to characterize at the anatomical and functional levels the populations of neurons involved in generating muscle atonia during PS and their potential failure in REM sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD). For this purpose, we combined a large panel of experimental techniques such as functional neuroanatomy, retrograde tract-tracing, in situ hybridization, polysomnography and irreversible inactivation of genetically-targeted neurons with short-hairpin RNAs introduced in viral adenovectors (AAV-shRNA) in freely moving rats. We thus demonstrated for the first time that, in contrast to the currently admitted hypothesis, the pontine sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) is not the PS generator, since genetic inactivation of its glutamatergic neurons or its whole lesion diminish the quantities of but do not eliminate PS. This indicates that the SLD is not sufficient for PS generation. In contrast, our experiments clearly show that the SLD is responsible for muscle atonia because the specific inactivation of its glutamatergic neurons induces an irregular muscle tone concomitant to atypical motor behaviors during PS. In addition, we achieved original data about the location within the ventral medullary reticular formation, and not at spinal levels as often believed, of the glycine/GABA interneurons managing the sustained hyperpolarization of somatic motoneurons during PS. We indeed observed that these medullary neurons are selectively recruited during PS and send monosynaptic inhibitory efferents to the lumbar somatic motoneurons. Furthermore, their genetic inactivation is followed by an increase of abnormal motor behaviors underpinned by a sustained, although irregular, muscle tone. The actimetric analysis of these oneiric experimentally induced behaviors reveals that they are very similar to those observed after SLD inactivation or those reported in RBD patients. Taken together, data harvested during this Thesis help us to better understand the complex neurobiological mechanisms generating PS or specifically contributing to the control of the motor system during PS. At the same time, we validated two rodent models closely mimicking human RBD and thus opening new research fields for the development of targeted treatments for this pathology affecting REM sleep