This thesis investigated how clients and therapists discuss the means by which clients can work towards their therapeutic goals. Cooper et al. (2016) termed such discussions meta-therapeutic communication or meta-therapeutic dialogue and Cooper and McLeod (2011) recommend carrying them out since outcomes are robustly related to whether the client accepts the therapeutic strategy as appropriate for their needs (e.g. Horvath et al., 2011). This thesis undertook the first discovery-oriented, Conversation Analysis (CA) study of how clients and therpaists actually carry out meta-therapeutic discussions. It represents a sustained attempt to bridge the practice-research gap and highlights the conceptual and practical challenges in doing so. 42 audio-recorded pluralistic therapy sessions were sampled across seven therapist-client pairs. Before carrying out the CA study proper, it was necessary to conceptually link broad descriptions of meta-therapeutic dialogue to participants’ concrete actions in therapy sessions. This involved a review of related concepts (Chapter Two), as well as a detailed conceptualization of how therapists’ stocks of interactional knowledge (SIKs) (Peräkylä & Vehviläinen, 2003) regarding meta-therapeutic dialogue might demonstrably link with their concrete actions as described by CA findings (Chapters Three through Five). Therapists’ questions to clients about what might be helpful were selected as a likely site for meta-therapeutic dialogue and were subjected to an in-depth CA investigation of the practical issues participants themselves treated as important in their interactions around these questions (Chapters Six through Eight). Findings show how some apparent opportunities for meta-therapeutic dialogue are less facilitative of clients’ independent input, and can sometimes be interactionally coercive. There is evidence that facilitating dialogical opportunities for talking about what might be helpful may require the therapist to move back-and-forth between opposing positions, such as treating the client as potentially unknowing but still also holding open a space for their contribution. These findings extend existing SIKs regarding meta-therapeutic dialogue by specifying some concrete considerations therapists orient to during such endeavours. Some practical similarities between meta-therapeutic dialogue and problem-solving/solution-focused approaches are also highlighted.

The purpose of this thesis was to identify what effects shared field of play, being part of a team and being part of an organization has on building brand equity for athletes in team sports. Even though personal branding of athletes has received academic coverage over the past years, the role of the shared field of play, being part of a team and being part of an organization have been overlooked. This research gap was addressed through four in-depth semi-structured interviews with professional soccer players from Sweden and Switzerland. Those interviews were analyzed using a theoretical framework which consists of the additional characteristics of team sports and its effect on personal branding. Findings of this thesis show that athletes lose their ‘uniqueness’ when they share the field with otherathletes as they are also wearing the same uniform, this leaves only a few opportunities to differentiate themselves from teammates by using product related and non-product related attributes. That the athletes with playing positions that can make a decisive difference on the outcome of the game receive extra attention. That to cooperate and exhibit a strong relationship between athletes towards the audience gives favorable brand associations and an increased following, thusstrengthening one’s brand equity. That athletes should try to benefit from the popularity of another athlete’s personal brand as long it is there, but that one muststay authentic in the process. That being employed and getting a stable and continuous salary gives athletes comfort and a feeling of safety which might have a negative effect on their ambition of building their personal brand. And lastly, to usethe club’s brand to build one’s own personal brand by paying homage to the club by engaging with supporters through gestures when celebrating victories and individual achievements.

A disponibilização de notícias e leitura on-line através de smartphones, tablets e computadores tem reduzido a venda de jornais impressos no mundo, e a logística que faz a distribuição desses jornais impressos tenta encontrar formas de sobreviver à redução de demanda. Por outro lado, a logística de cargas expressas (característica dos modelos de e-commerce) cresce a cada dia fazendo uso de recursos terceirizados otimizados, situação que será acelerada no futuro com as “entregas no mesmo dia” (same-day delivery). Este estudo tem como objetivo elaborar um modelo de apoio à decisão para o planejamento da distribuição física compartilhada de jornais e produtos de e-commerce para uso do operador logístico. Propõe-se um problema de alocação de cargas multiperíodo e não um problema típico de roteirização como ocorre na maioria dos estudos de logística rodoviária. Sua resolução será realizada através de otimização discreta (veículos e cargas inteiras), através de Programação Linear Inteira, sendo desenvolvida em seguida Análise de Sensibilidade através de Programação Linear Não Inteira com o relaxamento da restrição de integralidade. Através de modelagem matemática e processamento em Matlab®, analisam-se cenários da distribuição física terceirizada, abrangendo o impacto de incrementos da demanda de chegada na lucratividade, penalizações de receita por postergações de carregamento, variações de custos pela inclusão de frota extra, introdução de multa contratual por não transportar algum produto, e testes com variados tempos de postergação dos carregamentos. Nos testes realizados pelo modelo que simulam uma situação real, a menor lucratividade foi obtida sem a postergação de entrega, modo comumente operado pelo mercado. O ganho percentual com a postergação de carregamentos diminuiu com o aumento da demanda de chegada. O problema de Programação Linear Não Inteira não encontrou diferença de ganho postergando ou não o carregamento. A estrutura de modelagem proposta também pode ser usada para tomada de decisão e auxílio com a escolha de qual entrega realizar; o nível de serviço a oferecer e prazos a cumprir; escolha do mix de clientes; transportadores terceirizados/parceiros a contratar; rotas a atender; frota e tamanho de veículos a utilizar; tipos/mix de produtos a entregar; tarifas de transporte a serem pagas. / The availability of news and reading online through smartphones, tablets and computers has reduced the sale of newspapers in the world, and the logistics that makes the distribution of newspapers try to find ways to survive the demand reduction. On the other hand, the logistics express cargo (characteristic of e-commerce models) grows every day making use of optimized outsourced resources, a situation that will be accelerated in the future with the same-day delivery. This study aims to develop a model for decision support for planning the shared physical distribution of newspapers and ecommerce products for use in the logistics operator. It proposes an allocation problem multiperiod loads and not a typical routing problem as in most road logistics studies. Its resolution will be performed by discrete optimization (vehicles and entire cargo) through Integer Linear Programming, and then developed by Non-integer Linear Programming Sensitivity Analysis with relaxation completeness restriction. Through mathematical modeling and processing in Matlab are analyzed scenarios of outsourcing physical distribution, including the impact of increases in demand coming in profitability, penalties revenue by charging postponements, cost variations by including extra fleet, introduction of contractual penalty for not carrying any product, and tests with varying postponement times of shipments. In tests conducted by the model that simulate a real situation, the lower profitability was achieved without delivery postponements, so commonly operated by the market. The percentage gain with the postponement of shipments decreased with increasing demand of arrival. The non-integer linear programming problem did not gain difference postponing or not charging. The proposed model structure can also be used to aid decision-making and with the choice of which delivery perform; the level of service to offer and deadlines; choice of the customer mix; outsourced carriers / partners to contract; routes to meet; fleet and size of vehicles to be used; types / mix of products to be delivered; transportation fees to be paid.

The thesis describes and analyzes shared services organizations as a management tool to achieve efficiency in the organizations' processes. Paper builds on established theoretical principles, enhance them with up-to-date insights on the current situation and development and create a valuable knowledge base on shared services organizations. Strong emphasis is put on concrete means on how exactly efficiency could be achieved. Major relevant topics such as reasons for shared services, people management, performance measurement, enabling technology, risks and so on are thoroughly covered. To demonstrate outlined principles a practical part at the end (in cooperation with Henkel AG, Germany) introduces a concrete controlling process and its possibility to be shifted into shared services center.

Memória Transacional tem se demonstrado um paradigma promissor na implementação de aplicações concorrentes sob memória compartilhada que busquem evitar um modelo de sincronização baseado em locks. Em vez de sujeitar a execução a um acesso exclusivo com base no valor de um lock que é compartilhado por threads concorrentes, uma aplicação sob Memória Transacional tenta executar seções críticas de modo otimista, desfazendo as modificações no caso de um conflito de acesso à memória. Entretanto, apesar de a abordagem baseada em locks ter adquirido um número significativo de ferramentas automatizadas para a depuração, profiling e otimização automatizados (por ser uma das técnicas de sincronização mais antigas e mais bem pesquisadas), o campo da Memória Transacional ainda é comparativamente recente, e programadores frequentemente precisam adaptar manualmente suas aplicações transacionais ao encontrar problemas de eficiência. Este trabalho propõe um sistema no qual o profiling de código em uma implementação de Memória Transacional simulada é utilizado para caracterizar uma aplicação transacional, formando a base para uma parametrização automatizada do respectivo sistema especulativo para uma execução eficiente do código em questão. Também é proposta uma abordagem de escalonamento de threads guiado por profiling em uma implementação de Memória Transacional baseada em software, usando dados coletados pelo profiler para prever a probabilidade de conflitos e determinar que thread escalonar com base nesta previsão. São apresentados os resultados de experimentos sob ambas as abordagens. / Transactional Memory has shown itself to be a promising paradigm for the implementation of shared-memory concurrent applications that eschew a lock-based model of data synchronization. Rather than conditioning exclusive access on the value of a lock that is shared across concurrent threads, Transactional Memory attempts to execute critical sections optimistically, rolling back the modifications in the event of a data access conflict. However, while the lock-based approach has acquired a significant body of debugging, profiling and automated optimization tools (as one of the oldest and most researched synchronization techniques), the field of Transactional Memory is still comparably recent, and programmers are usually tasked with an unguided manual tuning of their transactional applications when facing efficiency problems. We propose a system in which code profiling in a simulated hardware implementation of Transactional Memory is used to characterize a transactional application, which forms the basis for the automated tuning of the underlying speculative system for the efficient execution of that particular application. We also propose a profile-guided approach to the scheduling of threads in a software-based implementation of Transactional Memory, using collected data to predict the likelihood of conflicts and determine what thread to schedule based on this prediction. We present the results achieved under both designs.

Este trabalho ambiciona compreender a origem e o funcionamento do sistema de prestação de serviços de saúde a todos os brasileiros sem distinção, e, para tanto, esmiúça as origens a partir do qual sua organização se ergueu. São estudadas as formas de federalismo existentes desde o seu surgimento no Estado Moderno, e o desenvolvimento das limitações aos poderes centrais e dos entes federados, com ênfase na maneira sob as quais as responsabilidades foram e são divididas ou compartilhadas, bem assim como a maneira pelas quais suas balizas foram estabelecidas e modificadas no decorrer do tempo. O direito à saúde no Brasil é colocado no centro do debate e as formas como foi exercido, bem assim como as suas deficiências, foram todas observadas durante a investigação do processo que originou a criação de um formato inédito, amplamente respaldado pela participação popular. Esta legitimidade impressa ao que se denomina Direito Sanitário foi de crucial relevância para o enfrentamento do federalismo sob o prisma do direito à saúde, que se denomina atualmente federalismo sanitário, e é referência para a compreensão das políticas públicas que sucederam sua construção e exercício efetivo. A partir daí, foi possível proceder na avaliação da divisão das responsabilidades entre os integrantes do sistema, a forma de efetivação da divisão, sua vinculação estrita ao sistema federativo e aferir sobre a pertinência de que o federalismo sanitário seja reconhecido como a forma de responsabilização compartilhada nos termos em que o sistema único de saúde foi estruturado. Diante da conclusão a que se chegou, são apreciadas as decisões proferidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Por fim, são avaliadas de modo a que se conclua pela tese construída, que rechaça a responsabilização solidária da forma como compreendida pelo STF, por não se harmonizar com a estrutura federativa estabelecida para cumprimento do dever de assistência à saúde pelo Estado Brasileiro. / This work aims to understand the origin and functioning of the provision of health care system to all Brazilians without distinction, and, therefore, deeply analyzes the sources from which its organization arose. Existing forms of federalism are studied since its emergence in the Modern State, and the development of limitations to the central authorities and federal agencies, emphasizing the way in which the responsibilities were and are divided or shared, as well as the way the that their beacons have been established and modified over time. The entitlement to health in Brazil is placed in the center of the debate and the ways in which it was exercised, as well as its shortcomings were all observed during the investigation of the process that led to the creation of an unprecedented format, widely supported by popular participation. This printed legitimacy to what is called Health Law was of crucial importance to face the federalism through the prism of the right to health, which is now called health federalism, and is a reference to the comprehension of public policies that followed its construction and effective exercise. From there, it was possible to proceed in assessing the division of responsibilities between system integrators, how to effect the division, their strict adherence to the federal system and check on relevance of the health federalism is recognized as a form of shared accountability in terms in the unified health system was structured. Before the conclusion arrived at, they are appreciated judgments given by the Supreme Court. Finally, are evaluated so that it is determined by the built thesis, which rejects the joint accountability of how understood by the Supreme Court, by not harmonize with the federal structure established to comply with the health care obligation by Brazil.

A new approach to allocate environmental responsibility, the "value added-based responsibility" allocation, is presented in this article. This metric allocates total environmental pressures occurring along an international supply chain to the participating sectors and countries according to the share of value added they generate within that specific supply chain. We show that - due to their position in global value chains - certain sectors (e.g. services) and countries (e.g. Germany) receive significantly greater responsibility compared to other allocation approaches. This adds a new perspective to the discussions concerning a fair distribution of mitigation costs among nations, companies and consumers.

No description available.

This thesis adopts a survival model to analyze China’s stock market. The data used are the capitalization-weighted stock market index (CSI 300) and the 300 stocks for creating the index. We define the recurrent events using the daily return of the selected stocks and the index. A shared frailty model which incorporates the random effects is then used for analyses since the survival times of individual stocks are correlated. Maximization of penalized likelihood is presented to estimate the parameters in the model. The covariates are selected using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the variance inflation factor (VIF) to avoid multicollinearity. The result of analyses show that the general capital, total amount of a stock traded in a day, turnover rate and price book ratio are significant in the shared frailty model for daily stock data.

Cette recherche traite du jeu de rôle sur table comme moyen oral et collectif de création fictionnelle et littéraire. Elle montre que les JdR mettent en place des dispositifs ludiques qui obligent les joueurs à co-générer un contenu fictionnel diégétique et narratif, selon le principe qui est nommé l’intercréativité. L’intercréativité propre aux JdR fusionne les actes de création et de réception de la fiction et met en crise le rapport de la littérature à l’écrit. Dans un premier temps, nous étudions la manière dont s’est élaboré le concept d’intercréativité tout au long de l’histoire des JdR. Ensuite, nous les intégrons à un ensemble dont ils sont un élément fondateur, la culture geek. Nous montrons que le JdR est un héritier des littératures de l’imaginaire et qu’il fait la jonction entre ces deux sphères. Les JdR y sont également envisagés comme des mondes fictionnels intercréés, précurseurs d’une part des univers partagés et des jeux vidéo RPG, et d’autre part de la systématisation des mondes fictionnels qui induisent une réception interactive. Dans notre troisième partie, nous expliquons en quoi l’intercréativité fictionnelle mise en place par le JdR est un processus narratif et littéraire, une expérience collective et immédiate de la création de la fiction par le langage oral. Nous nous penchons sur les spécificités narratives de ce médium. Nous montrons également comment ces outils de création fictionnelle dépassent, pour certains écrivains, le cadre des JdR pour déboucher sur une création littéraire classique. Enfin, nous abordons le ludique comme un ensemble de dispositifs qui obligent les joueuses à créer un contenu fictionnel ensemble, ce que nous nommons l’intercréativité. Le JdR accomplit une disruption et une systématisation du matériau fictionnel, dont la réorganisation narrative est la création des joueurs. Avec l’intercréativité, c’est un rapport dionysiaque à la littérature qui ressurgit, alors qu’il avait été annihilé par l’industrialisation. / This work deals with pen & paper role-playing games as an oral and collective way to create fiction. It shows RPGs set up game procedures to oblige players to co-create narrative and diegetic contents, according to what we call intercreativity. Intercreativity,which is specific to RPGs, blends fictional creation and reader-response together. It reconsiders the definition of literature as a written text. First, we study how intercreativity has been built during the RPGs’ history. Then we show RPG is a link between fantasy literature and geek culture. RPGs are considered as co-created worlds, pioneers of shared worlds, RPG video games and systematization of imaginary worlds, which sets the base of interactivity. Finally, we explain that intercreativity is a narrative process, a collective and immediate experience of creating fiction with oral language. We show how these tools for creation inspire writers to produce classic literary works. We broach these games as tools to create fiction. RPGs smash and systematize fiction, and the narrative reorganization is the players’ creation. Intercreativity makes reappear a Dionysian way to consider literature, which has been annihilated during the Industrialization.