Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka delat ledarskap ur ett ledar- och medarbetarperspektiv i en statlig verksamhet. Vi önskade få svar på hur ledarna samverkar och delar upp arbetsuppgifterna mellan sig och hur medarbetarna ser på detta. Vi undersökte också hur kommunikationen upplevdes av inblandade parter. Vår metod för att lyckas med detta har varit kvalitativ med induktiv ansats där vi genom enkätfrågor, till såväl ledarna som ett urval av gruppens medarbetare, fått svar på frågeställningarna beträffande samverkan och arbetsuppdelningen samt hur kommunikationen fungerar mellan parterna. Svaren från respondenterna ger en samstämmig bild av att det fungerar mycket bra. Denna bild styrks även av den medarbetarundersökning, som utfördes inom organisationen i december 2008. Vi konstaterar att den största skillnaden med delat ledarskap, jämfört med traditionellt ledarskap,är att de är två ledare. I vår undersökta grupp svarade respondenterna att delat ledarskap är en fördel främst för ledarna, då de kan bolla frågor och stötta varandra och att en förutsättning för att lyckas är just att samverkan mellan ledarna fungerar, vilket vi fått indikationer på att det gör i vår undersökta grupp. Farhågan att det delade ledarskapet skulle uppfattas som otydligt har inte besannats. Medarbetarna har delats upp mellan ledarna för utvecklingssamtal etc och alla uppger sig vara nöjda med detta. Ledarna som delar ledarskapet upplever att omgivningen är nyfikna på det delade ledarskapet och ser många fördelar i det. Vi tror att det delade ledarskapet kommer att öka i omfattning då ledarskapet idag är komplext, förändringstakten i samhället har ökat och att då vara ensam ledare sliter. Delad börda är hälften så tung. / The purpose of this study was to examine shared leadership from a management and employee perspective of a government aistration. We wanted answers to how the leaders work together and divide the tasks among themselves and how the employees experience this. We also examined how communication experienced by parties involved. Our method to achieve this have been qualitative with the inductive approach in which we survey questions to both leaders as a selection of group employees, received answers to questions concerning trust and labor division, and how communication works. The responses from the respondents give a coherent picture of that it works very well. This image is also of the employee survey conducted in the organization in December 2008. We note that the biggest difference with shared leadership, compared with traditional leadership is that they are two leaders. In our investigated group of respondents replied that shared leadership is an advantage mainly for leaders, as they can juggle issues and support each other and that a prerequisite for success is that the interaction between the leaders work, which we have received indications that it is in our investigated group. Concern that a divided leadership would be seen as unclear was not true. Employees were split between the leaders of performance review etc and all seem satisfied with this. The leaders who share the leadership experience that environment is curious about the shared leadership and sees many benefits in it. We believe that the shared leadership will grow in scale as the leadership today is complex, the pace of change in society has increased and to be sole leader rips. Shared burden is half as heavy.

Delat ledarskap är ett arbetssätt som många verkar vara nyfikna på men har svårt att finna information om. I en kvalitativ undersökning har chefer runt om i Sverige som både delar och inte delar ledarskap intervjuats. Kompetens och arbetsuppgifter, värderingar, tillgänglighet och effektivitet, kommunikation och makt och konflikter är områden som påverkar om man kan få ett delat ledarskap att fungera eller inte. Studien visar att en handbok bland annat bör innehålla övergripande information om ämnet, ha en lättförståelig text, tips och råd, begreppsdefinitioner, bilder och scenarier. Med hjälp av studien har vi skapat oss en bild av vad som krävs för att chefer ska få till stånd ett delat ledarskap och vad som bör stå i en handbok för chefer som är intresserade av delat ledarskap. / Many people seem to be curious about shared leadership but are having a hard time finding information about this subject. Leaders from Sweden that practice and don't practice shared leadership have participated in a qualitative study. Whether or not shared leadership works, depends on the influence from areas such as competence and assignments, values, availability and efficiency, communication and power and conflict. A handbook about shared leadership should include general information about the subject, should be written in a straightforward way, contain advice, word definitions, pictures and scenarios. This study has given us a clear picture of what is needed to carry out a shared leadership and what content that needs to be presented in a handbook intended for leaders with an interest in shared leadership.

This thesis is an effort to analyze the importance of business network partners for successful participation in trade shows for small firms to grow more in international markets. This study would be helpful to demonstrate the value of trade shows. Trade shows provide the opportunities to introduce new products, expand network connection, and enhancing firm’s corporate image. To participate in any trade show may be a very lucrative process, but there are many challenges and tasks which are to be met to get the maximum share of international market. To analyse the effectiveness of business network for successful participation in trade shows, I have included one case study of trade shows, named Beauty World 2009, held at Frankfurt Germany. In this show, among the firms from all over the world, 16 small companies manufacturing beauty instruments, companies from my home city, namely Sialkot, Pakistan, also participated. Their experiences, participation, views and observation will also be used to analyze the importance of trade show for creating new business networks through this show. This research indicates the effectiveness of network member providing support to small and growing firms for successful participation in trade shows. With the help of these network members, trade shows can be used as exclusive platforms to introduce new firms, as well as products, to potential consumers. In general, we can indicate that existing network partners, if mobilized accordingly, have the ability to reduce the overall cost incurred at trade shows.

Il lavoro di ricerca approfondisce la riflessione pedagogica in riferimento alle prassi educative in materia di sostenibilità. L'approccio di approfondimento si impernia sul carattere interdisciplinare del concetto di sviluppo sostenibile. la prima parte del lavoro di ricerca approfondisce L'area sociale in riferimento alla partecipazione della comunità locale nei processi di promozione dello sviluppo sostenibile. La seconda parte del lavoro di ricerca prende in esame una significativa prassi di partecipazione: la progettazione partecipata. / The research provides a pedagogical consideration in relation to the educational techniques concerning sustainability. The approach of a thorough analysis is based on the interdisciplinary nature of the tenable development. The first part of the research gives importance to the social area and the presence of the local community in order to promote the bearable development. The second part takes into consideration an important participation technique: the shared planning.

Questa tesi, strutturata in tre articoli interconnessi, mira a fornire una migliore interpretazione del fenomeno delle Fondazioni d’Impresa nella prospettiva del Valore Condiviso, delineando quanto queste organizzazioni possano rivelarsi idonee a creare valore sia per la società sia per le imprese, rispondendo contemporaneamente alle esigenze di molteplici stakeholders. Il primo articolo, attraverso l’analisi della letteratura riguardante le Fondazioni d’Impresa e la teoria del Valore Condiviso, analizza in profondità le caratteristiche più innovative di queste organizzazioni, prendendo poi in considerazione alcuni aspetti potenzialmente interessanti da analizzare. Il secondo articolo presenta uno studio esplorativo finalizzato a verificare come gli interessi dell’impresa fondatrice influenzino il modello organizzativo, le attività e le tematiche affrontate dalle Fondazioni d’Impresa. L’articolo propone una rinnovata classificazione delle Fondazione d’Impresa, che introduce un modello innovativo, il cosiddetto Edifier, e sottolinea quali campo di attività sono più appropriati a seconda degli interessi delle imprese fondatrici. Il terzo articolo, infine, è volto a indagare in profondità i legami che intercorrono tra Imprese Fondatrici e Fondazioni d’Impresa, con una particolare attenzione ai meccanismi attraverso i quali l’impresa può influenzare l’efficacia delle attività della Fondazione. L’articolo mette in evidenza come l'adozione di un modello di trasferimento delle conoscenze possa avere una notevole influenza in termini di efficacia, con conseguenze rilevanti in termini di proattività, competenze ed efficacia della Fondazione. / This thesis, structured in three logically interconnected papers, aims at achieving a better understanding of the phenomenon of Corporate Foundations (CFs) under a Shared Value Perspective, by determining that these organizations are suitable for creating value for both society and firms, and for addressing multiple stakeholders’ needs. The first paper, through a review of the literature researching on CFs and on Shared Value, analyses in depth the most innovative characteristics of these organizations, and attempts to consider some potentially interesting issues to be stressed, coherently with the perspective adopted. The second paper presents an exploratory study aimed at verifying how the interests of the founder firm influence the model, activities and issues addressed by CFs. The paper proposes a classification of CFs introducing an innovative model, the so-called edifier, and underlines which field of activities are more appropriate according to the objective of the firms. The third paper is aimed at investigating in depth the ties connecting Founder Firms and CFs, with a special attention to the mechanisms through which a firm can impact CF’s effectiveness. The paper puts in evidence that the adoption of a model has a substantial influence on effectiveness, with many consequences on the proactivity, competences and social influence of CFs.

Abstract The purpose of our thesis was to comprehend how organizations approach the Corporate Social Contract that exists between them and society. The empirical data was gathered to reflect a comprehension of the Corporate Social Contract as a whole and as the product of its components, i.e.: Corporate Social Responsibility and Reciprocity. Other concepts interconnected with our main topic were also used in order to better comprehend the concept of Corporate Social Contract as well as our interpretations of the collected empirical data. These interconnected concepts were Corporate Sustainability, Corporate Citizenship, Shared Value, and Willingness to Pay.   The research work was approached from the qualitative standpoint. Considering that the perspective of our thesis was an organizational one, we approached 5 organizations within which to conduct interviews on the stated topic. Our aim was merely to understand the organizational perspective and approach to the concept of Corporate Social Contract, not to compare these perspectives and approaches.   Each of the chosen organizations met certain basic criteria mentioned in our work that permitted us to include them in our sample. The thesis’ conclusion reflected various organizational approaches towards Corporate Social Contract from the angle of Corporate Social Responsibility as well as varying perspectives on, and expectations of, society’s reciprocity. The study has shown that our view of the equal importance of the concepts of CSR and Reciprocity, within the framework of CSC fulfillment, is an under investigated area in both academics and in the practical business world. This has also been supported by our interviewees’ view on expectations, placed on society, as an implicit area in their organizations’ policies. Through our study we have uncovered practical reasons as to why CSC cannot be fulfilled all the time, how expectations between both organizations and society differ from project to project, and the importance of societal reciprocity in the aim of CSC fulfillment. And thus, through our study, we endeavor to comprehend how organizations fulfill the CSC and how they view society’s attempts to fulfill its end of the contract.   As a result of our work, future students and researchers stand to gain insights into the mentalities of organizations that hail from different industries and are based in different parts of the world. Future students and researchers could also derive their own interpretations of our respondents words based on the culture prevalent in the country in which the respondents are based. Apart from this, one can note that the respondents were also from a range of departments and their professionally skewed perspective on our topic makes for an interesting contribution to those seeking insights into our topic and those interlinked.   Key Words: Corporate Social Contract, Corporate Social Responsibility, Reciprocity, Corporate Sustainability, Corporate Citizenship, Shared Value, and Willingness to Pay.

The shared memory systems should support parallelization at the computation (multi-core), communication (Network-on-Chip, NoC) and memory architecture levels to exploit the potential performance benefits. These parallel systems supporting shared memory abstraction both in the general purpose and application specific domains are confronting the critical issue of memory consistency. The memory consistency issue arises due to the unconstrained memory operations which leads to the unexpected behavior of shared memory systems. The memory consistency models enforce ordering constraints on the memory operations for the expected behavior of the shared memory systems. The intuitive Sequential Consistency (SC) model enforces strict ordering constraints on the memory operations and does not take advantage of the system optimizations both in the hardware and software. Alternatively, the relaxed memory consistency models relax the ordering constraints on the memory operations and exploit these optimizations to enhance the system performance at the reasonable cost. The purpose of this thesis is twofold. First, the novel architecture supports are provided for the different memory consistency models like: SC, Total Store Ordering (TSO), Partial Store Ordering (PSO), Weak Consistency (WC), Release Consistency (RC) and Protected Release Consistency (PRC) in the NoC-based multi-core (McNoC) systems. The PRC model is proposed as an extension of the RC model which provides additional reordering and relaxation in the memory operations. Second, the scalability analysis of these memory consistency models is performed in the McNoC systems. The architecture supports for these different memory consistency models are provided in the McNoC platforms. Each configurable McNoC platform uses a packet-switched 2-D mesh NoC with deflection routing policy, distributed shared memory (DSM), distributed locks and customized processor interface. The memory consistency models/protocols are implemented in the customized processor interfaces which are developed to integrate the processors with the rest of the system. The realization schemes for the memory consistency models are based on a transaction counter and an an an address ddress ddress ddress ddress ddress ddress stack tacktack-based based based based based based novel approaches.approaches.approaches.approaches. approaches.approaches.approaches.approaches.approaches.approaches. The transaction counter is used in each node of the network to keep track of the outstanding memory operations issued by a processor in the system. The address stack is used in each node of the network to keep track of the addresses of the outstanding memory operations issued by a processor in the system. These hardware structures are used in the processor interface to enforce the required global orders under these different memory consistency models. The realization scheme of the PRC model in addition also uses acquire counter for further classification of the data operations as unprotected and protected operations. The scalability analysis of these different memory consistency models is performed on the basis of different workloads which are developed and mapped on the various sized networks. The scalability study is conducted in the McNoC systems with 1 to 64-cores with various applications using different problem sizes and traffic patterns. The performance metrics like execution time, performance, speedup, overhead and efficiency are evaluated as a function of the network size. The experiments are conducted both with the synthetic and application workloads. The experimental results under different application workloads show that the average execution time under the relaxed memory consistency models decreases relative to the SC model. The specific numbers are highly sensitive to the application and depend on how well it matches to the architectures. This study shows the performance improvement under the relaxed memory consistency models over the SC model that is dependent on the computation-to-communication ratio, traffic patterns, data-to-synchronization ratio and the problem size. The performance improvement of the PRC and RC models over the SC model tends to be higher than 50% as observed in the experiments, when the system is further scaled up. / <p>QC 20130204</p>

Abortable mutual exclusion is a variant of mutual exclusion, in which processes are allowed to abort in the trying protocol. Scott presented the first local-spin abortable mutual exclusion algorithms. They are based on a queue and perform O(1) remote memory accesses (RMAs) when no processes abort. However, they use unbounded space and a process can perform an unbounded number of RMAs, in the worst case, to enter the critical section. The only other local-spin abortable mutual exclusion algorithm is by Jayanti. It has bounded space and RMA complexity, but a process always performs \Theta(log N) RMAs to enter the critical section, where N is the number of processes. In this thesis, three new, bounded space, abortable mutual exclusion algorithms are presented. We give the first local-spin abortable mutual exclusion algorithm that uses only registers. It has \Theta(log N) RMA complexity, even if no processes abort. We also present the first local-spin abortable mutual exclusion algorithm using more general primitives which has bounded space and in which each process performs O(1) RMAs to enter the critical section when no processes abort. However, this algorithm is local-spin only for a certain type of cache-coherent model. Finally, we present an abortable mutual exclusion algorithm which is local-spin in any cache-coherent model and in which each process performs O(1) RMAs to enter the critical section when no processes abort. We develop a new reference counting method to bound the space used in this algorithm.

Abortable mutual exclusion is a variant of mutual exclusion, in which processes are allowed to abort in the trying protocol. Scott presented the first local-spin abortable mutual exclusion algorithms. They are based on a queue and perform O(1) remote memory accesses (RMAs) when no processes abort. However, they use unbounded space and a process can perform an unbounded number of RMAs, in the worst case, to enter the critical section. The only other local-spin abortable mutual exclusion algorithm is by Jayanti. It has bounded space and RMA complexity, but a process always performs \Theta(log N) RMAs to enter the critical section, where N is the number of processes. In this thesis, three new, bounded space, abortable mutual exclusion algorithms are presented. We give the first local-spin abortable mutual exclusion algorithm that uses only registers. It has \Theta(log N) RMA complexity, even if no processes abort. We also present the first local-spin abortable mutual exclusion algorithm using more general primitives which has bounded space and in which each process performs O(1) RMAs to enter the critical section when no processes abort. However, this algorithm is local-spin only for a certain type of cache-coherent model. Finally, we present an abortable mutual exclusion algorithm which is local-spin in any cache-coherent model and in which each process performs O(1) RMAs to enter the critical section when no processes abort. We develop a new reference counting method to bound the space used in this algorithm.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parent training on shared reading practices in families of children with hearing loss. This intervention augmented a multifaceted school program in emergent literacy. In a community based format, parents were explicitly taught three shared reading strategies that have evidence to support the growth of language and vocabulary in children who are hearing and children with hearing loss. These strategies include open-ended questions, language expansions, and scaffolding. A multiple-baseline across content (strategies) design examined the relationship between the intervention and changes in parent behavior. Results indicated that the intervention was effective for increasing open-ended questioning, but there was no functional relationship between the intervention and the other two strategies, language expansions and scaffolding. Conclusions suggest replication to determine the effectiveness of this intervention for increasing open-ended questions. Additionally, further research is needed to determine the intensity and duration of training to influence effects on language expansions and scaffolding.