<p>This thesis is an effort to analyze the importance of business network partners for successful participation in trade shows for small firms to grow more in international markets. This study would be helpful to demonstrate the value of trade shows. Trade shows provide the opportunities to introduce new products, expand network connection, and enhancing firm’s corporate image. To participate in any trade show may be a very lucrative process, but there are many challenges and tasks which are to be met to get the maximum share of international market. </p><p>To analyse the effectiveness of business network for successful participation in trade shows, I have included one case study of trade shows, named Beauty World 2009, held at Frankfurt Germany. In this show, among the firms from all over the world, 16 small companies manufacturing beauty instruments, companies from my home city, namely Sialkot, Pakistan, also participated. Their experiences, participation, views and observation will also be used to analyze the importance of trade show for creating new business networks through this show.</p><p>This research indicates the effectiveness of network member providing support to small and growing firms for successful participation in trade shows. With the help of these network members, trade shows can be used as exclusive platforms to introduce new firms, as well as products, to potential consumers. In general, we can indicate that existing network partners, if mobilized accordingly, have the ability to reduce the overall cost incurred at trade shows.</p>

<p>Dagens förändrande värld skapar nya förutsättningar för våra organisationer, dess struktur och uppbyggnad, vilket ställer krav på anpassning av chefskapet/ledarskapet. Ledarskap är ett frekvent diskuterat ämne där nya trender kontinuerligt sätts i fokus. Idag finns det delade ledarskapet som ett alternativ till det traditionella ledarskapet och det är ett fenomen som blir allt mer förekommande inom organisationer. Det delade ledarskapet innebär att två eller flera delar på samma chefsposition. En organisation som implementerat detta är Södertäljepsykiatrin där ett unikt samarbete mellan de två huvudmännen, landstinget och kommunen, arbetar i avsikt att skapa en helhetssyn för patienten. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är därmed att undersöka hur det delade ledarskapet karaktäriseras på en organisation med två huvudmän, närmare bestämt vad som kännetecknar arbetssättet mellan de olika chefsnivåerna. Uppsatsen inriktar sig på Södertäljepsykiatrin och Södertäljemodellen. Studien har genomförts på tre chefspar på institutionen genom att följa metoden Grounded theory. Metoden handlar om att generalisera kvalitativa data, detta har gjorts genom att koppla den insamlade datan till forskning och litteratur inom ämnet. Referensramen har till största del grundats på studier från Marianne Döös, men också av andra viktiga forskare inom ämnet.</p><p>Resultaten av studien visar på att samarbetet mellan landsting och kommun grundar sig på patientens bästa. Enligt chefsparen har det delade ledarskapet mer positiva aspekter än negativa och alla ser fenomenet som att man delar på allt förutom viss formalia. Det finns olikheter hos de två huvudmännen så som skillnaderna i lagar, regelverk, poängsystem och dokumentation men det finns också en möjlighet för chefsparen att till en viss grad välja ut det bästa från varje huvudman. Ett mönster i undersökningen visar att det delade ledarskapet, särskilt när det inkluderar två huvudmän, har förutsättningarna att lyckas om det karaktäriseras en gemensam värdegrund, en prestigelöshet, ett förtroende för varandra och att ett beslut om införandet sker på en högre nivå.  Det undersökningen har kommit fram till är att det inte finns någon avsevärd skillnad i arbetssättet  mellan chefsnivåerna och att det delade ledarskapet i sig inte kräver någon tidigare erfarenhet utav att besitta en chefsposition för att lyckas. Vidare visade det sig att det delade ledarskapet mellan de två huvudmännen trots olikheter och vissa problem är ett vinnande koncept, inte minst för patienten. För att fler skall våga ta efter ”Södertäljemodellen” krävs det dock att modellen görs mer trovärdig och inte bara visar den polerade ytan.</p> / <p>Today the world is in constant change, which creates new conditions for organizations and its structure that requires adjustment of the chief position. Leadership is a frequently discussed topic, which has continuously changing trends in focus. Shared leadership is a phenomenon where two or several leaders share the same position. Today, shared leadership is an alternative to the traditional leadership and it is a phenomenon that is becoming more common in organizations. One organization that has shared leadership is Sodertalje psychiatry, where there is collaboration between county and municipality. In this organization they are working with the intention of creating a holistic view for the patient. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to examine how shared leadership in an organization, with two principles, is characterized. More specifically, the characteristics of the work process between the different levels of management. The essay focuses on Sodertalje psychiatry and the model “Södertäljemodellen”. The study has been based on three couples who share their leadership. Grounded Theory is the research method that has been utilized and that has determined the study process. The method is about generalizing qualitative data, this has been done by relating the data to theories, research and literature. The framework is largely based on studies by Marianne Döös, but also of other important researchers in the field.</p><p>The results of this study show that this cooperation between the county and municipality is based on the patient's best interest. According to the chief couples the shared leadership has more positive aspects than negative and they all see the phenomenon as the sharing of everything except certain formalities. There are differences between the two principles, such as differences in laws, rules, scoring and documentation. This is also seen as an opportunity for the couples to some extent choose the best from each principle.</p><p>A pattern in the study shows that shared leadership, specifically when it includes two principles, has the potential to be successful if it is characterized by a common value, no prestige, trust between each other and that the decision about the shared leadership is implemented from a higher level. The outcome of the study is that there is no significant difference between the way of work in the different levels of management and that shared leadership does not require any previous experience of a chief position. Furthermore it is shown that shared leadership between two principles, despite some problems and differences, is a winning concept, especially for the patient. For others to be able to implement “Södertäljemodellen” it is required that the model is made more credible and is not presented without its flaws.</p>

Detecting data race is very important for debugging shared-memory parallel programs, because data races result in unintended nondeterministic execution of the program. We propose a dynamic on-the-fly race detection mechanism called Parallel Nondeterminator to check for determinacy races during the parallel execution of a program with recursive spawn-sync parallelism. A modified version of Nested Region Labeling scheme is developed for the concurrency relationship test in the spawn-sync parallel structure. Through the identification of Least Common Ancestor in the spawn tree, the Parallel Nondeterminator only needs to keep two read access records and one write access record for each shared location. The work and critical path in the instrumented codes are analyzed as well as time complexity and space requirements. Let N denote the maximum depth of the recursion in the parallel program. The worst case time increased for each spawn and sync operation is O(N) and the time required to monitor any shared memory location is O(lgN). Moreover, Parallel Nondeterminator is able to execute the race detection code without loss of parallelism of the original program. In summary, the Parallel Non-determinator represents a provably efficient strategy for detecting data races for shared-memory parallel programs. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

In order to meet the availability requirements of modern communication networks, a number of survivability techniques were developed that adapt the demand-wise shared protection design model to incorporate strategies increasing network availability. The survivability methodologies developed took two approaches. The first incorporated availability directly into the network design model. The second ensured minimum dual failure restorability was set within the model. These methodologies were developed for predetermined topologies, as well as to have topology optimization incorporated into the model. All methodologies were implemented and analyzed on a set of samples. The analysis examined cost, topology and actual availability of the network designs. Availability design was effective but computationally intensive and difficult to design. Minimum dual failure restorability was also effective in increasing availability with a significant caveat, dual failure restorability increased exposure to possible failures, and without sufficient levels of dual failure restorability could have a negative impact on availability. / Engineering Management

This thesis consists of three separate papers broadly examining how different environmental and child variables affect language and literacy acquisition in two or more orthographies. The first paper is a quantitative meta-analysis of studies that have examined the effects of shared book reading on language, emergent literacy skills, and reading achievement with preschool children. The results suggest that shared book reading explained approximately 7% of variance in all the language and literacy measures combined. The mean effect size of shared book reading was slightly larger for the combined language measures (d = 0.77) than for the combined emergent literacy measures (d = 0.57), or the combined reading achievement measures (d = 0.63). An examination of the effects of shared book reading on specific language, emergent literacy, and reading skills revealed that shared book reading is more related to some skills than others. The second paper examines the effects of home literacy (shared book reading, teaching activities, and number of books), children’s task-focused behaviour, and parents’ beliefs and expectations about their child’s reading and academic ability on Kindergarten children’s (N = 61) phonological sensitivity and letter knowledge and on Grade 1 word reading. The results showed that after controlling for nonverbal IQ and vocabulary, parent teaching activities prior to Kindergarten predicted significantly letter knowledge; parents’ beliefs about their children’s reading ability predicted significantly phonological sensitivity and Kindergarten word reading; and children’s task-focused behaviour predicted significantly letter knowledge and Kindergarten and Grade 1 word reading The third paper reports on a cross-linguistic longitudinal study that examines the environmental, behavioural, and cognitive predictors of Grade 3 word reading fluency, passage comprehension, and spelling in children learning to read in an orthographically inconsistent language (English) and in an orthographically consistent language (Greek). Results indicated that home literacy factors did not directly predict Grade 3 reading or spelling skills for either the English- or Greek-speaking samples. Task-focused behaviour directly predicted spelling for the Greek-speaking sample. Vocabulary was more important for reading and spelling in English than in Greek. Letter knowledge was more important for spelling in Greek and for passage comprehension in English. / Special Education

Background Patients’ preferences, needs and desires are important when discussing treatment. In consultations between patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and health professionals, knowledge, understanding and insight about communication patterns are of vital importance for strengthening patient involvement in decision-making about their care and treatment. Aim The general aim of this thesis was to describe communication patterns in consultations between patients with AF and health professionals. Specific aims (1) To describe (i) the topics patients with AF and their nurses and physicians discuss; (ii) the use of discursive space in consultations between these participants; and (iii) the frequencies with which patients and nurses/physicians introduce the identified topics. (2) To describe the types of patient resistance to accepting treatment with warfarin and how cardiologists respond to such resistance. Methods An inductive design was used. In study I, the sample consisted of 23 consultations between patients with AF (13 women and 10 men) and health professionals (5 women and 5 men) who were employed in six different cardiologic outpatient clinics. Content analysis was used to obtain a description of topics discussed. The patterns of dominance for the various topics and participant were explored from the framework of an analysis of dominance (I). In study II, the sample consisted of 11 consultations between patients with AF (7 women and 4 men) and cardiologists (2 women and 3 men). Conversation analysis was used to describe interactions concerning resistance to treatment with warfarin. Findings Study I. Four topics were introduced by both nurses and physicians during the consultations. These were “pathophysiology”, “treatment”, “diagnostic procedures”, and “activity”. In the nurse–patient consultations an additional topic, “routines related to the physician’s responsibilities”, emerged. With respect to the number of words and turns, the distribution of the discourse space was almost equal between nurses and patients, and unequal between physicians and patients. The patients were the dominant initiators of the topic “activity”, which refers to adaptation of activities in daily life in relation to AF. Study II. There were four types of patient resistance to accepting treatment with warfarin. These included “Giving reasons for their resistance”, “Suggesting other treatment options”, “Stating treatment preferences” and “Questioning or challenging the cardiologist’s treatment recommendations”. The cardiologists’ responses to the patients’ resistance included “Repeating the treatment recommendation”, “Negotiation with the patient”, “Providing additional information about the recommended treatment” and “Extending their explanation of the purpose of the treatment”. Conclusions The medical-driven agenda dominated over the patient-driven agenda in consultations between health care professionals and patients with AF. During conversations in consultations with nurses, the patients initiated discussion of living with AF and were more talkative than they were with physicians. An awareness of types of patient resistance to treatment would enable cardiologists to consider patients’ experience-based views about their treatment;

Background: A constant market pressure on companies to increase their competitiveness has compelled managers to explore business models outside of the traditional ones. The Shared Service Center (SSC) forms part of these untried models, and can be seen as a hybrid. When it comes to its management control, the research is scarce, and hence, there are no obvious paths to follow when it comes to the designing and use of management control systems in such organizations. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe the design of the management control system in a SSC, and further to analyze the underlying reasons for its outlining. Demarcation: The study is limited to the investigation of the SSCs of Electrolux, SKF and Volvo. Moreover, the problem is highlighted from the perspective of the SSC management. Realization: In the form of a case study, the thesis was realized through the undertaking of four interviews with individuals in the SSCs’ respective management or its close surrounding. Results: Sprung out of the process orientation, SSCs in their management control primarily focus on customers, process improvement and people. In their striving to obtain cost reduction and service quality, several control tools are used, the choice of which depends on variables such as organizational structure, external environment, technology and strategy.

In the paper different views on the question of world government and world governance are presented. I take the position that only a democratic world government is a desirable political goal, as it is only possible to promote individual autonomy consequently solving global problems. While accepting that there could be different answers to this condition, I analyze three approaches to the subject by Tannajo, Nielsen and Held and argue that shared sovereignty within a world federation defined by a democratic global constitution is a necessary condtion to call a world order a democratic one.

Dagens förändrande värld skapar nya förutsättningar för våra organisationer, dess struktur och uppbyggnad, vilket ställer krav på anpassning av chefskapet/ledarskapet. Ledarskap är ett frekvent diskuterat ämne där nya trender kontinuerligt sätts i fokus. Idag finns det delade ledarskapet som ett alternativ till det traditionella ledarskapet och det är ett fenomen som blir allt mer förekommande inom organisationer. Det delade ledarskapet innebär att två eller flera delar på samma chefsposition. En organisation som implementerat detta är Södertäljepsykiatrin där ett unikt samarbete mellan de två huvudmännen, landstinget och kommunen, arbetar i avsikt att skapa en helhetssyn för patienten. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är därmed att undersöka hur det delade ledarskapet karaktäriseras på en organisation med två huvudmän, närmare bestämt vad som kännetecknar arbetssättet mellan de olika chefsnivåerna. Uppsatsen inriktar sig på Södertäljepsykiatrin och Södertäljemodellen. Studien har genomförts på tre chefspar på institutionen genom att följa metoden Grounded theory. Metoden handlar om att generalisera kvalitativa data, detta har gjorts genom att koppla den insamlade datan till forskning och litteratur inom ämnet. Referensramen har till största del grundats på studier från Marianne Döös, men också av andra viktiga forskare inom ämnet. Resultaten av studien visar på att samarbetet mellan landsting och kommun grundar sig på patientens bästa. Enligt chefsparen har det delade ledarskapet mer positiva aspekter än negativa och alla ser fenomenet som att man delar på allt förutom viss formalia. Det finns olikheter hos de två huvudmännen så som skillnaderna i lagar, regelverk, poängsystem och dokumentation men det finns också en möjlighet för chefsparen att till en viss grad välja ut det bästa från varje huvudman. Ett mönster i undersökningen visar att det delade ledarskapet, särskilt när det inkluderar två huvudmän, har förutsättningarna att lyckas om det karaktäriseras en gemensam värdegrund, en prestigelöshet, ett förtroende för varandra och att ett beslut om införandet sker på en högre nivå.  Det undersökningen har kommit fram till är att det inte finns någon avsevärd skillnad i arbetssättet  mellan chefsnivåerna och att det delade ledarskapet i sig inte kräver någon tidigare erfarenhet utav att besitta en chefsposition för att lyckas. Vidare visade det sig att det delade ledarskapet mellan de två huvudmännen trots olikheter och vissa problem är ett vinnande koncept, inte minst för patienten. För att fler skall våga ta efter ”Södertäljemodellen” krävs det dock att modellen görs mer trovärdig och inte bara visar den polerade ytan. / Today the world is in constant change, which creates new conditions for organizations and its structure that requires adjustment of the chief position. Leadership is a frequently discussed topic, which has continuously changing trends in focus. Shared leadership is a phenomenon where two or several leaders share the same position. Today, shared leadership is an alternative to the traditional leadership and it is a phenomenon that is becoming more common in organizations. One organization that has shared leadership is Sodertalje psychiatry, where there is collaboration between county and municipality. In this organization they are working with the intention of creating a holistic view for the patient. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to examine how shared leadership in an organization, with two principles, is characterized. More specifically, the characteristics of the work process between the different levels of management. The essay focuses on Sodertalje psychiatry and the model “Södertäljemodellen”. The study has been based on three couples who share their leadership. Grounded Theory is the research method that has been utilized and that has determined the study process. The method is about generalizing qualitative data, this has been done by relating the data to theories, research and literature. The framework is largely based on studies by Marianne Döös, but also of other important researchers in the field. The results of this study show that this cooperation between the county and municipality is based on the patient's best interest. According to the chief couples the shared leadership has more positive aspects than negative and they all see the phenomenon as the sharing of everything except certain formalities. There are differences between the two principles, such as differences in laws, rules, scoring and documentation. This is also seen as an opportunity for the couples to some extent choose the best from each principle. A pattern in the study shows that shared leadership, specifically when it includes two principles, has the potential to be successful if it is characterized by a common value, no prestige, trust between each other and that the decision about the shared leadership is implemented from a higher level. The outcome of the study is that there is no significant difference between the way of work in the different levels of management and that shared leadership does not require any previous experience of a chief position. Furthermore it is shown that shared leadership between two principles, despite some problems and differences, is a winning concept, especially for the patient. For others to be able to implement “Södertäljemodellen” it is required that the model is made more credible and is not presented without its flaws.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur multipla roller upplevs och hanteras av personer som delar en professionell och en privat domän. Tidigare forskning har visat att multipla roller ofta upplevs som stressande och är en grund till konflikter i såväl den privata som den professionella domänen. Åtta personer i fyra intervjupar intervjuades individuellt med hjälp av en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Studiens resultat visar att samtliga deltagare har positiva upplevelser kring de delade domänerna då de anses ge en ökad förståelse för den andra parten och leda till en utvecklad relation. Vidare forskning föreslås koncentreras kring negativa upplevelser av fenomenet då denna undersökning inte undersökt detta.