Ride-sourcing is a digital transportation service that has seen a considerable growth in the last half decade especially in the biggest cities around the world. More and more digital platforms for ride-sourcing has emerged since its inception. This study compares the two ride-sourcing applications available in Stockholm— Uber and Heetch, using a combined method of measuring desirability and usability to analyze which factors influence a user’s choice of app. The results showed Uber to have better desirability and usability, and 14 out of the 16 participants chose Uber as their preferred ride-sourcing app. / Samåkningstjänster är en digital transporttjänst som har haft en betydande tillväxt under det senaste halvdecenniet och allt fler digitala plattformar för samåkningstjänster har tillkommit sedan dess uppkomst, särskilt i de största städerna runt om i världen. Denna studie jämför två samåkningstjänster tillgängliga i Stockholm: Uber och Heetch, med en kombinerad metod genom att undersöka önskvärda aspekter och användbarhet för analys av användarnas val av applikation. Resultatet visade att Uber hade bättre önskvärda aspekter och användbarhet, och 14 av 16 deltagande valde Uber som sin föredragna applikation

Although shared mobility services provide benefits such as minimizing congestion as well as pollution and costs of transportation, barriers such as trust and convenience are blocking these services from reaching a broader audience. In this paper, considerations for a new service that aims to bring together familiar strangers to share rides to and from the airport is presented using a Research through Design approach. The familiar strangers investigated in this study are frequent travelers of Scandinavian airlines (SAS). Interviews, ideation workshops, prototyping, and feedback sessions are the design activities that were used to understand motivations behind their choice of transportation to and from the airport, and current pain points that motivate the need for such a service, as well as to guide the design directions of the service to tackle the problems of trust and convenience current shared mobility services face. The findings showed that SAS travelers are willing to share rides with others belonging to their community when living far away from transit services to and from the airport, arriving uncomfortable hours at a new destination, when there’s a potential to make new business contacts as well as when traveling with loved ones. The final design presented in this paper serves as a framework on how to design services to enable people who share common physical spaces and similar travel behavior, to share rides together. / Även om “shared mobility” tjänster ger fördelar som att minimera trafikstockningar samt föroreningar och transportkostnader, finns det hinder som tillit och bekvämlighet som blockerar dessa tjänster från att nå en större publik. I den här uppsatsen presenteras omständigheter för en ny tjänst som syftar till att samla “familiar strangers” för att dela transportsätt till och från flygplatsen med hjälp av ett Research Through Design-metod. De “familiar strangers” som undersöktes i denna studie är frekventa resenärer av Scandinavian Airlines (SAS). Intervjuer, ideation workshops, prototyper och feed-back möten är de designaktiviteter som användes för att förstå motivation bakom resenärers val av transport till och från flygplatsen och aktuella smärtpunkter som motiverar behovet av en sådan tjänst samt för att styra designbeslut för tjänsten för att ta itu med problemen med förtroende och bekvämlighet som nuvarande “shared mobility” tjänster stöter på. Resultaten visade att SAS-resenärer är villiga att dela resor med andra som tillhör deras gemenskap när de bor långt ifrån transit tjänster till och från flygplatsen, när de anländer i ett nytt resmål vid obehagliga timmar, när det finns möjlighet att skapa nya affärskontakter såväl som när de reser med sina nära och kära. Den slutliga designen som presenteras i denna uppsats fungerar som en ram för hur man utformar tjänster för att möjliggöra för personer som delar gemensamma fysiska utrymmen och liknande resebeteenden, att dela resor tillsammans.

This thesis focuses on how local administrations in mid-sized cities can govern and plan for the sharing economy. To explore this, a case study of Umeå municipality's work on the sharing economy is carried out. Umeå municipality is one of four Swedish cities participating in the national program for the sharing economy in cities, Sharing Cities Sweden (SCS). The sharing economy can be described as an economic model that promotes a change from ownership to access and the production of resources and services in peer-to-peer networks. In response to a growing sharing economy in cities, local administrations have implemented policies and regulations against sharing platforms such as Airbnb and Uber. Cities also encourage sharing initiatives by planning for publicly run tool libraries, bike sharing schemes and local maker spaces (workshops to share tools, knowledge and ideas). Furthermore, there is an ongoing discussion about the implications of a growing sharing economy in cities. Some researchers argue that parts of the sharing economy instead of reducing resource consumption, building trust and creating more just resource access are centralizing power to a few platform monopolies and are using control and surveillance through collection of big data in order to extract profit. To counter this trend, this thesis is interested in how cities can govern and plan for a democratic and just model for the sharing economy. The discussion about the sharing economy in research and the media has mainly focused on big cities and metropolises, thus the focus on mid-sized cities in this thesis. Through interviews of key actors within Umeå's sharing economy and participation at the Cooperative Cities conference in Umeå, the thesis points to a locally based model of sharing economy in Umeå. In the absence of larger platforms within the sharing economy, Umeå can provide “shareable” resources in the city through collaboration with local actors and by organizing public-commons partnership. To sustain a locally based sharing economy, the thesis argues for the municipality to think of the sharing services in Umeå as a sharing ecosystem. It implies that the municipality contributes to a good environment for sharing services by providing a network, knowledge, support and spaces. Two sub-projects within Umeå's participation in Sharing Cities Sweden are analyzed, the library for sport equipment’s, Fritidsbanken and Service hubs which involves "nodes / hubs that concentrate and provide various services to Umeå residents". Fritidsbanken can be understood as a form of social infrastructure that can contribute to rebuild social capital in neighborhoods. Service hubs can be understood as a form of sharing infrastructure that facilitates sustainable lifestyles. Finally, it is stated that the municipality of Umeå, as a mid-size city that has not experienced the negative consequences of the sharing economy, can take a proactive role for a just and democratic sharing economy. / Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur lokala förvaltningar i mellanstora städer kan styra och planera för delningsekonomi. För att utforska detta görs en fallstudie av Umeå kommuns arbete med delningsekonomi inom det nationella programmet för delningsekonomi i städer, Sharing Cities Sweden (SCS). Koncept som delningsekonomi eller kollaborativ konsumtion har vuxit sig starka under 2010-talet. Det handlar om att gå från ägande till tillgång, att minska resursförbrukning genom att utnyttja ”slumrande” kapacitet hos resurser och att producera resurser gemensamt peer-to-peer. I reaktion mot en växande delningsekonomi i städer har lokala förvaltningar infört riktlinjer och policys mot delningstjänster som t.ex. Airbnb och Uber. Lokala förvaltningar uppmuntrar också delningsinitiativ genom att planera för till exempel offentligt drivna lånebibliotek för verktyg, lånecykelsystem och verkstäder för delning av verktyg, kunskap och idéer. Vidare förs det en diskussion om delningsekonomins utveckling i städer. Vissa forskare menar att delar av delningsekonomin istället för att minska resursförbrukning, bygga tillit och skapa en mer rättvis resurstillgång kan bidra till försämrade arbetsvillkor, kontroll och övervakning samt en centralisering av makt. Med bakgrund i denna diskussion är uppsatsen intresserad av att studera hur städer istället kan styra och planera för en rättvis och demokratisk delningsekonomi. Diskussionen som förs om delningsekonomins utveckling i forskning och media fokuserar mestadels på storstäder och metropoler, därav ligger fokuset på mellanstora städer i uppsatsen. Genom intervjuer av centrala aktörer inom Umeås delningsekonomi och deltagande på konferensen Cooperative Cities i Umeå konstaterar uppsatsen att den delningsekonomi som utvecklas i Umeå kan ses som en lokalt förankrad delningsekonomi. I frånvaro av större plattformar inom delningsekonomi tillgängliggör Umeå stadens resurser genom att samarbeta med lokala aktörer och organisera sig i vad som kan beskrivas som ett partnerskap med civilsamhället. För att få en lokalt förankrad delningsekonomi att fungera argumenterar uppsatsen att kommunen kan tänka på helheten av de delningstjänster som finns i Umeå som ett ekosystem för delning. Det innebär att kommunen bidrar till att skapa en miljö där delningstjänster får rätt förutsättningar genom att tillhandahålla nätverk, kunskap, stöd och lokaler. I uppsatsen undersöks två delprojekt inom Umeå kommuns arbete med delningsekonomi, lånebiblioteket för fritidsutrustning, Fritidsbanken och delprojektet Servicehubbar som innebär ”noder/nav som koncentrerar och tillhandahåller olika service till Umeås invånare”. Fritidsbanken kan förstås som en form av social infrastruktur som kan bidra till att bygga socialt kapital i stadsdelar. Servicehubbar kan förstås som en form av delningsinfrastruktur som underlättar för hållbara livsstilar. Avslutningsvis konstateras att Umeå kommun, en mellanstor stad som inte upplevt de negativa konsekvenserna av delningsekonomi likt flera storstäder, kan ta en proaktiv roll för en rättvis och demokratisk delningsekonomi.

En gemensam nämnare för samtliga storstäder världen över är att boendekostnad som andel avdisponibelinkomst ökar drastiskt. Urbaniseringen har resulterat i en kraftigt ökad efterfrågan påbostäder, en utveckling som väntas accelerera kommande decennier. Coliving, den nya trenden inomområdet alternativa tillgångsklasser är en form av bostad som kombinerar privat utrymme medgemensamma faciliteter. Idéen bygger på att skapa en community-centrerad miljö med möjlighet tillbåde integritet och social kontakt. Samtidigt som kollektivt boende inte är något nytt fenomen lockarbostadsformen ett växande antal människor för vilka nuvarande bostadsmarknad inte erbjuder någotalternativ.Syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga coliving i Sverige och identifiera den huvudsakligamålgruppen samt undersöka vilka för- och nackdelar investerare ser i denna nya bostadsform.Uppsatsen baseras till stor del av tidigare studier internationellt där coliving fått större fäste. Vidarehar intervjuer genomförts med såväl svenska etablerade aktörer som kunniga inom ämnet.Efterfrågan på coliving drivs av megatrender som urbaniseringen, den åldrande befolkningen och denväxande gig-ekonomin. Ur dessa trender går det att bryta ut ett flertal koncept med tillhörandemålgrupper, varav den största är millenniegenerationen, följt av seniorer och företag. Ur ettinvesteringsperspektiv är affärsmodellen solid och erbjuder en alternativ tillgångsklass med möjlighettill både ökad avkastning och riskspridning. Dessa fastigheter har normalt en högre avkastning perkvadratmeter än en traditionell hyresfastighet. Fastigheten är inte heller lika ömtålig mot vakans ochpåverkar inte sista raden på samma sätt som en konventionell hyresbostad. I Sverige finns idag tvåetablerade företag, Tech Farm och COLIVE, men enligt vår analys väntas flera företag introduceraegna koncept inom snar framtid.Osäkerheten i det okända är alltid en risk och dagens regelverk är inte anpassat för coliving, någotsamtliga aktörer är överens om. Däremot är samtliga aktörer övertygade om att coliving kan utgöra ettalternativ till hyresrätten och bidra till en mer effektiv bostadsmarknad med ökat utnyttjande avbefintligt bestånd och ökad rörlighet i flyttkedjan. / One common denominator for all major cities around the world is that housing costs as a share ofdisposable income has increased dramatically. Urbanization has resulted in a sharp increase in demandfor housing, a trend that is expected to accelerate in the coming decades. Coliving, the new trend in thefield of alternative assets, is a form of housing that combines private space with shared facilities. Theidea is based on creating a community-centered environment with the possibility of both integrity andsocial contact. While communal housing is not a new phenomenon, this form of living is attracting agrowing number of people for whom the current housing market does not offer any alternative.The purpose of this thesis is to map coliving in Sweden and identify the main target group andexamine what advantages and disadvantages investors see in this new housing form. The essay islargely based on previous studies internationally, where coliving gained a greater foothold. Inaddition, interviews have been conducted with Swedish established actors as well as knowledgeablewithin the subject.Demand for coliving is driven by megatrends such as urbanization, the aging population and thegrowing gig-economy. From these trends, it is possible to break out several concepts with associatedtarget groups, of which the largest is the millennial generation, followed by seniors and the corporatemarket. From an investment perspective, the business model is solid and offers an alternative assetclass with the possibility of both increased returns and risk diversification. These properties normallyhave a higher return per square meter than a traditional rental property. The property is also not asfragile to vacancy and does not affect the last row in the same way as conventional rental home. InSweden there are currently two established companies, Tech Farm and COLIVE, but according to theanalysis, several companies are expected to introduce their own concepts in the near future.The uncertainty of the unknown is always a risk and today’s regulations are not adapted for coliving,something that all actors agree on. On the other hand, all actors are convinced that coliving can be analternative to the rental and contribute to a more efficient housing market with increased utilization ofthe existing stock and increased mobility in the moving chain.

The primary objective of this dissertation is to examine the theoretical and practical implications of the collaborative consumption phenomenon for individuals, businesses and society. To accomplish this goal, a research approach at three levels of analysis is used to explore how market institutions and consumer practices negotiate a social order that combines the social domain of peers with the economic domain of market exchange. The first essay of the dissertation approaches this objective from a macro level to examine how social order is produced and sustained through the systemic interactions of service firms and peers. This essay provides a framework to understand the emergent business models by developing a typological theory that explains how platforms can be configured for higher value creation. The second essay approaches our understanding of the phenomenon from a meso level analysis to examine how peers interact with the social order of collaborative consumption markets to negotiate key existential tensions between consumer resistance and market appropriation. This essay explores the metaphors that peers use to construe the field of collaborative consumption. Through the interpretive analysis of participant-generated images, this research uncovers the prevailing use of a liberation metaphor that reveals a new way of thinking about resource circulation. Lastly, the third essay employs a micro level of analysis to examine how participation in collaborative consumption practices provokes intrapersonal dynamics leading to moral decay. By relying on a social cognitive framework that considers how behaviors impact personal and environmental factors in a recursive fashion, this essay scrutinizes when and how prolonged participation can erode moral identity and negatively impact prosocial behaviors. Together, this holistic approach advances our theoretical understanding of the collaborative consumption phenomenon and provides practical implications for managerial practice and public policy.

The Sharing Economy is an innovative social, economic and technological paradigm which is shaping worldwide production and consumption patterns of many industries. Its strength relies on factors of competitiveness such as the use of idle capacity, temporary access to resources without transfer of ownership, the flexibility and adaptability of its models, and the participation of a growing number of players allowed by peer-to-peer digital platforms. From the management perspective, the conditions for lasting competitiveness lies on sustainability, the paradigm integrating the supply, demand, and technological dimensions in a holistic, or ecosystem, perspective. Tourism is among the industries making extensive use of sharing digital platforms and experiencing changes that foster the sustainability debate. The PhD Thesis aims to investigate the relationships between competitiveness and sustainability in the tourism and hospitality accommodation industry in the Sharing Economy Era. Its investigation is multifaced and is addressed through three studies adopting a post-modernist perspective that builds on qualitative approaches and strategies for data collection and analysis. The Part I of the Thesis explores the Sharing Economy concept’s evolution and the sustainability issues through an in-depth review of the literature. Results reveal the leading economic-technological evolution of the paradigm over the social one, and its dual links with sustainability in relation to the extensive use of peer-to-peer digital platforms. Therefore, the evolution of the Sharing Economy activities have shown that today competitiveness is built on the interactions of an ever-increasing number of actors and factors, both off-line and on-line, within a complex ecosystem for the creation of – shared – value. The tourism industry strongly challenges this relationship between extended competition and sustainability. The Part II evaluates the competitiveness model and its evolution during the Sharing eTourism Era in the tourism and hospitality accommodation sector introducing an ecosystem perspective for the creation and distribution of shared value. Specifically, it investigates how the non-traditional and informal tourist services have affected the structure of the industry and have altered the competition among the actors, through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Results show that competitiveness is given by the balance among the complex interactions of internal and external ecosystem’s actors and factors. On a micro level this imply that businesses must adopts an ecosystem vision compensating for negative externalities which translate into the adoption of Business Models promoting sustainability for the creation of sustainable shared value. Therefore, the Part III investigates through the use of an illustrative case study how peer-to-peer digital platforms in the tourist accommodation service can boost profitability while strengthening economic, social and environmental sustainability by applying the innovative Business Model for Sustainability. The research sheds light on the complex Sharing Economy literature and lays the theoretical foundations for the implementation of managerial strategies aimed at promoting extended sustainable competition-cooperation.

The prevailing capitalist and growth-driven economic system has led to an increase in inequality, resource consumption, and environmental pressure on the earth’s vital support systems. Cities face a number of sustainability challenges, and in view of overconsumption in affluent societies, particularly in the Global North, the question arises how alternative approaches can be implemented at the local level. The “sharing economy” is considered as having the potential to open a “new pathway to sustainability”. To unfold the alleged sustainability potential of the sharing economy, the focus should be on non-profit sharing initiatives rather than for-profit sharing companies. This study analyses different modes of governance applied by local authorities in steering non-profit sharing initiatives, highlights the challenges local authorities face, and draws attention to more general conflicts of interest in developing the non-profit sharing economy. A comparative case study of Gothenburg and Umeå, Sweden, is conducted using qualitative research methods. The results show that some modes of governance applied by local authorities in steering non-profit sharing initiatives are more prominent than others. It becomes clear that the municipal involvement in the non-profit sharing economy as investor and host depends largely on the political will. The challenges for local authorities in developing the non-profit sharing economy are quite diverse, ranging from lack of political support to legal aspects, organisation of administration, local conditions, and structural problems. A conflict of interest between a for-profit and non-profit orientation in the sharing economy becomes evident.

Housing affordability has been impacted by rising house prices in Europe and it is argued that home-sharing is making housing less affordable. The purpose of this thesis is to provide empirical evidence whether home sharing has a relationship on housing affordability by utilizing an extensive set of Airbnb listings data acquired from multiple European urban cities between the years of 2011and 2020. We conduct a panel data analysis using a fixed effects model to regress the relationship between the accumulated Airbnb supply and price-to-income ratio. The results display statistically insignificant results between the price-to-income ratio and the accumulated supply of Airbnb, implying that there is not enough statistical evidence to determine the relationship between short-term rental and European housing affordability. We unfold this relationship through analyzing transmission mechanisms such as supply reallocation, changes in demand and positive and negative externalities, and reassure the validity of our results through the use of comprehensive robustness tests. Additionally, we explore the agglomeration of the Airbnb listings by separating cities to further distinguish that the varying relationship depends on the size of the Airbnb market. We find that cities with high Airbnb supply have a positive relationship with the price-to-income ratio.

Yes / Sharing economy is flourishing and increasingly customers are shifting towards “using instead of owning” products and services. The objective of our research is to empirically prove that low organizational trust can trigger strict organizational practices such as ethics training and audits but excessive use of both of these practices can negatively impact the relationship quality in sharing economy. In doing so, it has detrimental effects on co-creation and co-innovation particularly when the goals are related to emotional cognitive, material support and relationship building. This study, therefore, targets to scrutinize the dark side of B2B sharing economy platforms using the ethical theory of organizing. The unique contribution of this study is first, showcasing the relationships between ethical climate, ethical practices and consequences. Second, it highlights that B2B alliances that perceive strictness in ethics audits have a low level of willingness to enhance relationship quality. However, the effect of strictness in ethics training does not lead to the development of a low level of willingness to enhance relationship quality. This is an interesting finding and generates a theoretical debate. The findings of the study will promote the development of an ethical model that addresses the negative aspects of the B2B sharing economy. / The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 06 Oct 2024.

受到科技進步、消費者心態轉變、經濟因素三大條件驅動，共享經濟逐漸發展成具規模的集體社會趨勢，更被美國《時代週刊》列為「將會改變世界的十大主意」之一。本研究參考學者研究，將共享經濟定義為：「基於使多數人得以重複使用之目的，將閒置生產力透過中介平台，以群體合作進行有效率的點對點分享，並創造利益之商業模式」。 　　然而，隨著共享經濟企業的規模與版圖逐漸擴展，產業內既有的商業模式面臨破壞式創新所帶來的嚴峻挑戰和威脅，導致既得利益者企圖透過尋租行為要求政府禁止或限制共享經濟企業的營運，造成共享經濟發展受到限制。其中，尋租者多從「私人財產利用界線」及「平台與使用者間關係」來爭執共享經濟企業的合法性，且根據美國Uber案及Smart Apartment案判決分析，可再細部歸納得出「外部成本」、「契約性質」係爭議主因。 　　Airbnb係目前規模最大的私人住宅出租平台，為共享經濟十分成功的個案，使用者可將家中閒置空間刊登於平台上，短租給各地旅客。然而，多數城市均以法律規定業者需取得許可始能提供短期住宿服務，Airbnb使用者未獲得許可即於平台上提供住宅短租的行為，即產生適用法規上的合法性爭議。 　　本研究從「外部成本」及「契約性質」兩大角度切入，以紐約州檢察總長之Airbnb市場研究報告、Airbnb美國訴訟案以及我國日租套房判決，針對Airbnb「短租私人住宅」與「使用者利用平台」兩大行為做出我國法規適用之合法性討論，並企圖以立法管制、寇斯定理及社會規範，提出政府面對Airbnb於臺灣營運時可行之管理方式。 / Driven by the technological, changes, consumers’ purchase behaviors and the economy concern issues, sharing economy becomes a sizable social trend. Furthermore, Times magazine even ranks sharing economy as one of the ideas that would change the world. This research difines sharing economy as “a accessibility based business model for peer-to-peer markets, aimd to share underutilized asset or idling capacity effciently by crowd collaboration through a intermediary platform”. 　　However, as the growth of sharing economy, enterprises are threatened by disruptive innovations and new business models., Thus, stakeholders’ rent-seeking behaviors within the industry would bring the difficulties and limitations to sharing economies. Those rent-seekers argue the issues of “the boundery of private property use” and “the relationship between platform and users” which make sharing economy invalid, and the lawsuits on Uber and Smart Apartment also show that “external costs” and “the nature of contract” are the main reasons resulting to rent seeking. 　　Airbnb is the biggest house-renting platform also one of the most successful sharing economy enterprises. Users could plae their own vacant spaces to rent out to other users on this platform to earn extra profits. While most cities in the world require house-renting or hotel business to obtain permission before providing short-term accommodation services, Airbnb’s users provide short-term accommodation via its platform do not require the permission which arise the disputes of the legality and vaility when applying to local regulation. 　　This theis is base on the perspectives of “external costs” and “the nature of contract”, market research report undertaken by the New York State Attorney General, American lawsuits related to Airbnb and cases of daily-based house-rental business in Taiwan to analyze the issues of short-term rental for private house, the useage of sharing economy platform, and the legality and validity of Airbnb when its business model applying to Taiwanese regulation. Based on the analysis, this theis proposes a solution about how Taiwanese government manages Airbnb’s based on legislative control, Coase Theorem and social norms.