Det svenska strandskyddets syften är att säkra den allemansrättsliga tillgången till strandområden och bevara goda livsvillkor för djur- och växtliv på land och i vatten. Inom strandskyddat område krävs upphävande av eller dispens från strandskydd för att uppföra byggnad eller annan anläggning. Ett område får beaktas i fråga om upphävande eller dispens såvida det omfattas av ett särskilt skäl i 7 kap. 18 c § miljöbalken (1998:808) (MB). Arbetets syfte är att ta del av hur kommuner och länsstyrelser upplever tolkning och tillämpning av dels strandskyddslagstiftningen i stort, dels specifikt det första särskilda skälet i 7 kap. 18 c § 1 p MB. Vidare att presentera förslag som enligt kommuner och länsstyrelser skulle kunna göra strandskyddslagstiftningen enklare att tolka och tillämpa. Arbetet grundas på en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade mailintervjuer av ett antal kommuner och länsstyrelser i landet. Intervjufrågorna bygger på arbetets frågeställningar med avsikten att uppnå arbetets syfte genom dess svar. Resultatet visar att det finns delade åsikter kring hur strandskyddslagstiftningen upplevs att tolka och tillämpa. Varje ärende är unikt och kräver bedömning i det enskilda fallet. Vid det första särskilda skälet upplevs svårigheter vid ärenden som berör komplementbyggnader och utökning av hemfridszon. Förslag på förbättringar avseende strandskyddslagstiftningen som tas upp berör både utredningar och vägledningar. / The Swedish shore protection aims to secure public access to areas along the shoreline and protect biodiversity. To be allowed to build a new building or other facilities in an area with shore protection, the area needs to be covered by a special circumstance according to chapter 7. 18 c § of the Swedish environmental code. The purpose of this work is to study the laws of the shore protection, from municipalities and county administrative boards’ point of view regarding the first special circumstance in chapter 7. 18 c § p1 of the Swedish environmental code. Furthermore, the study aims to present suggestions of improvements concerning the laws of the shoreline protection. The study is based on a qualitative method where municipalities and county administrative boards have been interviewed through email. The study shows that the laws of the shore protection can be difficult to deal with. Concerning the first special circumstance there are difficulties regarding accessory buildings and expansion of the home peace zone. There are suggestions regarding improvements like clarifications of the guidelines relating to the laws of the shoreline protection.

A technique to extract the shoreline from optical satellite images has been developed, evaluated and applied to the case study site of Progreso, Yucatán, México. This site was chosen as it is frequently subject to hurricanes, shows shoreline erosion and has a paucity of coastal data. The area under investigation is an 8 km length of shoreline that faces north into the Gulf of México. A novel method to extract satellite-derived shorelines (SDS) was developed ensuring the maximum contrast between sea and land. The SDS was validated using quasisimultaneous in situ shoreline measurements from one day in two different years (2008 and 2010). The in situ shoreline measurements recorded the instantaneous shorewards extent of the wave run-up when walking along the beach. The validation of SDS revealed that the SDS locates consistently seawards of the in situ shoreline, explained by: a) the water depth that an optical satellite image requires to identify a pixel either as sea or land, and b) the shorewards extent of the wave run-up. At Progreso, the overall distance between SDS and in situ shoreline is 5.6 m on average and standard deviation of 1.37 m (in the horizontal) over 8 km of shoreline. For an accurate location of the mean SDS, estimation of the shorewards extent of the wave run-up, tidal level and inter-tidal beach slope were required. In situ measurements regarding the beach profile, shoreline location and water levels were taken into consideration to achieve this. The shoreline change observed over a 6.5 year period allowed the estimation of intraannual and inter-annual shoreline changes and progressive changes in the shoreline location. The intra-annual shoreline change revealed seasonality in the shoreline position. The shoreline position from late winter (March 20, 2004) was landwards (approx. 5 to 9 m) in relation to the earlier winter shoreline position (November 11, 2003). The assessed SDSs from the hurricane season (June to November) are at the landwards envelope limit during the year, between -30 to 15 m in relation to the estimated mean SDS. The largest landward movement (100 m) is related to Hurricane Ivan, detected 13 days after the hurricane passed by Yucatán. The inter-annual shoreline change highlighted that an approximate length of 6 km of shoreline is retreating at a rate between -2.4 and -1.2 m per year. Such estimates of shoreline change would not be possible using other available coastal information at this site. The results of this research show that optical satellite images can be used to study shoreline change over large spatial scales (> 5 km), as well as in short (< 1 yr) and long (> 5 yrs) temporal scales.

<p>En studie av hur Gävleborgs läns kommuner tillämpar strandskyddsbestämmelserna vid dispensbeslut. Studien består av frågeenkäter, intervjuer samt en genomgång av dispensbeslut i tre utvalda län mellan 2002-2006. Resultatet visar på att det finns skillnader i såväl bedömningen av dispensansökningar som i dispensbeslutens formalia.</p>

<p>In this bachelor essay an attempt is done, to recreate a probable Bronze Age landscape on Gotland, with GIS as a tool. The landscape on Gotland is situated with many different monuments dated Bronze Age, such as cairns and stone ships. In creating of the maps, two possible shorelines contemporary with the Bronze Age have been calculated and marked on the maps. Furthermore, peat lands have been drawn upon the maps, by using the information from geological maps.</p><p>A landscape variable have been compared between Bronze Age places and Early Iron Age houses; the soil type. On Bronze Age places gravel is the most common, while moraine marl is the most common on places with Early Iron Age houses.</p><p>From a selection that were made, all Bronze Age places where within 3 km from the water, either the recreated shoreline or peat land. On the maps both Early Iron Age houses and Bronze Age places seemed to have a connection with water.</p>

<p>My doctoral work stems from an original motivation to understand more closely why some areas of sandy coastlines erode and others accrete<—>an intriguing fundamental question and one of societal relevance wherever human coastal infrastructure exists. What are the physical processes driving shoreline change, and over what spatial and temporal scales are they manifest? If forces driving the littoral system change, how does the shoreline respond? Can we attribute observed patterns of shoreline change to a particular process?</p><p>Recent novel numerical shoreline-evolution modeling demonstrated that wave-driven gradients in alongshore sediment transport could produce self-organized, emergent features on spatial scales from sand waves to large-scale capes [<italic>Ashton et al.</italic>, 2001], introducing a new theoretical perspective to the cross-shore-oriented considerations of the coastal scientific community. The unexpected model results inspired fresh hypotheses about shoreline pattern formation and the forcing mechanisms behind them.</p><p>One overarching hypothesis was that under regimes of high- and low-angle deep-water incident waves, alongshore shoreline perturbations grow or diffuse away, respectively. To test the hypothesis we looked for a correlation between shoreline curvature (showing perturbations to a nearly straight coastline) and shoreline change in observed measurements. High-resolution topographic lidar surveys of the North Carolina Outer Banks from 1996<–>2006 allowed robust, quantitative comparisons between shoreline surveys spanning tens of kms. In Chapter 1 [<italic>Lazarus and Murray</italic>, 2007] we report that over the last decade, at multi-km scales along the barrier islands, convex-seaward promontories tended to erode and concave-seaward embayments accrete<—>a pattern of diffusion consistent with the smoothing effects of alongshore-transport gradients driven by a low-angle wave climate. Why then, after a decade or more of smoothing, do plan-view bumps in the shoreline still persist? In Chapter 2 [<italic>Lazarus et al.</italic>, in review] we compile evidence suggesting that (a) a framework of paleochannels may control the areas of persistent multi-km-scale shoreline convexity that (b) in turn drive decadal-term transient changes in shoreline morphology by (c) affecting gradients in wave-driven alongshore sediment transport.</p><p>In Chapter 3, a third investigation of large-scale coastal behavior, we explore an existing premise that shoreline change on a sandy coast is a self-affine signal wherein patterns of changes are scale-invariant, perhaps suggesting that a single process operates across the scales. Applying wavelet analysis<—>a mathematical technique involving scaled filter transforms<—>we confirm that a power law fits the average variance of shoreline change at alongshore scales spanning approximately three orders of magnitude (5<–>5000 m). The power law itself does not necessarily indicate a single dominant driver; beach changes across those scales likely result from a variety of cross-shore and alongshore hydrodynamic processes. A paired modeling experiment supports the conclusion that the power relationship is not an obvious function of wave-driven alongshore sediment transport alone.</p><p>Our tests of theory against field observations are middle steps in pattern-to-process attribution; they fit into a larger body of coastal morphodynamic research that in time may enable shoreline-change prediction. Present hydrodynamic models are still too limited in spatial and temporal scope to accommodate the extended scales at which large morphological changes occur, but more integrated quantitative models linking bathymetry, wave fields, and geologic substrate are underway and will set the next course of questions for the discipline.</p> / Dissertation

Coastal erosion is, more than ever, a global problem. By adopting a high-efficient, cost effective and reliable numerical model, it would help predict and manage erosion, as well as alleviate many coastal problems. This thesis reports the results of a though out investigation on the popular one dimension long-term shoreline change model--- GENESIS, analyze its suitability, sensitivity and technical difficulties likely to encounter while using the model, with the aim to predict the effect of coastal structure on shoreline changes. Prior to perform a modeling task, this report provides constructive recommendation on the setting of the length of shoreline to be covered in the modeling, boundary conditions, grid space, transport parameters K1 and K2 and revision of wave angle, followed by verification using results of several physical scale models, in order to enhance the reliability of the modeling and the parameters employed. Finally, reasonable ranges of K values are proposed. For modeling shoreline changes induced by a detached breakwater with normal incident waves, an empirical equation is proposed to determine the K ratio(K2/K1), which offer a useful guide in achieving the results with in a tolerance limits of 12%~-7%. When consider oblique wave incident to single detached breakwater, K1=0.6 is used and the ratio of K2/K1 ≈ 0.25~0.5. For modeling the effect of a single groin, the present study suggests K1=0.6 and K2/K1 ≈ 1~2. On the basis of these principles for setting the K values, the results are then applied to model the shoreline changes due to the installation of detached breakwater and groin. From the results of this study, for normal wave incident to single detached breakwater, it shows that for a small ratio of the offshore distance to the length of the breakwater S/B or a larger wave height, the salient dimension will increase and wave period has almost no effect on the results produced; for small S/B ratio, the maximum downcoast retreat increase, and its quantity is almost not affected by the wave conditions imposed. For oblique wave incident to single detached breakwater, it shows that for a larger wave angle, a small S/B or a larger wave height, the salient dimension will increase and wave period has almost no effect on the results produced; for larger wave angle or small S/B ratio, the maximum downcoast retreat increase, and its quantity is almost not affected by the wave height and wave period. For modeling the effect of a single groin, it shows that for larger wave angle or length of groin, the maximum downcoast retreat increase, and its quantity is almost not affected by the wave height and wave period.

En studie av hur Gävleborgs läns kommuner tillämpar strandskyddsbestämmelserna vid dispensbeslut. Studien består av frågeenkäter, intervjuer samt en genomgång av dispensbeslut i tre utvalda län mellan 2002-2006. Resultatet visar på att det finns skillnader i såväl bedömningen av dispensansökningar som i dispensbeslutens formalia.

Recent evidence suggests that backbarrier structure may act as an historical record of island development, and that backbarrier shorelines can be used as a proxy of an island’s past and future transgressive response to sea-level rise. The structure and stability of back-barrier shorelines are dependent on the geologic framework, defined here as the combination of nearshore topography, underlying geology, and modern geomorphologic forces. This antecedent framework controls and influences the present morphology, nearshore dynamics, and rates of transgression in response to sea-level rise while also acting as a feedback to the estuary ecology on the bayside. It is therefore surprising that our understanding of backbarrier geomorphology is limited. There is a need for an established link between process regimes and an island’s geomorphological history. This thesis bridges the current intellectual gap. The primary hypothesis of this project is that shorelines and bathymetric isolines share quantitative shape signatures indicative of their shared morphological past. To establish this link, the backbarrier shorelines of four United States National Seashores (Fire Island, NY; Assateague Island, MD; Santa Rosa Island, FL; and North Padre Island, TX) are digitized from aerial imagery using the marshline as the shoreline indicator to ensure the inclusion of (vital, sometimes inundated) ecosystems and sediment storage. The alongshore variation of this backbarrier shoreline, the mainland shoreline, lagoon bathymetry, and nearshore bathymetry are each quantified through wavelet analysis and their shape signatures are examined for spatial correspondence. Large and small scale variations are identified and attributed to the geomorphologic controls operating on the same scale and alongshore variation. The result is an improved understanding of how the geologic framework controls backbarrier shoreline shape, which is essentially an expression of the underlying geology.

In this bachelor essay an attempt is done, to recreate a probable Bronze Age landscape on Gotland, with GIS as a tool. The landscape on Gotland is situated with many different monuments dated Bronze Age, such as cairns and stone ships. In creating of the maps, two possible shorelines contemporary with the Bronze Age have been calculated and marked on the maps. Furthermore, peat lands have been drawn upon the maps, by using the information from geological maps. A landscape variable have been compared between Bronze Age places and Early Iron Age houses; the soil type. On Bronze Age places gravel is the most common, while moraine marl is the most common on places with Early Iron Age houses. From a selection that were made, all Bronze Age places where within 3 km from the water, either the recreated shoreline or peat land. On the maps both Early Iron Age houses and Bronze Age places seemed to have a connection with water.

This dissertation combines three separate studies that measure coastal change using airborne laser data. The initial study develops a method for measuring subaerial and subaqueous volume change incrementally alongshore, and compares those measurements to shoreline change in order to quantify their relationship in Palm Beach County, Florida. A poor correlation (R2 = 0.39) was found between shoreline and volume change before the hurricane season in the northern section of Palm Beach County because of beach nourishment and inlet dynamics. However, a relatively high R2 value of 0.78 in the southern section of Palm Beach County was found due to little disturbance from tidal inlets and coastal engineering projects. The shoreline and volume change caused by the 2004 hurricane season was poorly correlated with R2 values of 0.02 and 0.42 for the north and south sections, respectively. The second study uses airborne laser data to investigate if there is a significant relationship between shoreline migration before and after Hurricane Ivan near Panama City, Florida. In addition, the relationship between shoreline change and subaerial volume was quantified and a new method for quantifying subaqueous sediment change was developed. No significant spatial relationship was found between shoreline migration before and after the hurricane. Utilization of a single coefficient to represent all relationships between shoreline and subaerial volume change was found to be problematic due to the spatial variability in the linear relationship. Differences in bathymetric data show only a small portion of sediment was transported beyond the active zone and most sediment remained within the active zone despite the occurrence of a hurricane. The third study uses airborne laser bathymetry to measure the offshore limit of change, and compares that location with calculated depth of closures and subaqueous geomorphology. There appears to be strong geologic control of the depth of closure in Broward and Miami-Dade Counties. North of Hillsboro Inlet, hydrodynamics control the geomorphology which in turn indicates the location of the depth of closure.