This research examined several independent variables and their prediction of perceived freedom in leisure (PFL). Four instruments were utilized to collect data from research subjects regarding the independent variables of shyness, extroversion, gender and activity preference style and the dependent variable, PFL. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were calculated for each scale employed in the research. Reliabilities for the scales within this research were as follows: Stanford Shyness Survey (.78), Adult Short Form of the Leisure Diagnostic Battery (.92), three scales from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Extroversion (.85), Neuroticism (.79), and LIE (.75), and the Activity Preference Style Scales - Active (.45), Group (.53), and Risk (.67). Due to the low alpha reliabilities of two of the Activity Preference Style Scales, Active and Group, factor analysis was performed in an attempt to construct new sub-scales with higher alpha reliabilities. This resulted in some of the new sub-scales, as well as the original Active and Group scales being used in the data analysis. The sample was comprised of 325 undergraduate students enrolled in a required history or English class. The age of the sample ranged from 17 to 50 with a mean age of 20.4. Questionnaires were given out during class time and students were instructed to complete them at home and return them to their instructor. Respondents were categorized into six non-independent groups: all subjects, not shy subjects, shy subjects, and three shyness sub-groups — shy now and in the past, shy now but not in the past and shy in the past. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was employed with four different sets of Activity Preference Style scales and sub-scales in the prediction of PFL for the six subject groupings. Regardless of a subject's level of shyness, extroversion, and in several other cases, one of the activity style variables were the only significant predictors of PFL. The best predictor of PFL for not shy subjects was risk.

Pedagogue’s approach to the definition of shyness and shy children The aim of the study is to investigate the pedagogue’s approach and the definition of shyness and shy children, how their approach could affect the children’s learning and development. The study analyzes how the pedagogue’s meets the children and how they are applied to improve the children’s learning and development. The theoretical perspective of the study is based on Daniel Stern’s Developmental psychology. The methods used in the study was observing children in group and qualitative methods with interviews of the pedagogues. The result indicates that the pedagogues has some awareness about the definition of shyness and the shy children. It has to be a bigger awareness about what signals you tend to give the children even though you do not have that in mind.  The pedagogue’s had good working strategies and approached the work the same way. They also insisted about working with children in smaller groups and worked on trying to prevent children from having low self-esteem.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Leticia Esteves.pdf: 807011 bytes, checksum: 4b33fc90d4780cfb3a8bbb90e0b9b82a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to review the literature on shyness in the perspective of Analytical Psychology. In this process, it was found that this subject is scarcely studied in jungian literature. The shyness s concept adopted was the personality characteristic that is marked by fear of social situations and other people, especially strangers, because the fear of a negative judgment. Thus, it must be configured as an object of study of psychology as it can cause pain and difficulties in one s life that has this attribute. From the bibliography it was found that there was a relationship between shadow and persona with shame. The role of shame is not only to suppress the contents but also to recognize and assimilate these shameful contents that were repressed or projected, which is essential to self-knowledge. Shame is the prompt reaction to the realization that something that does not fit the ideal image of oneself unveiled behind the mask. The individual quest for perfection and a good image of oneself, excludes all that is dark, blocking the process of individuation, which it is premised also integrate what is dark and imperfect. In the book 'Memories, Dreams, Reflections' shyness was the word used to denote what Jung felt when he 'encountered' for the first time with the anima, understood as the unknown and unconscious. The approach to these unconscious contents can generate fear and resistance, feelings that are in agreement with the conception of shyness. However, as these contents have been integrated in conscious it can promote personality growth. The work of Aron relates the shyness to the object of their study, which was the 'high sensitivity' from the perspective of Analytical Psychology. 'Highly sensitive' individuals develop shyness more easily as they experience the same unfavorable environment in a more negative way. The search for internal resources to address the fear of the other, that is unknown, will be beneficial both to overcome shyness and to be open up to new possibilities. It is the psychodynamics between self and other that promotes growth / Este estudo teve como objetivo fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre a timidez na perspectiva da Psicologia Analítica. Neste processo, constatou-se que o tema é pouco explorado na literatura junguiana. Adotou-se como concepção de timidez a característica da personalidade que é marcada pelo medo ou receio das situações sociais e dos outros, principalmente desconhecidos, por se temer um julgamento negativo. Assim, deve ser configurada como objeto de estudo da psicologia à medida que pode causar sofrimento e trazer dificuldades na vida de quem apresenta este atributo. A partir da bibliografia levantada verificou-se a relação entre sombra e persona com a vergonha. O papel da vergonha não está apenas em reprimir os conteúdos, mas também em reconhecer e assimilar os conteúdos vergonhosos que foram reprimidos ou projetados da sombra, o que é indispensável ao autoconhecimento. A vergonha é a pronta reação à conscientização de que algo que não se encaixa a imagem ideal de si mesmo, desvelou-se por trás da máscara. Enquanto o indivíduo busca a perfeição e uma boa imagem de si mesmo, exclui tudo o que é sombrio, bloqueando o processo de individuação, que tem como premissa integrar também o que é sombrio e imperfeito. No livro Memórias, sonhos, reflexões a palavra timidez foi utilizada para denotar o que Jung sentiu quando se deparou pela primeira vez com a anima, entendida como o desconhecido e inconsciente. A aproximação a estes conteúdos inconscientes é capaz de gerar medo e resistência, sentimentos que estão em concordância com a concepção de timidez. Entretanto, estes conteúdos ao serem integrados à consciência promovem o crescimento da personalidade. Os trabalhos de Aron relacionaram a timidez ao objeto de seu estudo, que era a alta sensibilidade na perspectiva da Psicologia Analítica. Indivíduos altamente sensíveis desenvolvem timidez mais facilmente por vivenciarem o mesmo ambiente desfavorável de modo mais negativo, isto porque processam todas as experiências mais profundamente. A busca de recursos internos para enfrentar o medo do outro, do que é desconhecido, será benéfica tanto para superar a timidez, como para se abrir para novas possibilidades. É a psicodinâmica entre o eu e o outro que promove o crescimento

This study examined the experiences of shy, introverted, and apprehensive students in the college classroom. This study was framed by multiple goals theory to discover how these students use nonverbal communication to achieve their task, identity, and relational goals in the classroom. Shy, introverted, and apprehensive students face challenges in the classroom especially when asked to verbally participate or give presentations that their more outgoing classmates may not face. Participants (N = 16) participated in focus groups where they discussed their experiences, perceptions, and feelings about participation in their college courses. Results showed that these students do experience apprehension in communication situations, often avoiding participation when possible, and that they do use nonverbal communication to meet their task, identity, and relational goals in the classroom. Implications for theory and for both students and instructors, limitations, and future directions for research are discussed.

Three experiments were conducted with five species of tropical fish to investigate the phenomena of taste aversion and food neophobia. In addition, an experiment determined specifically if position in the tank could acquire conditioned aversive properties. In Experiment 1 , four habituated fish were fed novel meat-flavored pellets on the treatment day. Six were made ill within 30, 60, or 90 minutes (2 subjects each) by intragastric administration of syrup or Epicac. The following day all were fed familiar commercial pellets. On the second day after treatment, all were offered the meat-flavored pellets. Results showed longer latencies, more tasting, and decreased consumption of novel pellets. All measures differed significantly for the treatment subjects compared to their own baseline and controls. Experiment II demonstrated food neophobia in four in experienced fish. After habituation they were fed novel meat-flavored pellets but not made ill (day 0). On day 1 and 2 they received familiar diet and were made ill after the feeding on day 2. On day 3 they received familiar food again and no change in approach latency, testing response, or quantity consumed occurred. On day 4, they were offered the novel meat-flavored pellets which they refused. These results indicate that the fish associated the illness with the more "novel" food even though their familiar diet was temporally closer to the illness. In Experiment III five species of naive fish were habituated to 20-gallon tanks and made ill after eating in one end and not in the other. The same food was us ed in both ends. The "illness end" could have taken on discriminitive properties and food consumption there should have decreased, as opposed to the other "safe end". The results indicated that "place" did not acquire aversive discriminitive properties. Food consumption decreased in quantity, food approach latencies increased and length of tasting bouts increased in both ends. These experiments were the first to use these species of fish in this type of research. The results extend the phenomena of taste aversion and food neophobia. In addition, Experiment III systematically replicated the hypothesis of relevant relations between stimuli and showed that it is easier to learn certain consequences with certain cues than with others. In this case illness was quickly associated with taste but "place" was treated as irrelevant.

This study investigated the relationship between gender, self-esteem, self-consciousness, social self-efficacy and shyness among 9th, 10th, and 11th grade school students. Participants of the study were 424 high school students (250 female and 174 male) from four high schools in Bursa. Demographic information form, Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS) (Cheek &amp / Buss, 1981), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (Rosenberg, 1965), Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS) (Feningstein, Scheier, &amp / Buss, 1975), and Social Self-Efficacy Scale (Matsushima &amp / Shiomi, 2002) were used as data collection instruments. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that self-esteem, self-consciousness, and social self-efficacy were significant predictors of high school students

The present study investigated self-presentational predictors of shyness among university students via a mediational causal model, in which socially-prescribed perfectionism, perceived social skills, and perceived parental attitudes were proposed to interact with fear of negative evaluation and self-esteem to predict shyness. The sample consisted of 497 undergraduate students (287 females, 210 males) selected from Middle East Technical University by stratified random sampling. Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale, Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Social Skills Inventory-Short, and Parental Attitude Scale were used in data collection. Pilot studies were conducted for assessing the reliability and validity of Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale, and Social Skills Inventory-Short. Path analysis was utilized to test the causal model. The results revealed that shyness was positively predicted from fear of negative evaluation and socially-prescribed perfectionism / and negatively from self-esteem and perceived social skills. Fear of negative evaluation was predicted positively from socially-prescribed perfectionism and perceived strictness/supervision from parents, and negatively from self-esteem / whereas self-esteem was predicted positively from perceived social skills, perceived parental psychological autonomy and acceptance/involvement, and negatively from socially-prescribed perfectionism. These findings suggested that fear of negative evaluation partially mediated the relationship between shyness and socially-prescribed perfectionism / between shyness and perceived parental strictness/supervision / and between shyness and self-esteem. In addition, self-esteem partially mediated the association of shyness with socially-prescribed perfectionism / with perceived social skills / with parental acceptance/involvement / and with parental psychological autonomy. Findings are discussed within the self-presentational framework of shyness.

abstract: This study examines the relations among three aspects of temperament (shyness, impulsivity, and effortful control), resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) recorded during a calming film and RSA suppression during three behavioral measures of effortful control, and adjustment (anxiety and externalizing behavior) in a sample of 101 preschool-age children. Principal components analysis was used to create composites for effortful control, shyness, impulsivity, anxiety, and externalizing behavior, and hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses. As expected, baseline RSA was negatively related to effortful control in shy children, but was unrelated to effortful control in children who were not shy. It was hypothesized that high baseline RSA would reduce the relation between shyness and anxiety, and between impulsivity and externalizing behavior; this hypothesis was supported for externalizing behavior, but not for anxiety. The interaction between impulsivity and RSA as a predictor of externalizing was statistically independent of effortful control, indicating that these are unique effects. Finally, it was hypothesized that RSA suppression would be positively related to effortful control for children low, but not high, in shyness. There was a marginal interaction between shyness and RSA suppression, with RSA suppression marginally negatively related to EC for children low in shyness, but unrelated to effortful control for children high in shyness; the direction of this association was opposite predictions. These findings indicate that RSA is more strongly related to effortful control for children high in shyness, and that it consequently may not be appropriate to use RSA as an index of EC for all children. This study also draws attention to the need to consider the context in which baseline RSA is measured because a true baseline may not be obtained for shy children if RSA is measured in an unfamiliar laboratory context. The finding that high RSA moderated (but did not eliminate) the relation between impulsivity and externalizing behavior is consistent with the conceptualization of RSA as a measure of self-regulation, but further research is needed to clarify the mechanism underlying this effect. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2012

abstract: To explore subtypes of social withdrawal in different sociocultural contexts, concurrent social, school, and academic correlates of shyness and unsociability were examined in 93 urban (Mage = 14.05, SD = 0.86 years) and 136 rural (Mage = 14.39, SD = 0.69 years) seventh and eighth graders from Liaoning, China. Adolescents' shyness and unsociability were assessed with self-, peers’, and teachers’ reports. Peer-group relationships (acceptance, rejection, and exclusion) were obtained from peer nominations. Adolescents reported perceived friendship quality (positive friendship quality, conflict and betrayal) and school attitudes (school liking and avoidance). Teachers rated students' academic engagement and performance. Academic achievement (exam grades) also was obtained from school records. According to factor and correlational analyses, shyness and unsociability emerged as distinct, but positively related, constructs, within each informant. Cross-informant agreements on shyness and unsociability were low to moderate, especially between teachers' and self- or peers' reports. Urban-rural differences were expected in the associations of shyness, but not of unsociability, with the correlates, but the hypotheses were not supported with multiple-group (urban vs. rural) path models. In the combined (urban and rural) sample, shyness was associated with negative peer relationships, low friendship quality, and negative school attitudes (for self- but not peer-reported shyness), but was unrelated to academic correlates. Self-reported unsociability related negatively to positive friendship quality and positively to academic achievement, but was unrelated to other adjustment correlates. Peer-reported unsociability, however, was associated with negative peer relationships, less positive friendship quality, low school liking, low academic performance, and low academic achievement. The study was an initial step towards understanding subtypes of social withdrawal and adjustment correlates in various domains among Chinese adolescents living in different social contexts. The lack of urban-rural differences was not consistent with the contextual-development theory. Like their Western peers, shy Chinese adolescents were at risk for relational and school adjustment problems, but they did not have academic difficulties. Unsociable Chinese adolescents also tended to have poor adjustment at school, including relational problems with peers and friends, negative school attitudes, and academic difficulties, but only when they were perceived as unsociable by peers, rather than themselves. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Family and Human Development 2016

abstract: The moderating effects of five characteristics of peers--their effortful control, anger, sadness, aggression, and positive peer behavior--were investigated in two separate series of analyses of preschooler's social behavior: (a) the relation between children's own effortful control and social behavior, and (b) the relation between children's shyness and reticent behavior. Latent variable interactions were conducted in a structural equation framework. Peer context anger and effortful control, albeit with unexpected results, interacted with children's own characteristics to predict their behavior in both the EC and shy model series; these were the only significant interactions obtained for the EC model series. The relation between shyness and reticent behavior, however, showed the greatest impact of peer context and, conversely, the greatest susceptibility to environmental variations; significant interactions were obtained in all five models, despite the limited range of peer context sadness and aggression observed in this study. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2012