Applied research project (D. Min.)--School of Theology and Missions, Oral Roberts University, 2008. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-162).

Applied research project (D. Min.)--School of Theology and Missions, Oral Roberts University, 2008. / Includes abstract and vita. Translated from Korean. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-154).

Applied research project (D. Min.)--School of Theology and Missions, Oral Roberts University, 2008. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-141).

Σκοπός της παρούσης διπλωματικής είναι η σύγκριση της απόδοσης και του κόστους μιας τυπικής αυτόνομης φωτοβολταϊκής εγκατάστασης σε παραδοσιακή κατοικία χρησιμοποιώντας φωτοβολταϊκά πλαίσια μονοκρυσταλλικού πυριτίου ή δισεληνοϊνδιούχου χαλκού (CIS) τεχνολογίας thin – film . Για την εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις σε φωτοβολταϊκά πλαίσια των παραπάνω τεχνολογιών κατά την διάρκεια ενός έτους. Οι μετρήσεις ξεκίνησαν τον Οκτώβριο του 2009 και τελείωσαν τον Σεπτέμβριο του 2010. Έλαβαν χώρα στο Τμήμα Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Κατά μέσο όρο γίνονταν μετρήσεις δύο φορές κάθε μήνα και σκοπός ήταν να καλύψουμε τουλάχιστον μία περίπτωση συννεφιασμένης και μία ηλιόλουστης ημέρας του μήνα ώστε να έχουμε αρκετά δεδομένα προς επεξεργασία . Ο προσανατολισμός των πλαισίων ήταν προς το Νότο όπου, λόγω του ότι η Ελλάδα βρίσκεται στο Βόρειο ημισφαίριο, έχουμε περισσότερη ηλιακή ακτινοβολία. Διεξήχθησαν μετρήσεις σε διαφορετικές κλίσεις και για τα δύο φωτοβολταϊκά πλαίσια ώστε να υπολογιστεί και η βέλτιστη κλίση για κάθε εποχή . Στις μετρήσεις τα δεδομένα που λαμβάναμε ήταν η μέγιστη ισχύς, το ρεύμα βραχυκύκλωσης, η τάση ανοιχτοκυκλώσεως, η θερμοκρασία πλαισίου, καθώς και η ηλιακή ακτινοβολία. Με αυτά τα δεδομένα υπολογίσαμε τον βαθμό απόδοσης και τον συντελεστή ποιότητας για το κάθε φωτοβολταϊκό πλαίσιο. Τα συμπεράσματα στα οποία καταλήξαμε αναφέρουν την βέλτιστη κλίση για τοποθέτηση φωτοβολταϊκών πλαισίων για βέλτιστη ετήσια παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Έγιναν παρατηρήσεις σχετικά με την διαφορά των πειραματικών τιμών που πήραμε, με τις θεωρητικές που δίνουν οι κατασκευαστές για τα φωτοβολταϊκά πλαίσια. Συγκρίναμε το κόστος και την απόδοση μιας εγκατάστασης φωτοβολταϊκών πλαισίων σε παραδοσιακή κατοικία με τους δύο τύπους φωτοβολταϊκών λαμβάνοντας υπόψη και ειδικές παραμέτρους της εγκατάστασης που μπορεί να αποτελούν πρόβλημα (π.χ. επάρκεια χώρου, μέγεθος εγκατάστασης) και προτείναμε λύσεις για εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας σε μια τέτοια κατοικία. / The objective of this diploma thesis is to calculate and compare the efficiency and the cost of a typical photovoltaic installation on a traditional house using photovoltaic modules based on monocrystalline silicon or CIS thin film modules. In order to provide helpful information to PV system installers extensive outdoor testing of a c-Si and a CIS module under varying meteorological conditions have been realized throughout a whole year. The measurements started in October of 2009 and finished in September of 2010. The modules where installed on the roof of the building of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Patras, Greece (latitude 38ο). We have realized an average of two measurements per month in order to cover at least one sunny and one cloudy day each month until the data was enough for processing. The orientation of the modules was south since Greece is a country of the northern hemisphere and we had more solar radiation there. We have realized measurements in different tilt angles for both modules in order to define the optimal tilt angle for each season. During the measurements the data we have received was the peak power, the short circuit current, the open circuit voltage, the module temperature and the solar radiation. Based on the gathered data we have calculated the fill factor and the efficiency for each module. The conclusions show the optimal tilt angle of the modules for optimal energy yield per year. Comparison have been made between the experimental and the theoretical values given by the manufacturers of the modules. We have also compared the cost and the efficiency of a typical photovoltaic installation on a traditional house using the two different types of modules and we suggested solutions for less energy consumption.

This research aims to observe the ways of becoming music teachers of professionals in private schools at Santa Maria, in Rio Grande do Sul. This process proceed by a qualitative research methodology, in a (auto)biographic way, by diary s class. The research group counted on four music teachers, who had written about their daily class practices, following a methodology based on Zabalza (2004). These diaries has been shared among this teachers, and each one wrote about their professional acting. Beyond the analyses of the description of theirselfes, was searched the applications and developments of care of self structures. The self care concept came from the study of Foucault (2012), Filho (2011) and Ribeiro (2013). The lathing of the methodology and the care of self concept with the appreciation about the scenes of education and music education in actuality alowed view the impressions, opinions and reflective compositions of these teachers and how the associations between their narratives allowed these professionals to create ways of organizing their professional practices becoming them active agents of their personal stories. / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo as formas de constituir a docência de professores de música de escolas particulares da cidade de Santa Maria, no Rio Grande do Sul. Este processo se deu através de uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho (auto)biográfico, através de diários de aulas. O universo de pesquisados contou com quatro sujeitos de pesquisa, que escreveram relatos sobre suas performances em sala de aula, seguindo a metodologia proposta por Zabalza (2004). Estes diários foram compartilhados entre os sujeitos de pesquisa, e neles cada um escreveu sobre suas atuações profissionais. Através da análise das formas como se descrevem, passou-se a observar as aplicações e o desenvolvimento de estruturas de cuidado de si no desenrolar das narrativas. O conceito de cuidado de si foi cunhado a partir do exame dos escritos de Foucault (2012), Filho (2011) e Ribeiro (2013). Os entrelaçamentos de metodologia e conceito com as apreciações sobre o cenário da educação e da educação musical na atualidade possibilitaram visualizar as impressões, as opiniões e as composições reflexivas dos professores e como a associação dos escritos destes professores permitiu criar meios de se ver e compreender suas trajetórias, estabelecendo maneiras de organização de suas práticas profissionais, tornando-se agentes ativos de suas histórias pessoais.

The continuous update of challenging emission legislations has renewed the interest for the use of alternative fuels. The low carbon content, the knocking resistance, and the abundance reserves, have classified natural gas as one of the most promising alternative fuels. The major constituent of natural gas is methane. Historically, the slow burning velocity of methane has been a major concern for its utilisation in energy efficient combustion applications. As emphasized in a limited body of experimental literature, a binary blend of methane and gasoline has the potential to accelerate the combustion process in an SI engine, resulting in a faster combustion even to that of gasoline. The mechanism of such effects remains unclear. This is partially owned to the inadequate prior scientific understanding of the fundamental combustion parameters, laminar burning velocity (Su0) and Markstein length (Lb), of a gasoline-natural gas Dual Fuel (DF) blend. The value of Lb characterises the sensitivity of the flame to stretch. The flame stretch is induced by aerodynamic straining and/or flame curvature. The current research study has therefore being concerned on understanding the combustion mechanism of premixed gasoline - natural gas DF blends both on a fundamental as well as practical SI engine level. The understanding on the contribution of Su0 and Lb to the velocity of a stretched laminar propagating flame has been extended through numerical analysis. A conceptual analysis of the laminar as compared to the SI engine combustion allowed further insights on the effect of turbulence to the mass burning rate of the base fuels. On a fundamental level, the research contribution is made through the quantification of the response of Su0 and Lb with the ratio of methane to PRF95 (95%volliq iso-octane and 5%volliq n-heptane) in a DF blend. Methane has been used as a surrogate for natural gas and PRF95 as a surrogate for gasoline. Constant volume laminar combustion experiments have been conducted in a cylindrical vessel at equivalence ratios of 0.8, 1, 1.2, initial pressures of 2.5, 5, 10 Bar, and a constant temperature of 373 K. Methane was added to PRF95 in three different energy ratios 25%, 50% and 75%. Spherically expanding flames visualised through schlieren photography were used to derive the values of Lb and Su0. It has been concluded that for pressures relevant to SI engine operation ( > 5bar) and stoichiometric to lean Air Fuel Ratios (AFRs), there is a positive synergy for blending methane to PRF95 due to the convergence of Lb of the blended fuel towards that of pure gas and Su0 towards that of pure liquid. In an SI engine environment, the research contribution is made through the characterisation and scientific understanding of the mechanism of DF combustion, and the importance of flame-stretch interactions at various engine operating conditions. Optical diagnostics have been integrated with in-cylinder pressure analysis to investigate the mechanism of flame velocity and stability with the addition of natural gas to gasoline in a DF blend, under a sweep of engine load (Manifold Absolute Pressure = 0.44, 0.51. 0.61 Bar), speed (1250, 2000, 2750 RPM) and equivalence ratio (0.8, 0.83, 1, 1.25). Consisted with the constant volume experiments, natural gas was added to gasoline in energy ratios of 25%, 50% and 75%. It has been concluded that within the flamelet combustion regime the effect of Lb is dominating the lean burn combustion process both from a flame stability and velocity prospective. The effect of Su0 on the combustion process gradually increases as the AFR shifts from stoichiometric to fuel rich values. For stoichiometric to fuel lean mixtures, the effect of turbulence on the increase of the mass burning rate is on average 13% higher for natural gas as compared to gasoline. The higher turbulence sensitivity of natural gas is attributed to its lower Lb value.

Particulate number (PN) standards in current and future emissions legislation pose a challenge for designers and calibrators during the warm-up phases of cold direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines. To achieve catalyst light-off conditions in the shortest time, engine strategies are often employed that inherently use more fuel to attain higher exhaust temperatures. These can lead to the generation of locally fuel-rich regions within the combustion chamber and hence the formation and emission of particulates. To meet these emissions requirements, further understanding of the DISI in-cylinder processes during cold-start are required. This thesis investigates the effect of cooling an optical research engine to temperatures as low as -7°C, one of the legislative test conditions. A high-speed 9 kHz optical investigation of the in-cylinder combustion and fuel spray along with in-cylinder pressure measurements was completed with the engine motored and fired at 1500 rpm during combustion conditions that were essentially homogeneous and stoichiometric. Results showed significant differences between the flame growth structures at various operating temperature conditions with the notable presence of fuel-rich regions, which are understood to be prominent areas of particulate formation. Measured engine performance parameters such as indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and mass fraction burned (MFB) times correlated with the observed differences in combustion characteristics and flame growth speed. It was shown that flash boiling of the fuel spray was present in the fully heated engine case and significantly reduced the penetration of the spray plume and the likelihood of piston crown and cylinder liner impingement. The flow and combustion processes of a transient production cold start-up strategy were analysed using high-speed particle image velocimetry (HSPIV). Results highlighted a broad range of flame structures and contrasting flame stoichiometry occurring at different times in the start-up process. Turbulent flow structures were identified that have an effect on the fuel spray development and combustion process as well as providing a path for cold-start emissions reduction. PN and transient hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were measured at cold conditions to further elucidate the effect of operating temperature and correlate emissions data with in-cylinder measurements. A clear link between the quantity and size range of particulate and HC emissions and operating temperature was shown and the precise in-cylinder location of HC emissions, caused by fuel impingement, was inferred from the HC emissions data.

As ligas de Al-Si são amplamente utilizadas na indústria, recentes avanços possibilitaram a produção de ligas de alumínio com ótimas propriedades podendo-se destacar o seu baixo peso, excelente resistência à abrasão e à corrosão, e baixo coeficiente de expansão térmica em relação ao aço. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento da mistura de pós elementares de Cu, Si, Mg, Ni, Fe a uma base de alumínio, sinterizado individualmente em atmosfera controlada com gás argônio e nitrogênio pelo processo de sinterização convencional em forno resistivo. Após realização de análise o composto que forneceu o melhor desempenho foi submetido a um comparativo com amostras sinterizadas via plasma. Os resultados encontrados foram confrontados com os resultados da liga de EN AC- 48000 (AlSi12CuNiMg) fundida, a fim de avaliar os aspectos mecânicos e físicos do composto intermetálico. O desenvolvimento do trabalho se deu a partir do pó de alumínio com pureza de 99,7%, ao qual foi incorporado o percentual dos demais elementos, com base na composição da liga comercial EN AC-48000 (Si12%; Fe0,45%; Cu1,08%; Mg1,08%; Ni1,14%). Após a sinterização as amostras foram caracterizadas quanto a densificação, microdureza e rugosidade superficial, além disso, uma análise metalográfica foi realizada por microscopia óptica, bem como foi feita uma por difração de raios-X para a verificação da formação de novas fases. A densificação das amostras sinterizadas pelo processo convencional com atmosfera controlada por nitrogênio foi superior as produzidas com atmosfera de argônio, ficando também superior ao processo assistido por plasma com nitrogênio. Pelo processo convencional de sinterização a microdureza apresentada pelas amostras obtidas por atmosfera de nitrogênio foi na média superior a encontrada nas amostras produzidas com atmosfera de argônio, já a microdureza apresentada pelas amostras assistida por plasma com atmosfera controlada por nitrogênio, atingiram resultados abaixo da sinterização convencional. Durante o processo de sinterização a plasma, as amostras acabaram sofrendo uma reação abaixo da temperatura de sinterização desejada (510 °C), ocasionando microfusão na superfície da amostra, e logo em seguida deformações. Estas reações tiveram influência direta nos resultados encontrados nas amostras produzidas via sinterização a plasma, desta forma a temperatura teve que ser reduzida. / Al-Si alloys are being used in industry to replace steel and cast iron in high-tech sectors. Recent advances have allowed the production of aluminum alloys with excellent properties, highlighting their low weight compared to steel, excellent resistance to abrasion and corrosion, high resistance at high temperatures and low coefficient of thermal expansion. The objective of this work is to evaluate the behavior of the Cu, Si, Mg, Ni and Fe elemental powder mixtures with an aluminum base, individually sintered in a controlled atmosphere with argon and nitrogen using the conventional sintering process in a resistance furnace. After this process, the best performing compound was submitted to a comparison with plasma sintered samples. The results were compared with those for the EN AC- 48000 (AlSi12CuNiMg) molten alloy, to evaluate the mechanical and physical aspects of the intermetallic compound. The development of the work was based on the 99.7% aluminum powder donated by Alcoa with the addition of other elements from the commercial alloy composition EN AC-48000 (Si12%; Fe0,45%; Cu1,08%, Mg1,08%, Ni1,14%). After sintering, the samples were carachterized by surface roughness, densification, microhardness, optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The densification of the sintered samples by the conventional process with the controlled atmosphere by nitrogen gave higher densification values than for samples produced with the argon atmosphere or by the plasma assisted process using nitrogen. By the conventional sintering process, the samples processed in nitrogen atmosphere presented higher hardness values than those produced with argon atmosphere, and also higher than those plasma assisted sintered with nitrogen atmosphere. During the plasma sintering process, the samples underwent a reaction below the desired sintering temperature (510 °C), causing microfusion on the sample surface, and deformations. These reactions had a direct influence on the results found in the samples produced by plasma sintering, therefore the temperature for the plasma process had to be reduced.

140 f. / Submitted by PPGE PPGE (pgedu@ufba.br) on 2013-09-24T17:01:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final.pdf: 1391178 bytes, checksum: 62677f25ceff4f768c3c0d5a467fb3b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-09-25T14:37:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final.pdf: 1391178 bytes, checksum: 62677f25ceff4f768c3c0d5a467fb3b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-25T14:37:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final.pdf: 1391178 bytes, checksum: 62677f25ceff4f768c3c0d5a467fb3b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CNPq / A presente tese teve como principal objetivo analisar a fala para si no adulto durante atividade de produção do conhecimento. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de caso em um grupo de pesquisa, onde foram feitas observações, análise das produções em andamento e entrevistas com parte dos envolvidos. Os principais autores utilizados para auxiliar na fundamentação e análise dos resultados foram Maturana, Varela, Kastrup e Vygotsky. Os resultados demonstraram que existiu forte relação e freqüente presença de afetos na fala para si; a fala para si apareceu como um gatilho para ação nem sempre bem sucedido; a fala para si nunca apareceu desvinculada de algum suporte (gravador, espelho, computador, livro, caderno); costumou estar presente quando o sujeito estava centrado em uma única atividade e tendeu a desaparecer quando essa atividade ia formando redes de ações, suportes, documentos e programas; existiu relação entre fala para si, atenção, flexibilidade na ação e invenção; não houve necessidade de recursos extras para manter a atenção quando o individuo inventava e/ou tinha redes firmadas entre atividades, ações, suportes, programas e documentos. / Salvador

The objective of this work is to assess the potential of Mn-Fe-Si-P for magnetic heat pump applications. Mn-Fe-Si-P is a first order transition magnetocaloric material made from safe and abundantly available constituents. A significant magnetocaloric effect occurs at the transition temperature of the material. The transition temperature can be tuned by changing the atom ratios to a region near room temperature. Mn-Fe-Si-P in magnetic heat pumps is investigated by determining the material's properties, 1D system modeling and experiments in a magnetic heat pump prototype. We characterize six samples of Mn-Fe-Si-P, based on their heat capacity and magnetization. The reversible component of the adiabatic temperature change is found from the entropy diagram and compared to cyclic adiabatic temperature change measurements. Five of the six samples are selected to be formed into epoxy xed crushed particulate beds, which can be installed into a magnetic heat pump prototype. A system model is constructed to understand the losses of the magnetic heat pump prototype. Several experiments are performed with Gd with rejection temperatures around room temperature. Including dead volume and casing losses improves the modeling outcomes to match the experimental results closer. Experiments with Mn-Fe-Si-P are performed. Five materials are formed into modular beds that can be combined into two layer configurations. Six experimental configurations are tested, one single layer regenerator test with a passive lead second layer, and five experiments using two layers with varying transition temperature spacing between the materials. The best performance of the beds was found at close spacing at suitable rejection temperatures. It was found that at far spacing, the performance of stronger materials would produce a lower temperature span than that of weaker materials at close spacing. The experiments provide results that are used to validate the system modeling approach using the material data obtained of the Mn-Fe-Si-P samples. We integrate material properties into a system model. A framework is proposed to take into account the hysteresis. This framework shows an improvement of the predicted trend for a single layer case. The proximity of simulation and experimental multi-layering results are dependent on the rejection temperature. At the higher end of the rejection temperature the modeling results over-predict the temperature span around the active region. At lower rejection temperatures the simulation under-predicts the experimental temperature span. The inclusion of experimental pressure drop improved the trends found at higher rejection temperatures. A further improvement was found varying the interstitial heat transfer term. Modeling future research should focus on characterizing the thermo-hydraulic closure relationships for crushed particulate epoxy xed beds, and improvements to the heat loss model. Mn-Fe-Si-P is able to produce a temperature span, when a suitable set of Mn-Fe- Si-P materials are selected based on minimal hysteresis, making it a viable material for magnetic heat pump applications. The performance of Mn-Fe-Si-P is further improved by layering materials with a closely spaced transition temperature. Future research should focus on increasing the production of Mn-Fe-Si-P materials with low hysteresis, and improving the regenerator matrix geometry and stability. / Graduate