Orientadores: Jairo Nunes, Ronice Quadros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T14:33:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arroteia_Jessica_M.pdf: 2176026 bytes, checksum: 9162076c15f75d57068915b56b2d9556 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como objetivo descrever os elementos que marcam ou contribuem de alguma maneira para a interpretação de sentenças negativas na Língua de Sinais Brasileira (LSB). Chama a atenção o fato de haver marcas negativas nos dois componentes da língua, manual (NÃO e NADA) e não-manual (anotada como _neg), como ilustrado em (1). (1) ________________________________neg a. IX1 NÃO lENCONTRARa NADAa 'Eu não encontrei ninguém.' ________________________________neg b. NADAa aENCONTRARb NADAb 'Ninguém encontrou ninguém.' A análise mais detalhada de neg evidenciou seu desmembramento em headshake e negação facia/. A principal hipótese desta dissertação é que a negação facial é o principal marcador de negação em LSB, ou seja, que é um marcador sintático, enquanto headshake tem características de afetividade. No primeiro capítulo, introduzo o assunto mostrando o desmembramento da marcação não-manual em headshake e negação facial. No segundo capítulo, apresento as características das palavras-n em diferentes línguas e dois modelos teóricos (Haegeman 1995 e Giannakidou 2000) que discutem o fenômeno da concordância negativa nessas línguas. No terceiro capítulo, apresento e discuto alguns sinais manuais de negação (como NÃO e NADA), distinguindo-os entre marcadores negativos e palavras-n. Já no quarto capítulo discuto o papel dos dois marcadores não-manuais, mostrando a natureza de afetividade de headshake e a natureza gramatical (e nuclear) da negação facial. Por fim, discuto no capítulo 5 a interação entre os marcadores de negação manuais e não-manuais. Mostro que a negação facial licencia as palavras-n tanto em posição de sujeito quanto em posição de objeto (pois palavras-n em LSB não são efetivamente negativas), e que a concordância negativa em LSB é do tipo estrita, licenciada pela presença da negação facial / Abstract: This thesis aims at describing and explaining how some elements mark negation or contribute to the interpretation of negative sentences in Brazilian Sign Language (LSB). LSB shows negative elements in both manual and nonmanual components, as in (1). (1) _________________________neg a. IX1 NÃO lENCONTRARa NADAa 1.sg not 1meet3 nobody 'I dind't meet anyone.' _________________________neg b. NADAa aENCONTRARb NADAb nobody 3meet3 nobody 'Nobody met anybody.' A detailed analysis of the non-manual marking showed its splitting into headshake and nega tive facial expressions. The main hypothesis is to show that negative facial expressions are the negative default marker, and the headshake contributes only affectivitily to negative sentences. This thesis also discusses the role played by each of these non-manual negative markers in sentences like (1 ). Chapter 1 presents the split of non-manual marker into headshake and negative facial expressions. Chapter 2 presents Hageman's (1995) and Giannakidou's (2000) models, and the way each of them explains negative concord phenomena. Chapter 3 describes manual signs for negation in LSB, specially NÃO 'not' and NADA 'nothing', discussing their contribution as negative markers and as n-words. Chapter 4 deals with non-manual markers showing evidence that the headshake presents affectivity features and that facial expression is associated with an inflectional head. Finally, chapter 5 discusses the interaction of manual and non-manual markers; it shows that the negative facial expression licenses n-words either in subject or object positions. It also shows that LSB presents strict negative concord, licensed by the presence of the negative facial expression / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Orientador: José Mario De Martino / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:16:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amaral_WanessaMachadodo_D.pdf: 9058498 bytes, checksum: 221b361f7b7908aff6c9b1222fb2521b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Acessibilidade e uma preocupação crescente em computação. Uma vez que as informações em ambientes computacionais são apresentadas em sua maioria por meios visuais, pode-se ter a falsa impressão de que a acessibilidade para deficientes auditivos não e um problema. No entanto, para pessoas que adquirem a surdez antes da alfabetização, materiais escritos são, em geral, menos acessíveis do que se apresentados em línguas de sinais. Para o deficiente auditivo a língua de sinais e geralmente a primeira língua adquirida, e ler um texto em uma língua escrita e o equivalente a utilizar uma língua estrangeira. Apesar de um surdo poder ser fluente em português assim como o ouvinte pode ser fluente em língua de sinais, a língua oral e escrita comumente não e sua primeira língua. E possível aprimorar a interação homem - maquina de portadores de deficiência auditiva adequando as respostas dos sistemas computacionais as necessidades dos surdos. A libras, língua brasileira de sinais, utiliza gestos e expressões faciais para a comunicação, sendo utilizada pela comunidade brasileira de surdos e reconhecida como língua oficial do Brasil. Para criar conteúdo virtual em língua de sinais, de maneira automática, faz-se necessária a utilização de uma notação capaz de descrever os sinais. Sistemas de transcrição foram desenvolvidos para as línguas de sinais. Porem, uma vez que não foram criados com o intuito de gerar animações por computador, estes sistemas de transcrição possuem limitações, tais como ambigüidades ou omissão de informações, dificultando seu uso para os propósitos deste trabalho. Em geral, o reconhecimento e a reprodução de um sinal com o uso dos sistemas de transcrições existentes são possíveis apenas por interpretes experientes ou por profundos conhecedores da notação. Este trabalho propõe um sistema de transcrição para a reprodução computacional e em tempo real de conteúdo em língua de sinais através de um agente virtual sinalizador, modelo tridimensional que representa uma figura humana e que articula os sinais da libras. Para isso e necessário registrar explicitamente quantidade suficiente de informações para que a reprodução seja próxima a realidade. Apesar dos estudos das línguas de sinais existirem por quase meio século, o problema de transcrição continua um desafio. Dessa forma, a proposta de uma notação para descrever, armazenar e reproduzir conteúdo em libras por um agente virtual sinalizador em tempo real oferece uma ferramenta poderosa de estudo e pesquisa, que contribui para um melhor entendimento da língua brasileira de sinais, uma vez que ainda se conhece pouco sobre sua estrutura, gramática e fonética, quando comparado ao conhecimento adquirido ao longo dos séculos pelos estudos das línguas orais / Abstract: Accessibility is a growing concern in computer science. As virtual information is mostly presented visually, it may seem that the access for deaf people is not an issue. However, for prelingually deaf individuals, those who were deaf since before learning any language, written information is less accessible than if it was presented in sign language. Further, sign language is the first language deaf people learn, and reading a text in spoken language is akin to using a foreign language. The deaf can be fluent in Portuguese, as well as the listener can be fluent in sign language. Nevertheless, an oral language is a foreign language for the deaf. It is possible to improve the human-machine interaction for deaf people adapting computer systems to their needs. Libras, Brazilian sign language, uses gestures and facial expressions to convey meaning. It is used by deaf communities in Brazil and it is recognized as an official language. To generate signed content on virtual environment, automatically, it is necessary to describe all relevant characteristics of the signs. Many transcription systems have been developed to describe sign languages. However, since these systems were not originally designed to generate computer animation, they present many limitations. In general, the recognition and reproduction of the signs using these systems is possible only for those who deeply know the notation. This thesis presents a transcription system to provide signed content on a virtual environment, in real time, through a virtual agent, tri dimensional model that represents a human character and articulates signs in libras. To animate a virtual character, a transcription system requires enough explicit information, in order to generate intelligible articulation. Although sign language studies have been published for half century, the transcription problem remains a challenge. Hence, a transcription system to describe, store and play signed content on virtual environments offers a powerful study and research tool, which may help linguists to understand sign languages structure and grammar / Doutorado / Engenharia de Computação / Doutora em Engenharia Elétrica

DC-SIGN est une lectine tétramérique impliquée dans la réponse immunitaire adaptative; Elle reconnait à la fois les ligands mannosylés et fucosylés. Bien que les interactions protéine-saccharide soient essentielles à de multiples processus biologiques, les interactions individuelles sont faibles (de l'ordre du mM), ainsi, la multivalence du ligand est nécessaire.La première partie de ce projet est la construction d'un ligand polyfucosylé de DC-SIGN. Une structure multivalente dendrimérique est choisie pour son bon contrôle de la géométrie et de l'homogénité (macroscopique et microscopique).Dans une seconde partie, la stratégie de synthèse a été adaptée à différents monomères pour produire de multiples glycodendrimères. Ceux-ci pourront donner des renseignements sur la structure la plus adaptée aux interactions avec DC-SIGN. / DC-Sign is a tetrameric lectin presents on dendritic cells involved in the adaptive immune response; It recognizes both mannosylated and fucosylated ligands. Although protein-carbohydrate interactions are essential to many biological processes, individual interactions usually exhibit weak binding affinities (mM range), thus multivalency of the ligand is required. The first part of our project is the construction of a very active yet simple fucosylated synthetic ligands for DC-SIGN. As multivalent structure, dendrimers are chosen for their good control both in geometry and in homogeneity (macroscopic and microscopic). In a second part, the synthesis strategy was adapted to different monomers to produce various glycodendrimers. They could give us information on the more adapted structure for DC-SIGN interaction.

Doctor Pharmaceuticae - DPharm / South Africa's White Paper for the transformation of the health care system in South Africa (DOH, 2007) acknowledges major disparities and inequalities as a result of an imprint by apartheid policies. In its transition to democracy, health promotion strategies have been initiated to address these disparities. However, such strategies have been narrowed and "favoured target audiences that are literate, urban-based and who have easy access to print and audio-visual media" (DOH, 1997). This implies that many vulnerable and marginalised groupings in South Africa, including the Deaf community are excluded from health promotion endeavours. Deaf people in South Africa communicate using South African Sign Language (SASL) and majority of the Deaf community exhibit poor literacy levels. Deafness is a significant communication barrier which limits a Deaf person's prospect to attain the best possible health care (Barnett, et al 2011). Various means of communication including spoken language, written instructions and the use of pictograms are used by healthcare workers to communicate health-related information. For many members of the Deaf community who communicate primarily in sign language, these methods are a sub-standard and prevent the attainment of optimum therapeutic outcomes. With regard to pharmaco-therapeutic services, Deaf people cannot hear the spoken language used by pharmacists during patient counselling, and their compromised functional literacy hinders the ability to read instructions on medicine labels. With both the spoken and written means of communication compromised, the Deaf patient's ability to comprehend instruction by pharmacists on how to use their medicines is inadequate and as a result, a Deaf patient may leave the pharmacy with medicine, but a poor understanding of how to use the medicine safely and effectively. Previous researchers have worked on building a technology base, including industrial design and computer science expertise to conceptualize the groundwork of a mobile phone application called SignSupport to facilitate communication between medical doctors and Deaf individuals. The particulars of the pharmacy scenario however, require a pharmacy-specific device to be of use in the dispensing of medicines to a Deaf patient in a pharmacy. The over-arching goal of this thesis is to design and evaluate a mobile phone application to facilitate the communication of medicine instructions between a Deaf patient and a pharmacist. Qualitative, participatory action research and community-based co-design strategies were directed toward Deaf participants, senior pharmacy students and pharmacists to create a prototype of the afore-mentioned mobile phone application. Preliminary results indicated that the application was suitable to pharmacists and Deaf community. Furthermore, both sets of users approved the overall design and were receptive to and keen on the practical uses of the application. Inadequacies pointed out by the Deaf community and pharmacists were addressed as an iterative modification to the prototype and culminated in version 2 which was deployed in an actual hospital pharmacy in 2015. Hospital usability studies generated largely positive results from both Deaf users and pharmacists, indicating that SignSupport is able to facilitate communication between pharmacists and Deaf patients. Next steps include advancing the application to a market–ready version that is downloadable and available as an application on the play stores of commercially available smart phones. / National Research Foundation

One of the main reasons that students struggle as they transition from arithmetic to algebra in the middle grades is that they fail to develop the appropriate understanding of the equal sign. Previous research has suggested that students need to move past an operational understanding and develop a relational understanding of the equal sign in order to work with algebraic equations successfully. Other research has suggested that the way that we interpret and utilize the equal sign is based on three main factors: multiple meanings of the equal sign, equation types, and structural conventions. This study extends both areas of research by analyzing two middle grade curricula and looking for what meanings, equation types, and structural conventions appear in both teacher and student materials. The study confirms that students are exposed to three main meanings of the equal sign in the middle grades. The study also describes which meanings of the equal sign are associated with particular equation types and the frequency with which these equation types appear throughout the 7th and 8th grade curricula. Study findings can be used to inform instruction, as they delineate the factors that are attended to while making sense of the equal sign in the middle grades.

Cieľom systému Excalibur je presunúť autentifikáciu od hesiel používaných v súčastnosti ku bezheslovej budúcnosti. Zámerom tejto práce je integrácia systému Excalibur s webovými bezheslovými protokolmi SAML a FIDO2.    Štandard SAML bol integrovaný do systému Excalibur a úspešne otestovaný s niekoľkými známymi aplikáciami. Excalibur má na starosti samotnú autentifikáciu a manažment používateľov a SAML je použitý na predanie týchto informácii aplikáciam tretích strán.   FIDO2 je, na druhú stranu, kompletný autentifikačný štandard, ktorý môže byť do systému Excalibur integrovaný viacerými spôsobmi. Ako najsľubnejší spôsob sa javí výmena autentifikačného mechanizmu systému Excalibur za FIDO2, ale slabá podpora štandardu a chýbajúce funkcie to zatiaľ nedovoľujú.

ABSTRACT The City of Morro Bay, California – Sign Ordinance Update and Embarcadero District Tourism-Oriented Directional Sign Plan Erik Berg-Johansen This report includes a Draft Sign Ordinance, a Tourism-Oriented Directional Sign Plan, and a background report for each product. The final products were created thought a process involving extensive research, community outreach, and detailed discussions among City of Morro Bay staff. The Sign Ordinance It was discovered that signs are important to business owners and residents due to their effect on both economic and aesthetic issues in communities. This report documents research of scholarly articles, case studies, and community outreach efforts. This report includes survey results and analysis that reveal the opinions of Morro Bay business owners, and also their ideas in regards to the sign ordinance update. According to many business owners, the current sign ordinance is convoluted, virtually unenforced, and unfairly applied. It was the goal of this project to hear what the community desires, and then apply this knowledge to a proposal that residents and business owners in Morro Bay approve of. The proposed sign ordinance aims to be fair and user-friendly, while ultimately enhancing community character and aesthetic quality in the future. Tourism-Oriented Directional Sign Plan The Tourism-Oriented Directional Sign Plan was created to promote tourism in the City of Morro Bay and negate the need for A-frame sign use in the Embarcadero District. The plan includes three alternatives that are intended to spur discussion among the Planning Commission when the proposal is presented. The background report associated with this plan is intended to provide the reasoning behind the proposals, and give readers of the plan background knowledge on directional signs in general. Similar to the sign ordinance background report, this report documents research of scholarly articles, case studies, and community outreach efforts.

<p>Modal notions have been an intriguing topic in terms of capturing their crosslinguistic behaviors which have been analyzed as quantifiers (Hacquard, 2006; Kratzer, 1977), free choice items (Rullmann et al., 2008), or degrees (Lassiter, 2017). These typological patterns become more interesting when the simultaneous nature of sign languages has been added to the typology. By adding another dimension to the crosslinguistic patterns, sign languages have been reported to have different realizations for modals. Some of them have nonmanual markers alone for epistemic modals (Bross, 2018; Herrmann, 2013) while some have both manual signs and nonmanual markers (Karabüklü et al., 2018; Shaffer, 2004).</p> <p><br></p> <p>Bringing new data for the modal typology in spoken and sign languages, this dissertation analyzes the functions of modal signs and cooccurring nonmanual markers in Turkish Sign Language (TID). Even though manual signs and nonmanual markers appear together in modal sentences, nonmanual markers are shown to be neither lexical nor structural parts of modal signs. Manual signs are analyzed for their modal force and flavor with experimental studies. Results have shown that TID shows two typological patterns in its modal system: modals with specified modal force and flavor, and modals with specified force and unspecified flavor.  </p> <p><br></p> <p>One of manual signs, lazim ‘necessary’, along with epistemic signs were further investigated for their evidential requirement in epistemic contexts. Results showed that lazim requires a strong inference to be felicitous in epistemic contexts. Different than other languages, LAZIM in TID requires not only the right kind of context, but also the right morphological combination. It is interpreted as a deontic sign when it appears after verb by itself. In order to be interpreted as epistemic, it needs to appear after another sign ol which encodes the change of state.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Effects of nonmanual markers are investigated on perception of the signer’s certainty with an experimental study. Signer certainty is rated lower when the squint accompanies the sentence. In contrast, it is rated higher when head nod accompanies the sentence. The effect of increased perception of certainty with head nod is argued to result from the focus on the verb or the modal, yielding verum focus. Squint is analyzed as the uncertainty marker which can be anchored to the signer, the subject, or the addressee based on the structure in which it appears. Systematic analysis of nonmanual markers brings a new piece of evidence to the long-lasting discussion on where nonmanual markers function in sign languages’ grammars.</p>

This dissertation represents the first systematic study of the sign language of deaf children with autism. The signing of such children is of particular interest because of the unique ways that some of the known impairments of autism are likely to interact with sign language. In particular, the visual-spatial modality of sign requires signers to understand the visual perspectives of others, a skill which may require theory of mind, which is thought to be delayed in autism (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985). It is hypothesized that an impairment in visual perspective-taking could lead to phonological errors in American Sign Language (ASL), specifically in the parameters of palm orientation, movement, and location. Twenty-five deaf children and adolescents with autism (10 deaf-of-deaf and 15 deaf-of-hearing) between the ages of 4;7 and 20;3 as well as a control group of 13 typically-developing deaf-of-deaf children between the ages of 2;7 and 6;9 were observed in a series of studies, including naturalistic observation, lexical elicitation, fingerspelling, imitation of nonsense gestures, two visual perspective-taking tasks, and a novel sign learning task. The imitation task was also performed on a control group of 24 hearing, non-signing college students. Finally, four deaf mothers of deaf autistic children were interviewed about their children’s signing. Results showed that young deaf-of-deaf autistic children under the age of 10 are prone to making phonological errors involving the palm orientation parameter, substituting an inward palm for an outward palm and vice versa. There is very little evidence that such errors occur in the typical acquisition of ASL or any other sign language. These results indicate that deaf children with autism are impaired from an early age in a cognitive mechanism involved in the acquisition of sign language phonology, though it remains unclear which mechanism(s) might be responsible. This research demonstrates the importance of sign language research for a more complete understanding of autism, as well as the need for research into atypical populations for a better understanding of sign language linguistics. / text

Yim-Binh, Sze. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-235). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement / Abstract / Table of Contents / List of Tables / Chapter Chapter 1 --- : Introduction Page / Chapter (1.1) --- Research questions --- p.1 / Chapter (1.1.1) --- Space and spoken languages --- p.1 / Chapter (1.1.2) --- Space and sign languages --- p.4 / Chapter (1.1.3) --- Nominals in Hong Kong Sign Language --- p.8 / Chapter (1.1.4) --- Research focus: interaction of space and nominals --- p.11 / Chapter (1.2) --- Thesis outline --- p.12 / Chapter (1.3) --- A brief note on the transcription convention --- p.13 / Chapter (1.4) --- Sociolinguistic background of Hong Kong Sign Language --- p.15 / Chapter (1.5) --- Documentation of Hong Kong Sign Language and Chinese Sign Language --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Space and Grammatical Relations / Chapter (2.0) --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter (2.1) --- On the grammatical relations 'subject' and 'object' --- p.21 / Chapter (2.2) --- Literature review --- p.28 / Chapter (2.2.1) --- Grammatical relations in American Sign Language (ASL) --- p.28 / Chapter (2.2.2) --- Grammatical relations in Chinese Sign Language (CSL) --- p.35 / Chapter (2.3) --- Experiment 1: Picture description and selection task --- p.36 / Chapter (2.4) --- Results: --- p.39 / Chapter (2.4.1) --- Non-reversible sentences --- p.39 / Chapter (2.4.2) --- Reversible sentences --- p.52 / Chapter (2.4.2.1) --- Linear representation: S V O --- p.52 / Chapter (2.4.2.2) --- "Spatial representation: the use of loci, inflecting verbs and classifiers" --- p.54 / Chapter (2.4.2.3) --- Reversible and non-reversible data: a further discussion --- p.64 / Chapter (2.4.3) --- An extension to dative constructions --- p.71 / Chapter (2.5) --- Chapter summary --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Space and NP Referential Properties / Chapter (3.0) --- Introduction --- p.78 / Chapter (3.1) --- On the various referential properties --- p.78 / Chapter (3.2) --- Realization of referential properties in spoken and sign languages --- p.79 / Chapter (3.3) --- Specific NPs: indefinites and definites --- p.89 / Chapter (3.3.1) --- Experiment 2: picture story description and picture reordering --- p.89 / Chapter (3.3.2) --- NPs in subject positions --- p.90 / Chapter (3.3.2.1) --- Specific indefinites --- p.91 / Chapter (3.3.2.2) --- Specific definites --- p.96 / Chapter (3.3.3) --- NPs in object positions: specific indefinites and definites --- p.106 / Chapter (3.4) --- Non-specific indefinites and generics --- p.118 / Chapter (3.5) --- Chapter summary --- p.121 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Space and Referential Loci --- p.123 / Chapter (4.0) --- Introduction --- p.123 / Chapter (4.1) --- Literature review --- p.1 24 / Chapter (4.1.1) --- Frame of reference in sign languages --- p.1 24 / Chapter (4.1.2) --- Nature of space and loci --- p.129 / Chapter (4.1.3) --- Shift of loci/ frame of reference --- p.133 / Chapter (4.2) --- Observation of Hong Kong Sign Language --- p.138 / Chapter (4.2.1) --- Localization of referents in narrative discourse --- p.138 / Chapter (4.2.2) --- Shift of loci / frame of reference in HKSL --- p.150 / Chapter (4.2.2.1) --- Role-play/ locus shift in HKSL --- p.150 / Chapter (4.2.2.2) --- Three more types of locus shift --- p.153 / Chapter (a) --- Loci contrast exaggeration --- p.153 / Chapter (b) --- Shifted focalization --- p.157 / Chapter (c) --- Token-surrogate alternation --- p.162 / Chapter (4.3) --- Chapter summary --- p.170 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Suggestions for Future Research --- p.171 / Appendix 1: Notation conventions --- p.176 / Appendix 2: Picture stimuli for experiment1 --- p.179 / "Appendix 3: Topic, Comment and Topicalization in HKSL" --- p.181 / Appendix 4: Picture stimuli for experiment2 --- p.190 / Appendix 5: Illustrations --- p.203 / References --- p.225