Med denna studie vill jag få en djupare förståelse i hur barn som har svårigheter i att uttrycka sig via tal, använder sig av olika kommunikationsformer för att skapa mening och integrera tillsammans. Den frågeställning som genomsyrar hela arbetet är: Hur kommunicerar barnen med varandra? Använder de sig av teckenspråk? Blir de förstådda? För att undersöka detta använde jag mig av kvalitativa observationer på en förskola där det vistades både barn som hade hörselskada och barn som kom från olika länder. Denna förskola använder sig av tecken som stöd i vardagen. Resultatet visade att det inte enbart var hörselskadade barn som använde sig av teckenspråket utan även de barnen som hade annat modersmål. Barnen tog hjälp av teckenspråket i leken för att kunna visa sina känslor och kommunicera med de andra.  Även kroppsspråket och mimiken användes flitigt under lekarnas gång. Observationerna som gjordes visade att det ibland kunde uppstå missförstånd bland barnen även ifall de oftast förstod varandra. Teckenspråket blev ett hjälpmedel i leken för de barn som av olika anledningar behövde stöd i kommunikationen. Genom att medvetet använda teckenspråket som en del i vardagen får verksamheten ett sådant förhållningssätt som varken pekar ut eller diskriminerar de barn som är i behov av teckenspråk. / With this study, I want to gain a deeper understanding for how children, who have difficult to express themselves through speech, use various forms of communication to create meaning and integrate together. How do the children communicate with each other? Do they use sign language when they play? Will they be understood? To examine this, I used qualitative observations at a preschool where both children who had hearing impairment and children who came from different countries participated. The preschool used sign language in everyday life. The result showedthat itwas not onlydeafchildrenwho usedsign languagebut also thechildrenwith another mother tongue. The children usedsign languagein the gametoshow their feelingsand to communicatewith the others.Eventhe body languageandfacial expressionswere used extensivelyduringthe game. The observationsthat were madeshowed thatitcould sometimesbe misconceptionsamongchildrenevenifthey mostlyunderstood each other. Sign languagebecamea toolin the game forthose childrenwho, for variousreasons, neededsupportto communicate.By deliberatelyusesign language asapartof everydayactivity the preschool getsuch an approachthat it is neitherpointingoutordiscriminatethose children whoare in need ofsign language.

Infants’ gestures feature prominently in early language. The observation that accomplishments in gesture presage verbal milestones prompted the question of whether encouraging infants to gesture would bring on language gains. This thesis addressed this question, remedying many of the shortfalls of previous research. In a yearlong longitudinal study, high-SES mother-infant dyads (n = 40) were randomly allocated to one of four conditions: Symbolic Gesture training, British Sign Language (BSL) training, Verbal training and a Non-Intervention Control group. Infants’ language was continually assessed between the ages of 8 to 20 months to determine the impact of encouraged gesture on language development. With the exception of a small number of boys, encouraging gesture did not affect infants’ language development. However, the expressive language of boys who started the study with a low language ability was improved by gesture. A gesture-training intervention was delivered to low-SES mothers at a Sure Start children’s centre. Infants of mothers trained to gesture showed greater gains in their receptive and expressive vocabularies than infants of mothers who attended sessions aimed to improve general communication (without gesture instruction). Gesture helped reduce the discrepancy between the language abilities of infants from low and high-SES backgrounds. Qualitative investigations revealed how encouraging mothers to use gestures with their infants led to perceived wider, non-linguistic benefits. However, a comparison of maternal and infant stress scores revealed no difference between gesturing and non-gesturing mother-infant dyads. Infants, who because of biological and/or environmental factors have lower language abilities than their peers, stand to benefit from encouraged gesture in infancy. Through early intervention, gesture has the potential to reduce the disadvantage that children from lower-SES families face from impoverished language abilities. By changing the course of their early development, encouraged gesture could ultimately bring about lasting benefits.

A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. / The (Surgical Implant Generation Network) SIGN Intramedullary (IM) nail is designed to fix long bone fractures without using a costly C‐arm imaging device. It is distributed for free to countries in need, allowing for elevation of care from the standard, lengthy traction treatment in those countries to clinically superior IM nailing. This paper compares the clinical outcomes of the SIGN IM nail to those of the IM nails used in developed countries with use of a C‐arm. The terms “Surgical Implant Generation Network” and “union” were searched in four databases. Primary studies of SIGN IM nails were included and their outcomes, including union rate, time to union, and complications, were recorded and compared to historical data of IM nails used in developed countries. Overall, there is a similar union rate in bones fixed with SIGN IM nails (94.6%) versus bones fixed with IM nails in developed countries (92.3%) (p = 0.009, OR = 1.67), while some bone types (tibia and femur) demonstrated a lower union rate when individually stratified (p = 0.008, OR = 0.26 and p = 0.002 and OR = 0.15, respectively). Mean time to union for all bone types combined showed no significant difference between SIGN IM nails and IM nails used in developed countries (p = 0.26). Complications rates were similar between SIGN IM nails and IM nails used in developed countries. It is possible for the SIGN IM nail to be used to fix long bone fractures in developing countries with outcomes comparable to the IM nail used in developed countries.

In this dissertation, I investigate various aspects of object marking and how these manifest themselves in the signed modality. The main focus is on Swedish Sign Language (SSL), the national sign language of Sweden, which is the topic of investigation in all five studies. Two of the studies adopt a comparative perspective, including other sign languages as well. The studies comprise a range of data, including corpus data, elicited production, and acceptability judgments, and combine quantitative and qualitative methods in the analyses. The dissertation begins with an overview of the topics of valency, argument structure, and object marking, primarily from a spoken language perspective. Here, the interactions between semantics and morphosyntax are presented from a typological perspective, introducing differential object marking as a key concept. With regard to signed language, object marking is discussed in terms of both verbal and nominal strategies. Verbal strategies of object marking among sign languages include directional verbs, object handshape classifiers, and embodied perspective in signing. The first study investigates the use of directionality and object handshapes as object marking strategies in Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL), Israeli Sign Language (ISL), and SSL. It is shown that the strategies generally display different alignments in terms of the types of objects targeted, which is uniform across languages, but that directionality is much more marginal in ABSL than in the other two languages. Also, we see that there is a connection between object marking strategies and the animacy of the object, and that the strategies, object animacy, and word order preferences interact. In the second and third studies, SSL is investigated with regard to the transitive–reflexive distinction. Here, we see that there are interactional effects between object handshapes and the perspective taken by the signer. This points to intricate iconic motivations of combining and structuring complex verb sequences, such as giving preference to agent focusing structures (e.g., agent perspective and handling handshapes). Furthermore, the use of space is identified as a crucial strategy for reference tracking, especially when expressing semantically transitive events. Nominal strategies include object pronouns and derivations of the sign PERSON. The fourth study provides a detailed account of the object pronoun OBJPRO in SSL, which is the first in-depth description of this sign. It is found that the sign is in widespread use in SSL, often corresponds closely to object pronouns of spoken Swedish, and is argued to be grammaticalized from the lexical sign PERSON. In the final study, the possible existence of object pronouns in other sign languages is investigated by using a sample of 24 languages. This analysis reveals that the feature is found mostly in the Nordic countries, suggesting areal contact phenomena. However, the study also shows that there are a number of derivations of PERSON, such as reflexive pronouns, agreement auxiliaries, and case markers. The use of PERSON as a source of grammaticalization for these functions is attributed to both semantic and phonological properties of the sign. This dissertation is unique in that it is dedicated to the topic of object marking in the signed modality. It brings a variety of perspectives and methods together in order to investigate the domain of object marking, cross-linguistically and cross-modally.

My diploma thesis depends on form of traditional hanging picture. The theme of "unstable images" I tried to complete in three cycles Špalky, Kaktusy and Čaje. I filled them with two narrative paintings Kardinálové and one solo piece Acaccia hand. I'm trying to find a shape of the subject matter that would fill the picture significance of such a character that display that object could become replaceable.

Eternity Now is a collection of 7 outfits on witch I haveprojicised my will.This made the collection:* The philosophical “studios”/ places for big thinking- thebotanical garden in Gothenburg, Schloss Shönbrunn in Vienna.Nature is the only thing we really need. It’s the maininspiration for shape and colour. The art of balance.* Bodil Malmsten & Owe Wikström. Authors that in poeticways speak of time, process and nature. Existentialists thathave made this method possible, a method that is compareableto Bodil Malmstens way of writing books. You knowyou can, but you don’t know when you can. And that is ok,if it works in the end.* Alchemy as natural philosophy and graphic art. Made theprints and views on life in general.* Slowfashion/ Sustainable fashion. The only right way tothink about clothes theese days. We can’t go any faster thanthis if we want to keep the planet. This work is related toideas of slowfashion. / Program: Modedesignutbildningen

I den här rapporten beskrivs utvecklingen och implementationen av en identitets leverantör. Sigma Identity Provider’ är en login lösning som används för att autentisera användare med följden att användaren får tillgång till applikationer och API: er. Genom att använda sig av ramverket Identityserver4, som kombinerar båda protokollen OAuth2 och OpenID Connect, blir utvecklaren mer flexibel och kan fokusera på autentiseringsdelen av lösningen. Den här leverantören ger flera sätt för användaren att autentisera sig på och möjligheten för utvecklare att konfigurera inställningar som gäller för ’Sigma Identity Provider. Rapporten inkluderar en beskrivning av ett säkert tillvägagångssätt att implementera lösenord på och säkerheten kring det. / This report describes the development and implementation of an identity provider. Sigma Identity Provider’ is a login solution that is used for authenticating users so they can receive access to applications and APIs. By using the Identityserver4 framework, which combines both the OAuth2 and OpenID Connect protocols, a developer becomes flexible and can focus on the authentication part of the solution. This provider brings several ways for the user to authenticate and the availability for developers to configure settings regarding the ‘Sigma Identity Provider. The report includes a description on how to safely implement passwords and the security around it.

INTRODUÇÃO: Pesquisas nacionais enfatizam que os surdos apresentam dificuldade no uso da flexão verbal de tempo na escrita do português. Esta afirmação é inquestionável, contudo a origem desta dificuldade é atribuída a vários fatores, tais como: influência da Língua de Sinais, dificuldade de acesso à Língua Portuguesa e práticas de ensino descontextualizadas. Buscando compreender melhor este processo, o presente estudo teve como objetivos verificar se e como os surdos flexionam os verbos na Língua Portuguesa Escrita e se eles utilizam outros marcadores de tempo nesta língua e na Língua Brasileira de Sinais. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado com 18 sujeitos com perda auditiva neurossensorial profunda bilateral pré-lingüística, com idade entre 15 e 23 anos, escolaridade de 3ª a 6ª série do Ensino Fundamental, matriculados em sala regular de escola pública, usuários da Língua Brasileira de Sinais, filhos de pais ouvintes e sem comprometimentos associados à surdez. Os indivíduos foram avaliados quanto ao conhecimento em Língua Brasileira de Sinais de nove verbos de ação, por meio de cartelas contendo figuras que os representavam, e em seguida foram orientados a elaborar três frases na Língua Portuguesa Escrita e na Língua Brasileira de Sinais com cada verbo, sendo uma no tempo passado, uma no presente e uma no futuro. Os dados foram avaliados qualitativa e quantitativamente. RESULTADOS: Apesar de a maioria dos participantes da pesquisa utilizar adequadamente os marcadores de tempo nas frases expressas na Língua Brasileira de Sinais, esperava-se melhor desempenho dos sujeitos por ser a língua preferencial de comunicação. Nas frases do passado e do futuro predominaram o uso de adjuntos adverbiais para marcar o tempo e no presente predominou o uso de advérbios de tempo. Nas frases escritas houve o predomínio do verbo na forma nominal do infinitivo. Apenas quatro sujeitos fizeram uso de marcadores utilizados na língua de sinais para indicar o tempo nas frases escritas. Os sujeitos apresentaram melhor desempenho no tempo presente na elaboração das frases na Língua Brasileira de Sinais e na Língua Portuguesa Escrita. Houve relação estatisticamente significante entre o uso das flexões verbais no tempo presente e a utilização de outros marcadores de tempo na escrita com o aumento da escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos surdos do estudo utiliza marcadores de tempo nas frases expressas na Língua Brasileira de Sinais e apresenta dificuldade na Língua Portuguesa Escrita. Os resultados sugerem que com o avanço da escolaridade esta dificuldade é sanada. Este fato demonstra a necessidade de se repensar as práticas de ensino da Língua Portuguesa, como segunda língua, para que o surdo tenha a oportunidade de ampliar seus conhecimentos e apropriar-se cada vez mais cedo da escrita / INTRODUCTION: National researches have emphasized that deaf students present difficulty in the use of verbal inflexion for tense in written Portuguese. This statement is unquestionable; nevertheless the origin of this difficulty is attributed to several factors, such as: influence of Sign Language, difficulty to access the Portuguese Language, and teaching practices out of context. In order to better understand this process, this study aimed to verify if and how deaf signers use verbal inflection for tense in Portuguese written language and to observe the presence of other resources for tense marking in this language and in Brazilian Sign Language. METHODS: The study was carried out with 18 subjects with profound bilateral sensoryneural hearing loss, ranging in age from 15 to 23 years old, and with an educational level varying from the 3rd to the 7th grade of a regular public Elementary School. All subjects were users of Brazilian Sign Language and had hearing parents; they did not present other disorders associated to deafness. Subjects were assessed concerning the knowledge of nine action verbs in Brazilian Sign Language through boards with pictures representing the actions; they were asked to elaborate three sentences with each verb in written Portuguese and in Brazilian Sign Language, one in the past tense, one in the present and one in the future tense. Data were analyzed qualitative and quantitatively. RESULTS: Despite the adequate use of tense markers by most of the participants of the study in Brazilian Sign Language, a better performance was expected once sign language was the preferable communication language. Adjuncts of adverb were the most frequent tense markers used in the past and in the future sentences, and adverbs of time were predominant in the present tense. Only four subjects used sign language markers to indicate time in written sentences. Subjects presented better performance in the elaboration of sentences in the present tense in both, Brazilian Sign Language and in Written Portuguese. There was a significant statistical relation between the use of verbal inflexion in the present tense and the use of other tense markers in written production according to the increase of the educational level. CONCLUSION: Most of the deaf participants use tense markers in sentences expressed in Brazilian Sign Language and present difficulty in the Written Portuguese. Results suggest that the greater the educational level, less difficulty will be presented. This fact demonstrates the need for rethinking practices of Portuguese teaching as a second language in order for the deaf to have the opportunity to broaden their knowledge and to master writing sooner

Deng Jiangwen. / "April 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-170). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Scotland’s oral traditions have received scholarly attention since the 18th Century; however, collection and analysis has exclusively focused on those passed on ‘by word of mouth,’ and the traditional arts of Scotland’s deaf communities have been overlooked. This thesis begins to address this oversight by examining storytelling practices passed on ‘by sign of hand’ in British Sign Language (BSL). Neither fully acculturated to majority society nor ‘foreigners in their own country’ (Murray 2008:102), signing-deaf people have distinct ways of ‘doing’ culture which involve negotiating a bilingual-bicultural continuum between the hearing and deaf worlds. The historical exclusion of signing-deaf culture from conceptualisations of Scotland’s cultural heritage is increasingly being challenged, both overtly and tacitly, through an emergent ‘deaf public voice’ (Bechter 2008:72); in light of this, I consider three case-studies in which BSL storytelling practices have been placed in the public domain. Drawing on fieldwork, interviews and the in-depth analysis of BSL performance-texts, I examine the ways in which signing-deaf biculturality is expressed and performed, and consider the artistry involved in storytelling in a visual-spatial-kinetic language. In so doing, a working methodology is proposed for presenting signed material to non-signers, laying the groundwork for further collection and analysis. Applying Bauman and Murray’s concept of ‘Deaf Gain’ (2009), I argue that the study of this new corpus of oral material has a radical contribution to make to the field of ethnology and folklore, not least in highlighting phonocentric assumptions embedded in the study of oral traditions. I emphasise the extent to which the transmission of culture is predicated on particular ‘techniques of the body’ (Mauss 1973), and argue that, in drawing on different modality-specific affordances, both spoken and signed storytelling should be understood as part of the totality of Scotland’s ‘corp-oral’ traditions through which culture is transmitted ‘by performance of body.’