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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Utilizing Platforms for the Observation of Chemical Transformations to Surface-Bound Noble Metal Nanoparticles in Environmentally Relevant Conditions

Glover, Richard 11 July 2013 (has links)
Nanoparticles are increasingly incorporated into consumer products because of their unique, size-dependent properties. Although these properties are commercially appealing, data are lacking regarding the fate and reactivity of nanoparticles once incorporated into materials. This information gap prevents accurate assessment of hazards that these materials potentially present to consumers and the environment. To address this concern, new research is needed to investigate the reactivity and transformations of nanoparticles. This dissertation describes the use of an electron transparent characterization platform to observe nanoparticle transformations. Nanoparticles were tethered to the surface of an analysis platform, exposed to a variety of conditions, and evaluated for reactivity and response. The characterization of silver nanoparticles revealed the generation of new daughter nanoparticles on surfaces in ambient humid conditions. Our observations showed that the transport of material is highly dependent on relative humidity and that pH equilibria drives the deposition of new particles and degradation. We discovered, by applying these findings to macro-silver objects, that bulk silver generates new nanoparticles on surfaces. This illuminated the possibility of other, yet undiscovered, naturally occurring nanoparticles. In the second model system, 1.5 nm gold nanoparticles were tethered by a robust metal oxide bond from the terminal group of the stabilizing ligand. This strategy facilitated precise control over thiol ligand removal using a dilute ozone oxidation. Tracking particle oxidation over time allowed us to gain unprecedented control over core exposure, size maintenance, and surface tethering. This platform was also utilized as a proof-of-concept for direct observation of transformations in complex media. Ligand and core transformations were monitored in a variety of biologically relevant conditions using tethered nanoparticles. Morphological and chemical transformations were characterized and correlated to results from solution monitoring. The use of a platform based approach to evaluating the reactivity of nanoparticles in the environment holds promise for evaluations of nanoparticles and their transformation products. The demonstration of monitoring reactivity in systems equilibria, carefully controlled transformations, or complex media shows the versatility of this strategy. Only through the use of this analysis platform was the direct observation of nanoparticle transformations possible. This dissertation includes previously published, unpublished, and co-authored materials. / 10000-01-01
72

Estudo da formação de nanogéis e microgéis de polipropileno modificado por radiação gama e incorporação de nanopartículas de prata visando à ação biocida / Study on the formation of the nanogel and microgels polypropylene modified by gamma radiation and incorporation of silver nanoparticles to biocide activity

Washington Luiz Oliani 02 April 2013 (has links)
A parte inicial deste estudo consistiu da síntese de HMSPP (Polipropileno com Alta Resistência do Fundido) também chamado polipropileno modificado por irradiação gama, a partir de iPP (polipropileno isotático) em presença de acetileno sob pressão de 110 kPa e irradiado com &gamma; (gama) de fonte de 60Co nas doses de 5; 12,5 e 20 kGy. A fração gel das amostras foi determinada pela extração de componentes solúveis em xileno. A parte solúvel das amostras foi decantada com deposição do gel em lâminas de vidro, até total volatilização do xileno à temperatura ambiente de 25 °C. À parte solúvel da amostra com 12,5 kGy adicionaram-se nanopartículas de prata (NPsAg) nas proporções de: 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0% em massa. Estas amostras foram caracterizadas por: microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (MEV/EDS), espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura com emissão de campo (MEV-EC), microscopia de força atômica (MFA), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), difração de raios X (DRX), redução da unidade formadora de colônias (UFC) (%) e teste de citotoxicidade. Neste estudo da morfologia, observou-se a formação de microgéis de polipropileno na ordem crescente PP 5 kGy < PP 12,5 kGy < 20 kGy. Constatou-se a existência de estruturas nanométricas de géis de polipropileno (nanogéis e nanofibras) nas amostras de PP 12,5 kGy e PP 20 kGy. Os nanogéis são formações reticuladas, ramificadas, e emaranhadas, nucleadas em regiões de incidência de alta concentração de energia (spurs) em uma amostra irradiada. Nos testes de avaliação da atividade bactericida dos géis com NPsAg observou-se eficiência biocida para E. coli e S. aureus a partir de 1% de NPsAg e no teste de citotoxicidade as amostras foram caracterizadas como não citotóxicas para células de mamíferos. Em uma segunda etapa deste trabalho foram produzidos filmes da blenda de iPP e PP modificado (50/50) em uma extrusora de dupla rosca. Adicionou-se ao processamento NPsAg nas proporções de: 0,1; 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 1,0 PVP; 2,0 e 4,0% em massa. Os filmes foram caracterizados por: calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), análise de termogravimetria (TGA), difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), espectroscopia de ultravioleta-visível (UV-Vis), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), redução da unidade formadora de colônias (UFC) (%), teste de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos por disco de difusão e teste de citotoxicidade. Os filmes analisados apresentaram pontos de aglomeração de prata e regiões com distribuição homogênea das partículas. O efeito bactericida com a interação entre a prata, e E. coli, P. aeruginosa e S. aureus foi constatado para o filme de PP 1%NPsAg PVP Poli(N-vinil-2-pirrolidona). No teste de difusão o resultado obtido para PP 1% NPsAg PVP foi 100% positivo com essas bactérias. Os filmes não são considerados citotóxicos para células de mamíferos. / The study consists of the synthesis of HMSPP (polypropylene with high melt strength), also called polypropylene modified by gamma irradiation from iPP (isotactic polypropylene) in presence of acetylene at 110 kPa pressure and irradiated with &gamma; of 60Co source at doses of 5, 12.5 and 20 kGy. The gel fraction of the samples was determined by extracting in xylene. The soluble portion of the samples was decanted to deposition on glass substrate until complete volatilization of xylene at room temperature of 25 °C. On the soluble portion of 12.5 kGy irradiated sample were added silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in proportions of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 wt%. These gel samples were characterized by: scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM / EDS), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with field emission (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), reduction of colony forming unit (CFU) (%) and cytotoxicity assay. In this study of the morphology, it has been observed the formation of microgels in polypropylene increasing with the dose PP 5 kGy < PP 12.5 kGy < 20 kGy. Nanoscale structures of gels polypropylene (nanogels and nanofibers) were found in samples of PP 12.5 kGy and 20 kGy. The nanogels are formation of crosslinking, branching and entanglement that are nucleated in regions of high energy concentration (spurs) of one irradiated sample. Efficiency in tests of bactericide activity of the gels with AgNPs was observed versus E. coli and S. aureus from 1% AgNPs and non cytotoxicity were characterized in those samples for mammalian cells. In a second stage of this work films of the blend of PP and modified PP (50/50) were produced in a twin screw extruder. AgNPs were added to the extrusion processing in proportions of 0.1; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 1.0 PVP; 2.0 and 4.0 wt%. The films obtained were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), reduction of colony forming unit (CFU) (%), antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion and cytotoxicity assay. The films analyzed showed agglomeration of silver points and regions with homogeneous distribution of the particles. The bactericide effect with the interaction between silver and E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus was found for PP film 1% NPsAg Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). In the diffusion test for PP 1% AgNPs (PVP) was obtained 100%positive result for those bacteria. The films were not cytotoxic to mammalian cells.
73

Efeito da radiação ionizante nos revestimentos de cateteres de poliuretano com nanopartículas de prata / Effect of ionizing radiation in polyurethane catheters coatings with silver nanoparticles

Sonia Heilman 24 November 2015 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve a finalidade de estudar a utilização da radiação ionizante para revestimento de nanopartículas de prata em Cateteres Venosos Centrais de Poliuretano, proporcionando redução de infecções associadas à contaminação de cateteres introduzidos na corrente sanguínea. A espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) possibilitou a identificação de grupos funcionais na estrutura das macromoléculas, como o poli(eteruretano). Um estudo do comportamento térmico dos cateteres de poliuretano, antes e após a radiação ionizante, foi realizado com a finalidade de caracterização do material polimérico desses cateteres. A DSC e a TG, foram empregadas na observação das alterações das propriedades do material antes e depois da degradação. A curva DSC permitiu a caracterização das propriedades térmicas, como Tm e Tg dos copolímeros, assim como, evidenciar os principais eventos térmicos. As nanopartículas de prata possuem propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas quando comparadas ao metal em escala macroscópica, e têm sido utilizadas na área médica, em razão de sua atividade antimicrobiana excelente. As nanopartículas de dióxido de titânio, obtidas pelo método sol-gel, foram utilizadas como revestimento dos cateteres para posterior impregnação de nanopartículas de prata por radiação ionizante na dose de 25 kGy. A espectrometria Raman foi utilizada na identificação do polimorfo de óxido de titânio, rutilo. Em ensaios com (ICP OES) foram avaliadas as quantidades de titânio e prata nos cateteres revestidos com óxido de titânio e de prata. A avaliação comparativa realizada entre os cateteres antes e após a irradiação, por FTIR, Raman e DSC, possibilitou a utilização da radiação ionizante como agente de esterilização e impregnação de nanopartículas de prata. / The present work aimed to study the use of ionizing radiation for coating of silver nanoparticles on Central Venous Polyurethane Catheters, providing reduction of infections associated with contamination of catheters introduced into the bloodstream. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) enabled the identification of functional groups in the structure of macromolecules, such as poly(etherurethane). A study of the thermal behavior of central venous catheters before and after irradiation, was performed in order to characterize the polymeric material of these catheters. The DSC and TG were employed to observe the changes material properties before and after degradation. The DSC curve at the constant heating and cooling rate allowed the characterization of thermal properties, such as Tm and Tg of copolymers, as well as highlighting the main thermal events. Silver nanoparticles have physical, chemical and biological properties only when compared to metal on a macroscopic scale, and they have been used in the medical field because of its remarkable antimicrobial activity. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles obtained by the sol-gel method were used as the coating catheters for subsequent impregnation of silver nanoparticles with ionizing radiation, at 25 kGy. Raman spectrometry was used to identify the polymorph of titanium oxide, rutile. In trials with (ICP OES) were evaluated amounts of titanium and silver coated catheters in titanium oxide and silver. The comparative assessment conducted between the catheters before and after irradiation by FTIR, Raman and DSC enabled the use of ionizing radiation as an agent of sterilization and impregnating of silver nanoparticles.
74

Estudo de vidros de telureto dopados com íons de terras raras e nanopartí­culas de prata aplicados como cobertura em células solares. / Study of tellurite glass doped with rare earth ions and silver nanoparticles to use as coverer in solar cells.

José Augusto Martins Garcia 09 November 2018 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram estudados diferentes vidros de telureto dopados com íons de terras raras (TR) e nanopartículas (NPs) metálicas visando aplicação sobre a superfície de dispositivos fotovoltaicos. O objetivo foi utilizar os processos luminescentes de tais íons para otimizar a eficiência de conversão de energia de células solares. Os vidros de telureto foram escolhidos por apresentarem boas características ópticas, físicas e luminescência na presença de íons de terra rara e de NPs. Diferentes composições de telureto foram estudadas (TeO2-ZnO, TeO2-ZnO-Na2CO3) para observar a influência de diferentes janelas de transmissão sobre o desempenho de células solares, conciliando a máxima luminescência com a máxima transmitância do vidro. As amostras vítreas foram produzidas mediante o processo tradicional conhecido por \"melting quenching\" seguido por tratamento térmico. Os dopantes utilizados foram os íons de Tb3+, Yb3+, Eu3+ e nanopartículas de prata (NPs de Ag). Através dos mecanismos de conversão descendente apresentados por tais íons é possível converter comprimentos de onda que o dispositivo fotovoltaico não absorveria, para comprimentos compreendidos no seu \"band gap\" de forma a aumentar a eficiência da célula solar. Foram feitas caracterizações espectroscópicas de luminescência, absorbância e transmitância para caracterizar as propriedades ópticas dos vidros e microscopias para observar a forma e tamanho das NPs. Também foram feitas caracterizações elétricas de dispositivos fotovoltaicos com as amostras vítreas colocadas sobre suas superfícies, a fim de verificar influencias em suas eficiências. Observou-se que o tipo de célula solar e o tipo de sistema vítreo influenciam os resultados de eficiência para cada combinação de íons de terras raras. Ressaltam-se que foram obtidos aumentos na eficiência relativa de dispositivos fotovoltaicos comerciais fabricados em Si e GaP em 14% e 34,5%, respectivamente, com a utilização de vidros TeO2-ZnO dopados com Eu3+ e NPs de Ag. Foi utilizado óleo para acoplamento entre o vidro e a célula solar para aumentar o contato óptico, que possibilitou fazer a comparação da eficiência da célula coberta em relação à célula descoberta. Usando a célula solar de Si monocristalino foi observado aumento de 12,8% de eficiência relativa, quando coberta com vidros TeO2-ZnO dopados com Eu3+ e NPs de Ag. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho demonstram que a utilização de processos de conversão descendente de íons de TR em vidros de telureto são promissores para incrementar a eficiência de células solares, assim como, o uso de NPs metálicas. / In this work, different tellurite glasses doped with rare earth ions and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) were studied for applications on solar cells surface. The goal was to use the luminescent processes of the rare earth ions to optimize the solar cells energy conversion efficiency. Tellurite glasses were chosen because of the good optical and physical characteristics and luminescence in the presence of rare earth ions and metallic NPs. Different tellurite compositions were studied (TeO2-ZnO, TeO2-ZnO-Na2CO3) to observe the influence of different transmission windows on the solar cell performance, conciliating maximum luminescence with the maximum transmittance of the glasses. The vitreous samples were produced using the traditional \"melting quenching\" procedure followed by heat treatment. The dopants used were Tb3+, Yb3+, Eu3+ ions and silver NPs. The purpose was to use the downconversion processes of rare earth ions to convert the wavelengths that the photovoltaic device cannot absorb into wavelengths situated in its the band gap and enhance the energy conversion efficiency. Luminescence, absorption and transmittance spectroscopic characterizations were made to determine the optical properties of the glasses and microscopic measurements were used to observe the NPs size and shape. Electrical characterizations of the photovoltaic devices were also done with the glasses placed on their surfaces to verify the influence on their energy conversion efficiencies. It was observed that the type of solar cell and the glass host influenced the results, for each rare-earth ions combination. The results obtained with TeO2-ZnO glasses doped with Eu3+ and silver NPs can be highlighted, which show efficiency increase in 14% and 34,5%, when covering Si and GaP commercial solar cells, respectively. The oil matching was used between the solar cell and the glasses in order to enhance the optical contact and to allow the comparison between the results of the covered solar cell with the uncovered solar cell. It was observed for the energy conversion efficiency enhancement of 12% when the Si solar cell was covered with the TeO2-ZnO glasses doped with Eu3+ and with silver NPs. The results presented in this work demonstrate that the use of the rare earth ions downconversion processes are promising for improving the solar cells energy conversion efficiency as well as the use of metallic NPs.
75

Estudo de vidros de telureto dopados com íons de terras raras e nanopartí­culas de prata aplicados como cobertura em células solares. / Study of tellurite glass doped with rare earth ions and silver nanoparticles to use as coverer in solar cells.

Garcia, José Augusto Martins 09 November 2018 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram estudados diferentes vidros de telureto dopados com íons de terras raras (TR) e nanopartículas (NPs) metálicas visando aplicação sobre a superfície de dispositivos fotovoltaicos. O objetivo foi utilizar os processos luminescentes de tais íons para otimizar a eficiência de conversão de energia de células solares. Os vidros de telureto foram escolhidos por apresentarem boas características ópticas, físicas e luminescência na presença de íons de terra rara e de NPs. Diferentes composições de telureto foram estudadas (TeO2-ZnO, TeO2-ZnO-Na2CO3) para observar a influência de diferentes janelas de transmissão sobre o desempenho de células solares, conciliando a máxima luminescência com a máxima transmitância do vidro. As amostras vítreas foram produzidas mediante o processo tradicional conhecido por \"melting quenching\" seguido por tratamento térmico. Os dopantes utilizados foram os íons de Tb3+, Yb3+, Eu3+ e nanopartículas de prata (NPs de Ag). Através dos mecanismos de conversão descendente apresentados por tais íons é possível converter comprimentos de onda que o dispositivo fotovoltaico não absorveria, para comprimentos compreendidos no seu \"band gap\" de forma a aumentar a eficiência da célula solar. Foram feitas caracterizações espectroscópicas de luminescência, absorbância e transmitância para caracterizar as propriedades ópticas dos vidros e microscopias para observar a forma e tamanho das NPs. Também foram feitas caracterizações elétricas de dispositivos fotovoltaicos com as amostras vítreas colocadas sobre suas superfícies, a fim de verificar influencias em suas eficiências. Observou-se que o tipo de célula solar e o tipo de sistema vítreo influenciam os resultados de eficiência para cada combinação de íons de terras raras. Ressaltam-se que foram obtidos aumentos na eficiência relativa de dispositivos fotovoltaicos comerciais fabricados em Si e GaP em 14% e 34,5%, respectivamente, com a utilização de vidros TeO2-ZnO dopados com Eu3+ e NPs de Ag. Foi utilizado óleo para acoplamento entre o vidro e a célula solar para aumentar o contato óptico, que possibilitou fazer a comparação da eficiência da célula coberta em relação à célula descoberta. Usando a célula solar de Si monocristalino foi observado aumento de 12,8% de eficiência relativa, quando coberta com vidros TeO2-ZnO dopados com Eu3+ e NPs de Ag. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho demonstram que a utilização de processos de conversão descendente de íons de TR em vidros de telureto são promissores para incrementar a eficiência de células solares, assim como, o uso de NPs metálicas. / In this work, different tellurite glasses doped with rare earth ions and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) were studied for applications on solar cells surface. The goal was to use the luminescent processes of the rare earth ions to optimize the solar cells energy conversion efficiency. Tellurite glasses were chosen because of the good optical and physical characteristics and luminescence in the presence of rare earth ions and metallic NPs. Different tellurite compositions were studied (TeO2-ZnO, TeO2-ZnO-Na2CO3) to observe the influence of different transmission windows on the solar cell performance, conciliating maximum luminescence with the maximum transmittance of the glasses. The vitreous samples were produced using the traditional \"melting quenching\" procedure followed by heat treatment. The dopants used were Tb3+, Yb3+, Eu3+ ions and silver NPs. The purpose was to use the downconversion processes of rare earth ions to convert the wavelengths that the photovoltaic device cannot absorb into wavelengths situated in its the band gap and enhance the energy conversion efficiency. Luminescence, absorption and transmittance spectroscopic characterizations were made to determine the optical properties of the glasses and microscopic measurements were used to observe the NPs size and shape. Electrical characterizations of the photovoltaic devices were also done with the glasses placed on their surfaces to verify the influence on their energy conversion efficiencies. It was observed that the type of solar cell and the glass host influenced the results, for each rare-earth ions combination. The results obtained with TeO2-ZnO glasses doped with Eu3+ and silver NPs can be highlighted, which show efficiency increase in 14% and 34,5%, when covering Si and GaP commercial solar cells, respectively. The oil matching was used between the solar cell and the glasses in order to enhance the optical contact and to allow the comparison between the results of the covered solar cell with the uncovered solar cell. It was observed for the energy conversion efficiency enhancement of 12% when the Si solar cell was covered with the TeO2-ZnO glasses doped with Eu3+ and with silver NPs. The results presented in this work demonstrate that the use of the rare earth ions downconversion processes are promising for improving the solar cells energy conversion efficiency as well as the use of metallic NPs.
76

Estudo da síntese de nanopartículas de prata para aplicação na reciclagem de placas de memória de computadores obsoletos. / Study of the synthesis of silver manoparticles for application in the recycling of obsolete computer memory boards.

Carvalho, Mariana Alves de 17 April 2019 (has links)
O uso de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (EEE) tem se tornado tão inerente aos hábitos cotidianos que a demanda por novas tecnologias aumentou, impulsionando o desenvolvimento tecnológico. Assim, houve um aumento em sua rotatividade pela redução do tempo de vida útil, com a chamada obsolescência programada. Esta combinação resulta no aumento da geração de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, os chamados REEE, devido ao descarte após seu ciclo de vida. Os REEE apresentam composição heterogênea em termos de materiais, e podem representar um problema ambiental se forem descartados na natureza, entrando em contato com o solo e corpos hídricos. As placas de circuito impresso (PCIs) estão presentes na maioria dos REEE e apresentam uma ampla gama de metais em sua composição, o que justifica a motivação por aliar interesses ambiental e econômico com sua reciclagem. A prata está presente nas soldas das PCIs lead free e pode ser recuperada por meio da combinação de processamento físico e hidrometalúrgico. Após a purificação, o metal pode ser utilizado como precursor na síntese de nanopartículas de prata, que apresentam potencial para aplicação em diversos setores da indústria, justificando seu valor agregado. Neste trabalho, foi estudada e composição de placas de memória de computadores obsoletos por meio de um processamento físico de cominuição e quarteamento, seguido da caracterização física e química por meio de análise granulométrica, análise em estereoscópio, digestão em água régia e ácido nítrico, ensaio de perda ao fogo e análise em MEV/EDS e ICP-OES. Da fração metálica, 0,045% corresponde à prata, cuja recuperação foi estudada. Para isto, foi realizada uma lixiviação ácida em meio oxidante com H2SO4 2M como agente lixiviante e em 95°C em duas relações sólido-líquido (1:10 e 1:20) e tempos (8 e 12h), de forma que foi possível alcançar 97,3% de extração da prata com relação sólido-líquido de 1:10 em 12h. Paralelamente, o estudo da síntese de nanopartículas de prata pelo método de Turkevich utilizando dois precursores, AgNO3 e AgCl, foi conduzido, variando as proporções molares entre o precursor e o redutor em 1:0,25, 1:1, 1:1,3673, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 e 1:5, para avaliar as características das nanopartículas e sua estabilidade ao longo do tempo. Na síntese com AgNO3 como precursor sugere-se que as melhores condições combinadas foram referentes à proporção de 1:2. Na síntese com AgCl como precursor, embora nas melhores condições estudadas (proporção molar de 1:5) o resultado em termos de estabilidade, dispersividade e diâmetro médio tenham sido melhores se comparados aos ensaios utilizando AgNO3 como precursor, houve a precipitação de prata micrométrica que era indesejada. / The use of electrical and electronic equipments (EEE) has become so inherent in daily habits that the demand for new technologies increased, boosting technological development. Thus, there was an arising on EEE\'s turnover because of the reduction of the useful time, with the so-called planned obsolescence. This combination results on the increase of the generation of waste electrical and electronic equipments (WEEE) due to discard after the life cycle. WEEEs have heterogeneous composition and may represent an environmental issue if discarded on environment, coming into contact with soil and water bodies. Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are present in most WEEE and present a lot of metals in their composition, which justifies the motivation on combine environmental and economic interests with recycling. Silver is present on the weld of lead free PCBs and can be recovered through the combination of physical and hydrometallurgical processing. After the recovery, the metal can be used as precursor on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, which present potential of application in many industry fields. In this work, the composition of memory boards from obsolete computers was studied through physical processing of comminution and quartering, followed by physical and chemical characterization through granulometric analysis, stereoscope analysis, aqua regia and nitric acid digestion, fire loss test and SEM/EDS and ICP-OES analysis. Of the metallic fraction, 0.045% corresponds to silver, whose recovery was studied. For the recovery, it was performed an acid leaching in oxidant media with H2SO4 2M as leaching agent in 95°C and using two solid-liquid ratios (1:10 and 1:20) and times (8 and 12h), and it was possible to reach 97.3% of silver extraction in 12h for solid-liquid ratio of 1:20. In parallel, it was performed the study of the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Turkevich method using two precursors, AgNO3 e AgCl, with the variation of molar ratios of the precursor and the reductant in 1:0,25, 1:1, 1:1,3673, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 e 1:5, aiming the evaluation of nanoparticles characteristics and stability through the time. In the synthesis with AgNO3 as precursor, the combined results suggest the proportion of 1:2 as the best synthesis condition. In the synthesis with AgCl as precursor, even in the best studied conditions (molar ratio 1:5) the results in terms of stability, dispersity and medium diameter was best then obtained using AgNO3 as precursor in same conditions, there was undesirable micrometric silver precipitation.
77

Atividade antimicrobiana de filmes de policloreto de vinila (PVC) reforçado com nanopartículas de prata imobilizadas em sílica /

Brasil, Edneide Morais January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Marcos David Ferreira / Resumo: Objetivo. Analisar a eficácia antimicrobiana in vitro de compósito em pó a base de prata e sua aplicação em diferentes concentrações em filmes de policloreto de vinila (PVC) produzidos em escala industrial e em laboratório. Métodos. Um material compósito constituído por dióxido de sílicio (SiO2) e nanopartículas de prata (NpAg), produzido e cedido por uma empresa de soluções tecnológicas, foi caracterizado por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Difração de Raio X (DRX). Filmes de PVC industrial aditivados com 6,25, 12,5, 25 e 100 ppm de NpAg e filmes produzidos laboratorialmente pelo método de casting aditivados com 12,5, 25 e 100 ppm de NpAg foram caracterizados por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Difração de Raio X (DRX). Testes microbiológicos in vitro foram realizados com o compósito de prata e com os filmes de PVC. Com o compósito realizou-se o Teste de Difusão em Ágar por poço e a Contagem de Microrganismos Viáveis. Com os filmes industrial e laboratorial realizou-se o teste da Norma JIS Z 2801:2000, e com os filmes industriais realizou-se os testes de Agitação em Frasco e Contagem de Microrganismos Viáveis. Resultados. O compósito apresentou inibição para Escherichia coli em todas as concentrações estudadas e para Staphylococcus aureus nas concentrações de 12,5, 25 e 100 ppm de NpAg. A adição de compósito na matriz... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre
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Membranas de quitosana/gelatina com nanopartículas de prata para regeneração tecidual / Gelatin/chitosan membranes with silver nanoparticles for tissue regeneration

Sousa, Lorena Oliveira de 09 November 2018 (has links)
Nesta tese, foram produzidas e estudadas membranas de gelatina e quitosana com nanopartículas de prata, visando obter sinergia em suas propriedades para aplicações em engenharia de tecidos. Os materiais foram escolhidos por suas propriedades e aplicações similares. A gelatina é um polipeptídio biocompatível e biodegradável, obtido do colágeno de animais. A quitosana, um polímero encontrado na parede celular de alguns organismos do reino fungi, pode ser obtida da desacetilação da quitina. É biocompatível, biodegradável, e pode ter efeito antimicrobiano. Nanopartículas de prata também têm efeito antimicrobiano. As membranas foram preparadas por método de casting, e as nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) foram sintetizadas com o método de Turkevich adaptado (TK-AgNPs) e outro similar com adição de ácido tânico (AT-AgNPs). Membranas com diferentes composições foram fabricadas: de gelatina apenas, de quitosana, e blendas de gelatina com quitosana (GQ), com adição de diferentes concentrações de AT-AgNPs ou TK-AgNPs, reticuladas com glutaraldeído (Gta) ou não. O objetivo era identificar uma composição com boa capacidade antimicrobiana e baixa toxicidade para células humanas. As membranas eram visualmente homogêneas, e a incorporação de nanopartículas foi comprovada por difração de raios X e espectroscopia no infravermelho. As AT-AgNPs eram menores e mais monodispersas do que as TK-AgNPs. As membranas contendo apenas quitosana e gelatina não apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana. As que continham AgNPs foram tóxicas para a bactéria Gram- positiva Staphylococcus aureus segundo testes de halo de inibição, com toxicidade dependente da concentração de AgNPs. As mais eficazes foram as membranas quitosana/TK- AgNPs/Gta, GQ 0,05% AT-AgNPs e GQ 0,1% AT-AgNPs. Nenhuma das membranas apresentou toxicidade contra células de fibroblastos humano. Tais resultados confirmam a possibilidade de aplicação dos materiais estudados como curativos para regeneração tecidual. / In this thesis, gelatin and chitosan membranes with silver nanoparticles were produced and studied, aiming at obtaining synergy in their properties for tissue engineering applications. The materials were chosen for their similar properties and applications. Gelatin is a biocompatible and biodegradable polypeptide derived from animal collagen. Chitosan, a polymer found in the cell wall of some fungi, can be obtained from the deacetylation of chitin. It is biocompatible, biodegradable, and may have antimicrobial effect. Silver nanoparticles also have antimicrobial effect. The membranes were prepared using the casting method, and the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized with an adapted Turkevich method (TK- AgNPs) and a similar one with addition of tannic acid (AT-AgNPs). Membranes with different compositions were made: gelatin only, chitosan, and blends of gelatin and chitosan (GQ), with the addition of different concentrations of AT-AgNPs or TK-AgNPs, crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (Gta) or not. The objective was to identify a composition with good antimicrobial capacity and low toxicity to human cells. The membranes were visually homogeneous, and the incorporation of nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The AT-AgNPs were smaller and more monodisperse than the TK- AgNPs. Membranes containing only chitosan and gelatin had no antimicrobial activity. Those containing AgNPs were toxic to the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacterium according to halo tests, with AgNP concentration-dependent toxicity. The most effective were the chitosan/TK-AgNPs/Gta membranes, 0.05% GQ AT-AgNPs and 0.1% GQ AT-AgNPs. None of the membranes showed toxicity against human fibroblast cells. These results confirm the possibility of application of the membranes as curatives for tissue regeneration.
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Intelligent Microcontainers : Fabrication, Characterization And Tunable Release Properties For Drug Delivery

Anandhakumar, S 07 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Polyelectrolyte capsules fabricated by layer-by-layer (LbL) technique are introduced as a simple and efficient carrier system for spontaneous deposition of proteins and low molecular water soluble drug. The objective of the work was to investigate the applicability of polyelectrolyte capsules as vehicles for sustained or controlled delivery of drugs. Two different polymeric systems composed of weak and strong polyelectrolytes were chosen to study the loading and release behavior in order to meet the requirements of biomedical applications. In the first system, the wall permeability of weak polyelectrolyte (PAH/PMA) capsules could be readily manipulated from open to closed state by simply varying the pH. The open and closed state of the capsules could be attributed to the charge density variation of weak polyelectrolytes, which induces the capsule wall to undergo a transition from continuous to nanoporous morphology due to phase segregation. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was spontaneously deposited in the hollow capsules and deposition was investigated by CLSM, SEM and AFM techniques. The driving force for spontaneous deposition was electrostatic interaction between the preloaded polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and BSA. The deposition was uniform and concentration of BSA in the capsule interior reached a few hundred times greater than that of bulk. The amount of loading was significantly influenced by the loading pH, loading concentration and charge density of substance to be loaded at the corresponding pH. The deposition was successful up to the isoelectric point of BSA (pH = 4.8) and there was no loading observed above that, since the deposition is based on electrostatic attraction between PSS and BSA. During the release at physiological pH of 7.4, charge reversal of BSA occurred which induced electrostatic repulsion between PSS and BSA thereby triggering the movement of BSA from the interior to the bulk. Release continued up to 5 h in water and a total release of 63 % was observed which increased to 72 % when release was performed in PBS. Spontaneous deposition of low molecular weight, water soluble drug, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride was performed in the same manner and its release profile was studied. Controlling diffusion of smaller drug molecules is extremely difficult in drug delivery applications. Cross linking of capsule wall components could be used to control the release rates of smaller drug molecules. Cross linking density is dependent on the cross linking time and increases the stiffness of the capsule wall. Release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride was possible even up to 6 h after cross linking. Antibacterial studies showed that the drug released even after 25 h has a significant effect on the bacterial pathogen E.coli. The second system included weak and strong polyelectrolytes (PAH & DS) and a novel route was employed to fabricate optically addressable capsules that could be laser activated for delivery of drugs. This approach involved a combination of LbL assembly and polyol reduction method wherein PEG was used to reduce AgNO3 to Ag nanoparticles (NPs). The capsules were prepared via LbL assembly of PAH and DS on silica template followed by synthesis of silver NPs in the layers and subsequent dissolution of the silica core. The sulfonate groups of DS present in the polyelectrolyte film act as binding sites for the adsorption of silver ions which are then reduced to silver NPs in the presence of PEG. The size of the silver NPs formed was influenced by the AgNO3 concentration used. At lower concentration, smaller particles of uniform distribution were observed which turned into larger particles of random distribution when the concentration of AgNO3 is increased. Silver NPs embedded capsules ruptured when exposed to laser and was significantly influenced by silver NPs size, their distribution, laser intensity and time of exposure. The synthesis of silver NPs increased the permeability of the capsules to higher molecular weight substances like dextran caused by the defects, discontinuities and pores created on the polymeric network due to the newly formed silver NPs. Encapsulation of FITC-dextran was performed using thermal encapsulation method by exploiting temperature induced shrinking of the capsules at elevated temperatures. During heat treatment the porous morphology transformed into smooth pore free structure which prevented the movement of dextran into the bulk and hence enrichment inside the capsules. The loaded dextran was readily released when exposed to laser and the release could be controlled from linear to burst release in order to meet practical requirements in biomedical applications.
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Silver nanostructures: chemical synthesis of colloids and composites nanoparticles, plamon resonance properties and silver nanoparticles monolayer films prepared by spin-coating

Torres Heredia, Victor Elias 08 November 2011 (has links)
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo desarrollar en solución acuosa y a tem-peratura ambiente, rutas de síntesis química coloidal de nanopartículas de plata y nano-partículas compuestas estables. Se obtienen nanopartículas de plata reproducibles, con un control morfológico de tamaño y forma durante el proceso de síntesis. Llevamos a cabo el estudio de las propiedades ópticas (espectros de absorción de las resonancias de plasmones superficiales (SPR)) que caracterizan a una determinada forma y tamaño. El análisis incluye estructuras nanométricas de plata de diferentes tamaños, en ambientes diversos y formas diferentes, como esferas, prolates, y prismas de diferente sección transversal, etc Se ha demostrado que la síntesis química produce coloides de nanopartículas de plata esféricas y anisotrópicas estables. La morfología y estabilidad de las nanopartícu-las coloidales son estudiadas mediante técnicas de espectroscopia y microscopía elec-trónica. El rol y concentración necesaria de cada uno de los reactivos para producir co-loides estables mediante síntesis química son determinadas. Se ha demostrado que, con-trariamente a las opiniones actualmente expresadas en la literatura, es posible controlar el tamaño de las nanopartículas de plata y obtener coloides de nanopartículas de plata esféricas y anisotrópicas estables por largo tiempo, utilizando una ruta de síntesis quí-mica sencilla y una baja concentración de reactivos estabilizadores (PVP). Recubrimientos de nanopartículas esféricas de plata estabilizadas con polivinilpirroli-dona (PVP) sobre substratos de vidrio óptico son preparados mediante el proceso de spin-coating y un posterior tratamiento térmico. Diferentes morfologías tipo core-shell de Ag@SiO2 son preparados mediante un método químico simple y rápido, sin necesidad de adicionar reactivos de acoplamiento o modificadores superficiales de la sílice. Proponemos mecanismos de reacción para la preparación de diferentes nano-estructuras tipo core-shell de plata-sílice. Las nanopartí-culas compuestas de sílice-plata muestran unas propiedades de absorción de resonancia plasmónica muy evidentes. El trabajo de éste capítulo ha sido realizado en colaboración con Juan C. Flores, quien desarrolló la ruta de síntesis como parte de sus estudios de doctorado. Por último, una modificación del método sol-gel es empleada para la prepara-ción de nanopartículas de TiO2, y partículas compuestas de Ag@TiO2, SiO2@TiO2-Ag y SiO2@Ag@TiO2. Diferentes morfologías tipo core-shell son preparadas mediante un método químico simple y rápido sobre un substrato óxido, sin necesidad de adicionar agentes de acoplamiento o modificaciones superficiales. Las evidentes propiedades de absorción plasmónica de las nanopartículas de plata mostradas por las partículas com-puestas han demostrado la presencia de plata metálica sobre la titania, sin la posterior oxidación de la capa de plata por el contacto directo con la titania (TiO2). Esta evidencia es confirmada por la técnica de microscopía electrónica de alta resolución. Las propie-dades de absorción plasmónica de las partículas compuestas hacen a estos materiales muy prometedores para aplicaciones foto-catalíticas. / The present work aims to develop chemical synthesis routes of stable colloidal silver nanoparticles and composites nanoparticles in aqueous solution at room tempera-ture. We obtain reproducible morphological control of silver nanoparticles size and shape during synthesis solely by solution chemistry and carry out the study of the opti-cal properties (surface plasmon resonances (RPS) absorption spectra) which character-ize a specific shape and size. The analysis includes silver nanosized bodies of different size, in diverse environments and of various shapes, as spheres, prolates, and prisms of different transversal section, etc. Synthetic wet chemistry routes yielding stable colloids of spherical and aniso-tropic silver nanoparticles are demonstrated, and the morphology and stability of the colloidal nanoparticles studied extensively through spectroscopy and electron micros-copy techniques. The role of each reagent and the concentrations required to obtain sta-ble colloid via these wet chemical routes is determined. It was shown that, contrary to commonly expressed opinions in the literature, it is possible to control the particle size of silver nanoparticles and obtain long-term sable colloids of both spherical and aniso-tropic silver nanoparticles using simple chemical routes and low concentration of stabi-lizing agent (PVP). Films of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilized spherical silver nanoparticles are also prepared, by using spin coating on standard optical glass plates and subsequent thermal processing. Different core-shell type morphologies of Ag@SiO2 are also produced using a simple and rapid chemical method, without using added coupling agents or surface modifications of silica. We propose reaction mechanisms for the formation of the dif-ferent silica-silver core-shell nanostructures. The silica-silver composite nanoparticle display clear plasmonic resonance absorption properties. This chapter work has been done in collaboration with PhD student Juan C. Flores who developed the synthesis route as part of his doctoral studies. Finally, a sol-gel chemistry approach was used to fabricate nanoparticles in the systems TiO2, Ag@TiO2, Ag@TiO2-SiO2 and TiO2@Ag@SiO2. Different core-shell morphologies are produced using a simple and rapid chemical method. without using added coupling agents or surface modifications of the oxide substrate. Clear silver na-noparticle plasmonic absorption properties shown by the composite nanoparticles demonstrate the formation of metallic Ag, without the oxidation of Ag nanoshell in di-rect contact with TiO2, evidence confirmed also by high resolution electron microscopy. The plasmonic absorption properties of the composites nanoparticles make them a promising material for photocatalytic applications.

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