O RNA de interferência (RNAi) é um processo envolvido com o silenciamento pós-transcricional de genes, sendo elucidado por moléculas de RNAs de dupla fita de 21-25 nucleotídeos, os small interfering RNA (siRNA), que ocorre naturalmente em uma ampla variedade de animais, plantas e microrganismos. Esse processo têm demonstrado potencial utilização para o tratamento de doenças em que se observa a super-expressão de genes, pois apresentam diversas vantagens como possibilidade de se utilizar esse mecanismo regulatório apenas pelo conhecimento da sequência do gene terapêutico, menores efeitos tóxicos e alta especificidade. Contudo, o principal desafio consiste no desenvolvimento de vetores seguros e eficazes que permitem a utilização do siRNA como terapia, visto que permitem a proteção do siRNA contra degradação enzimática, apresentam meia-vida prolongada na corrente sanguínea e propiciam um efetivo escape endossomal. Nesse sentido, nanopartículas de cristais líquidos associados ao polímero catiônico polietilenoimina (PEI) foram avaliadas como potenciais vetores não-virais para o siRNA específico para a proteína-1 relacionada à tirosinase (TRP-1), como alternativa para o tratamento tópico do vitiligo. Para isso, os cristais líquidos contendo o PEI foram complexados ao siRNA e avaliados quanto à estrutura líquido cristalina por microscopia de luz polarizada e por difração de raios-X a baixo ângulo (SAXS), tamanho de partícula/polidispersividade, potencial zeta e eficiência de complexação. A citotoxicidade dos sistemas foi avaliada em melanócitos melan-A pelo ensaio do MTT e por citometria de fluxo e, a avaliação da transfecção celular foi realizada por microscopia de fluorescência e por citometria de fluxo. Os diferentes sistemas contendo o polímero PEI apresentaram estruturas líquido cristalinas de fase hexagonal e de fase lamelar pela análise por SAXS, no entanto, a análise sob microscopia de luz polarizada, demonstrou estruturas de fase hexagonal, lamelar e isotrópica. A análise do tamanho de partícula mostrou a presença de sistemas nanoestruturados que foram capazes de se complexar ao siRNA na concentração de 10 ?M. Os estudos em cultura de célula demonstraram a maior viabilidade das células melan-A após tratamento com as nanodispersões líquido cristalinas formadas por monoleína (MO), ácido oleico (AO) e PEI, em relação ao polímero catiônico PEI em sua forma livre. Em relação à transfecção celular por microscopia de fluorescência e por citometria de fluxo foi possível observar a elevada eficiência de transfecção das nanodispersões líquido cristalinas formadas pelo sistema MO:AO:PEI. Resultados de inibição da expressão da proteína TRP-1 foram observadas em células melan-A por Western Blotting, após administração das nanodispersões líquido cristalinas associadas ao siRNA-TRP-1 específico. As nanodispersões liquido cristalinas estudas também proporcionaram maior liberação de siRNA na pele em modelo animal. Esses resultados, demonstram a potencial utilização desses sistemas para a terapia anti-sense de doenças cutâneas como o vitiligo, representando assim, uma importante contribuição para a terapia gênica tópica desta doença / The RNA interference (RNAi) is a process involved with the post-transcriptional gene silencing being elucidated by double-stranded RNA molecules of 21-25 nucleotides, the small interfering RNA (siRNA) that occurs naturally in a wide variety of animals, plants and microorganisms. This process has shown potential use for the treatment of diseases in which there is overexpression of genes, as they offer several advantages such as the possibility of using this regulatory mechanism just by knowing the sequence of the therapeutic gene, lower toxicity and high specificity. However, the main challenge is to develop safe and effective vectors that enable the use of siRNA as a therapy, since they allow the protection of siRNA against enzymatic degradation, have prolonged half-life in the bloodstream and provide an effective endosomal escape. Accordingly, liquid crystal nanoparticles associated with the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) were evaluated as potential non-viral vectors for specific siRNA for the protein related to tyrosinase-1 (TyRP-1) as an alternative for the topical treatment of vitiligo. For this, the liquid crystals containing PEI were complexed to siRNA and evaluated for liquid crystalline structure by polarized light microscopy and X-ray diffraction (SAXS), particle size / polydispersity index, zeta potential and complexation efficiency. The cytotoxicity of the systems was evaluated by MTT assay and flow cytometry in melan-A melanocytes and the evaluation of cellular uptake was performed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The different systems containing the polymer PEI exhibited liquid crystalline structures of hexagonal and lamellar phases by SAXS analysis, however, the analysis under polarized light microscopy showed liquid crystalline structures of hexagonal phase, lamellar and isotropic. The analysis of particle size showed the presence of nanostructured systems that were capable of complexing to the siRNA at concentration of 10 ?M. Studies in cell culture demonstrated a higher viability of melan-A cells after treatment with the liquid crystalline nanodispersions formed by monolein (MO), oleic acid (OA) and PEI in relation to the cationic polymer PEI in its free form. Regarding cellular uptake by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry was observed the high efficiency in uptake melan-A cells mediated by liquid crystalline nanodispersions formed by system MO:OA:PEI. Results inhibition of the expression of TyRP-1 protein were observed by Western Blotting in melan-A cells, after administration of liquid crystalline nanodispersions associated with specific siRNA-TyRP-1. The liquid crystalline nanodispersions evaluated also provided greater release of siRNA in the skin in an animal model. These results demonstrate the potential use of these systems for antisense therapy of skin diseases such as vitiligo, thus representing, an important contribution to the topical gene therapy for this disease

Morbillivirus est un genre de virus à ARN simple brin de polarité négative de la famille des Paramyxoviridae. Actuellement, il est composé de sept espèces responsables de maladies hautement contagieuses. Les infections par morbillivirus causent une forte mortalité chez l’Homme, les petits ruminants, les carnivores et chez certains mammifères marins. Les vaccins disponibles contre les morbillivirus exigent généralement 7-10 jours pour développer une immunité protectrice. Après la Peste Bovine, première maladie animale éradiquée avec succès, la peste des petits ruminants (PPR) est la prochaine cible pour l'éradication au niveau mondial d’ici 2030. Le vaccin actuel basé sur la souche PPR Nigeria 75/1 est adéquat pour la campagne d'éradication. Cependant, certaines améliorations peuvent être envisagées pour accroître son efficacité, raccourcir le temps nécessaire pour l’éradication et réduire les coûts. Par exemple, l’introduction d’un vaccin marqué positif/négatif permettrait la différenciation entre animaux infectés et vaccinés (DIVA stratégie), permettant ainsi en temps réel la surveillance de l'infection, la vaccination et l’élimination rapide des animaux infectés. Une autre amélioration pourrait être la modification du vaccin actuel par génétique inverse pour insérer une cassette exprimant des ARN interférents capables de cibler les souches virulentes PPRV. Ce vaccin thérapeutique serait utile en situation d'urgence pour contrôler l’infection le temps que l’immunité protectrice se mette en place après vaccination. Afin de développer et tester ces nouveaux vaccins et outils thérapeutiques, il est nécessaire d’utiliser des modèles petit animal et cellulaire pour limiter les expérimentations avec les animaux d'élevage Dans ce travail, nous avons contribué au développement d’un modèle cellulaire in vitro et d’un modèle murin in vivo pour étudier la pathogenèse des morbillivirus. Le présent document est divisé en trois principaux chapitres : « Identification d’un modèle cellulaire pour les études de pathogenèse du PPRV » ; « Construction d’un clone PPR marqué le gène luciférase rapporteur » ; et « Évaluation in vivo d’un petit ARN interférent (siRNA) contre les morbillivirus ». Dans le premier chapitre, la ligne cellulaire murine 10T1/2 a été éprouvée avec des souches atténuées et virulentes du PPRV dans des conditions différentes d’expression du récepteur SLAM de la chèvre et de la réponse interféron type I. Les résultats ont montré une permissivité des cellules 10T1/2 limitée aux souches virulentes du PPRV, laquelle est indépendante du récepteur SLAM de la chèvre et de la réponse interféron type I. Le deuxième chapitre visait à développer un PPRV recombinant capable d’exprimer une luciférase par la génétique inverse. Diverses stratégies d’assemblage du génome entier du PPRV ont été établies pour l’obtention du clone d’ADNc avec le génome complet du PPRV. Cependant, le rescue a été impossible à réaliser et les raisons en sont discutées. Le dernier chapitre englobait l’évaluation des siRNA comme outils thérapeutiques contre un autre morbillivirus recombinant capable d’exprimer la luciférase, le virus de la rougeole (MV). Alors que sur les lignées cellulaires nous avons observé 100% d’activité antivirale des siRNA contre le rMV-luc, la validation in vivo, utilisant le modèle souris transgénique CD46 humain sensible à la rougeole, a échoué. Pour conclure, ce travail apporte des avancées sur le développement d’outils pour étudier la pathogenèse non seulement du PPRV mais aussi d’autres morbillivirus. / Morbillivirus genus, a non-segmented negative single-strand RNA (ssRNA) group of viruses, belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and is currently composed of seven species responsible to highly contagious diseases. Morbillivirus infections cause significant mortality in humans, small ruminants, carnivores and in some marine mammals. The available vaccines against morbillivirus infections require usually 7-10 days to induce a protective immunity. After Rinderpest, the first animal disease successfully eradicated, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is the next target for global eradication by 2030.The current vaccine based on the Nigeria 75/1 is fit for purpose for the eradication campaign. However, some improvements can be envisaged to increase efficacy, shorten the time to complete the eradication and reduce costs. For instance, the introduction of a positive/negative marker in the vaccine could allow the Discrimination between Infected and Vaccinated Animals (DIVA strategy), thus enabling the real-time parallel monitoring of infection and vaccination, and rapid elimination of infected animals. Another improvement could be the modification of the current vaccine by reverse genetics to insert a cassette expressing interfering RNA targeting virulent strains of PPR. This therapeutic vaccine would be useful in emergency situations to control the infection over the delay necessary for the acquisition of an efficient vaccine protection. In order to develop and test these new vaccine tools, there is a need for new cell or small animal models to limit experiments with farm animals. In this work, we contributed in the development of in vitro and in vivo murine models to study morbillivirus pathogenesis. The present document is divided in three main chapters: “Identification of a cell model to PPRV pathogenesis studies”; “Construction of a full-length cDNA clone of PPRV with a luciferase reporter gene” and “In vivo evaluation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against morbilliviruses”. In the first chapter the mouse cell line 10T1/2 was challenged with attenuated and wild type PPRV strains using different conditions of goat SLAM expression and type I IFN response. The results showed a restricted permissiveness of 10T1/2 to wild type PPRV, which was independent of goat SLAM receptor and type I IFN response. The second chapter aimed to develop a recombinant PPRV expressing luciferase through reverse genetics methodology. Various strategies to assembling the PPRV genome were established reaching up to the full-length cDNA PPRV-luciferase construction. However, the rescue could not be achieved and the reasons for that are discussed. The last chapter encompassed the evaluation of siRNA as a prophylactic tool against another luciferase recombinant morbillivirus, the measles virus. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed with the recombinant MV (rMV-luc). Whereas in cell lines siRNA showed 100% of antiviral activity against rMV-luc, the validation in vivo, using a human CD46 transgenic mouse model susceptible to measles, failed. In conclusion, this work provides advancements in the development of tools for the study of the pathogenesis of PPRV and other morbilliviruses.

Tanto hormônios glicocorticóides (GCs) como o gene supressor de tumor TP53, medeiam a resposta celular a uma diversidade de condições fisiológicas de estresse, sendo reguladores fundamentais do processo de vida/morte de diversos tipos celulares. A interação funcional entre estes fatores vem sendo explorada, recentemente, revelando que GCs exercem um efeito dual sobre p53. O modelo celular ST1/P7 de glioma de rato é particularmente interessante para investigar o papel de p53 na ação de GCs, já que estas linhagens apresentam respostas distintas a GCs. O tratamento com Hidrocortisona (Hy) leva as células ST1 a uma complexa reversão fenotípica tumoral→normal, enquanto as células P7 são altamente resistentes ao tratamento. Foi possível observar que a ativação de p53 por Hy ocorre apenas em células ST1, mas não em P7. Esta ativação é mediada pela indução de fosforilação da Ser15 de p53 e seu acúmulo nuclear, o que resulta no aumento de sua ligação a elementos responsivos a p53 no DNA e na sua capacidade de transativação de p53, levando a um aumento da expressão de alguns de seus genes-alvo. Contudo, o bloqueio de p53 através de siRNA não foi suficiente para alterar a resposta de células ST1 a GCs, indicando que a regulação positiva de p53 por GCs pode ser um evento secundário, mas não essencial, para a resposta anti-tumoral exercida por estes hormônios em células ST1. / Both glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) and the TP53 tumor suppressor gene mediate cellular responses to a diversity of physiological stress conditions, acting as crucial regulators of the life/death process in a wide variety of cell types. The ST1/P7 rat glioma model cell system is particularly interesting to investigate the role of p53 in the action of GCs, since these cell lines display opposite responses to GCs. Treatment with Hydrocortisone (Hy) leads ST1 cells to a complete tumoral→normal phenotypic reversion, while P7 cells are highly resistant to this treatment. It was possible to observe that activation of p53 by Hy occurs only in ST1 cells, but not in GC-resistant P7 cells. This activation is mediated by induction of phosphorylation of the Ser15 residue of p53 and its accumulation in the nucleus, resulting in increased binding of p53 to its responsive elements on the DNA and in activation of its transactivating potential, leading to increased expression of some of its target genes. However, blocking of p53 through siRNA was not sufficient to alter ST1 cells response to GCs, indicating that the positive regulation of p53 by GCs may be a secondary, non-essential, event for the anti-tumor response exerted by these hormones in ST1 cells.

La prévalence de la maladie asthmatique est en constante augmentation à travers le monde. Au cours de la vie dun asthmatique, la fonction pulmonaire diminue plus fortement comparativement aux sujets normaux. Ceci est lié à linflammation et au remodelage des voies aériennes. Les caractéristiques principales du remodelage bronchique consistent en des dommages épithéliaux, une hyperplasie des cellules musculaires lisses, une hyperplasie glandulaire, et une fibrose sous-épithéliale incluant un dépôt de collagène dans la lamina reticularis de lépithélium bronchique. Les traitements actuels de lasthme ne sont pas efficaces dans le contrôle du remodelage bronchique et ne permettent pas de contrôler efficacement la maladie dun point de vue clinique. Pour cette raison, le développement de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques semble nécessaire afin de permettre un contrôle de linflammation aigue, de lhyperréactivité et du remodelage bronchiques. Dans ce travail, nous avons dans un premier temps, mis au point un modèle murin permettant létude de la réponse inflammatoire aigue mais également du remodelage bronchique. Grâce au développement de ce modèle murin, nous avons pu détecter par analyse transcriptomique de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles pour la maladie asthmatique telles que lAgr2, le Cd209e, le Col6 et le C1qa. Dautres gènes préalablement décrits comme surexprimés dans lasthme ont également été étudiés afin de valider notre modèle (MMP-12, Fcgr2b, Ccl8, chi3l3 et Arg1). Suite à cela, nous avons décidé dinvestiguer le rôle de la MMP-12 dans la pathologie asthmatique car bien que ce gène soit connu pour être surexprimé dans la maladie, son rôle exact dans la pathologie asthmatique nétait pas encore clair. La MMP-12, également appelée métalloélastase du macrophage, est une pro-enzyme de 54 kDa qui est clivée en deux formes actives de 45 kDa et de 22 kDa. Elle est exprimée principalement par les macrophages alvéolaires mais également par les cellules épithéliales bronchiques, les cellules dendritiques et les cellules musculaires lisses. Le substrat principal de cette enzyme est lélastine qui représente environ 2.5% du poids sec des poumons. En plus de son activité élastolytique, la MMP-12 peut dégrader dautres composants de la matrice extracellulaire comme le collagène de type IV, la fibronectine, la laminine, la vitronectine, les protéoglycans, etc. Elle a également la capacité dactiver la pro-MMP-2 et la pro-MMP-3 qui peuvent à leur tour activer la pro-MMP-9 et la pro-MMP-1. Cette cascade protéolytique explique comment la MMP-12 peut provoquer une dégradation exagérée dune grande variété de composant de la matrice extracellulaire. La MMP-12 est également capable de dégrader dautres substrats non liés à la matrice extracellulaire. Une régulation anormale de lexpression de la MMP-12 est rencontrée dans différentes pathologies telles que les maladies inflammatoires de la peau, lanévrisme de laorte, le cancer et lemphysème pulmonaire. Afin détudier plus avant le rôle de la MMP-12 dans linflammation allergique et dans le remodelage bronchique, nous avons appliqué notre modèle murin à des souris déficientes pour le gène de la MMP-12 ainsi quaux souris wild-type correspondantes. A la fin de chaque protocole expérimental, la résistance bronchique mesurée à laide du système Flexivent est moins importante chez les souris déficientes pour le gène de la MMP-12 exposées à lallergène lorsquon les compare aux souris de type sauvage correspondantes. Les pourcentages déosinophiles présents dans le lavage bronchoalvéolaire des souris déficientes pour le gène de la MMP-12 exposées à lallergène sont significativement moins importants que ceux présents chez les souris de type sauvage correspondantes et ce quelque soit le temps dexposition. Les mêmes différences ont été observées pour le score inflammatoire et pour linfiltration des éosinophiles au sein des parois bronchiques. Le pourcentage de cellules caliciformes présentes dans lépithélium bronchique est significativement moins important chez les souris déficientes pour le gène de la MMP-12 exposées à lallergène durant 1 et 5 semaines comparativement aux souris de type sauvage correspondantes mais plus aucune différence na pu être observée après 10 semaines dexposition. Le nombre de mastocyte est significativement moins important chez les souris déficientes pour le gène de la MMP-12 exposées à lallergène durant 5 et 10 semaines comparativement aux souris sauvages correspondantes. Aucune différence na pu être observée après 1 semaine dexposition. Enfin, lépaisseur de la couche de muscle lisse est significativement moins importante chez les souris déficientes pour le gène de la MMP-12 exposées à lovalbumine durant 5 et 10 semaines comparativement aux souris de type sauvage correspondantes. Suite à ces résultats, nous avons montré que le MMP-12 était une cible thérapeutique potentielle pour lasthme. Nous avons également montré que les principales modifications dues au déficit de ce gène survenaient dès la première semaine dexposition. Nous avons donc décidé de tester les effets de linstillation dun siRNA ciblant la MMP-12 dans notre modèle murin dinflammation aigue. Un western blot et une PCR spécifiques de la MMP-12 ont été réalisés afin de sassurer que le siRNA permettait bien de diminuer lexpression de ce gène. Linstillation de siRNA ciblant la MMP-12 entraine bien une diminution de lexpression de ce gène tant au niveau de lARNm quau niveau protéique. Le pourcentage déosinophiles présents dans le lavage bronchoalvéolaire des souris exposées à lallergène ayant été instillées avec le siRNA ciblant la MMP-12 est significativement diminué par rapport à celui des souris exposées à lallergène ayant été instillées avec du PBS ou avec un siRNA scramble. De plus, cette diminution dépend de la dose de siRNA utilisée. Les mêmes observations ont pu être réalisées en ce qui concerne linfiltration des éosinophiles au sein des parois bronchiques ainsi que pour le pourcentage de cellules à mucus présentes dans lépithélium bronchique. Linstillation du siRNA chez les souris exposées à lallergène entraine une diminution du score inflammatoire par rapport aux souris ayant été instillées avec du PBS ou avec le siRNA scramble mais cette diminution semble moins dépendre de la dose de siRNA utilisé. Les niveaux dexpression de CCL-11 et de lIL-13 mesurés par ELISA sont diminués suite au traitement avec le siRNA ciblant lARNm de la MMP-12 comparativement aux souris contrôles. De même, les niveaux dexpression du TNF-α et de larginase I mesurés par western blot sont diminués après linstillation du siRNA ciblant la MMP-12. Au terme de ce travail, nous pouvons donc conclure que le MMP-12 joue un rôle important dans la pathologie asthmatique et que ladministration de siRNA ciblant ce gène permet de diminuer linflammation à éosinophiles ainsi que lhyperplasie des cellules à mucus. Ceci permet de penser que la MMP-12 est une nouvelle cible thérapeutique potentielle pour le traitement de lasthme.

The continued spread of HIV underscores the need to interrupt transmission. One attractive strategy is a topical microbicide. Sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in mice can be inhibited by intravaginal small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) application. To overcome the challenges of using siRNAs to knock down gene expression in immune cells susceptible to HIV infection, we used chimeric RNAs composed of an aptamer fused to an siRNA for targeted gene knockdown in cells bearing an aptamer-binding receptor. Here, we showed that CD4 aptamer-siRNA chimeras (CD4-AsiCs) specifically suppress gene expression in CD4+ T cells and macrophages in vitro, in polarized cervicovaginal tissue explants, and in both the genital and rectal tracts of humanized mice. CD4-AsiCs do not activate lymphocytes or stimulate innate immunity, provide durable target gene silencing for up to three weeks in vitro, and maintain effectiveness in a hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) gel formulation. CD4-AsiCs that knock down HIV genes and/or CCR5 inhibited HIV infection in vitro and in cervicovaginal explants. When applied intravaginally to humanized mice, CD4-AsiCs provided durable protection against transmission of the virus. Thus, CD4-AsiCs could be used as the active ingredient of a microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV.

Hintergrund: Connexine (Cx) spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei Wachstum und Differenzierung. Die Angiogenese ist an vielen physiologischen und pathologischen Prozessen beteiligt. Jedoch ist noch unklar, ob Connexine einen Einfluss auf die Angiogenese haben. Fragestellung; In dieser Arbeit sollte die Rolle endothelialer Connexine an der Angiogenese untersucht werden. Methoden: Venöse Zellen der menschlichen Nabelschnur (HUVEC) wurden kultiviert bis sie subkonfluent waren. Vor der 3D Kultur im Matrigel wurden die Zellen entweder mit Nicotin, dem Gap Junction Inhibitor Palmitoleinsäure (PA), einem siRNA-Knockdown von entweder Cx37, Cx40 oder Cx43 oder mit Isoprenalin behandelt. Die Zellen wurden dann auf ein in vitro Angiogenese-Assay (3D-Kultur, Matrigel) gegeben und nach 18h wurden unterschiedliche Angiogeneseparameter erhoben, um die Komplexität der Angiogenese zu beurteilen. Änderungen der Expression der Cx mRNA- und Proteinexpression sowie der Kommunikation über Gap Junctions wurden mittels PCR, Immunfluoreszenzmikroskopie, Western Blot und Lucifer Yellow Dye Transfer untersucht. Bei Gewebeproben der A. mammaria von Rauchern und Nichtrauchern wurden mittels Immunofluoreszenzmikroskopie die Expression der Cx beurteilt. Ergebnisse: Die Behandlung mit spezifischer siRNA führte zu einer signifikanten Abnahme der Expression des jeweiligen Connexins in den HUVECs. Sowohl der Knockdown als auch die Behandlung mit PA verringerte die Kommunikation über Gap Junctions signifikant und reduzierte die Anzahl der Abzweigungen im Angiogenese-Assay. Der Knockdown des Cx43 und Cx40 sowie die Behandlung mit PA reduzierten ebenfalls die Komplexität des Musters im Matrigel-Assay. Nicotin führte zu einer Reduktion der Cx43- und Cx37-Proteinexpression, wohingegen Cx40 durch transskriptionelle Gegenregulation konstant gehalten wurde, sowie zu einer Abnahme der Länge der Kapillar-ähnlichen-Strukturen, der Anzahl der Abzweigungen und des Musters im Matrigelassay, während die Anzahl der Zellen zunahm. Die mRNA-Expression der Connexine war hingegen erhöht. In Gewebeproben von Rauchern konnte analog eine verminderte Expression von Cx43 und Cx37, aber nicht von Cx40, in der Intima gezeigt werden. Isoprenalin erhöhte die Proteinexpression der endothelialen Connexine und verbesserte sowohl die interzelluläre Kommunikation als auch das Muster im Matrigel-Assay. Ebenso waren die Kapillar-ähnlichen Strukturen im Vergleich zur Kontrolle länger. Schlussfolgerung: Aus den erhobenen Ergebnissen lässt sich der Schluss ziehen, dass Connexine bei der Angiogenese involviert sind, vor allem beim Vorgang der Verzweigung. Dies kann teilweise die Veränderung erklären, die eine Nicotinbehandlung auf die Angiogenese hat.

<p>Small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulators of plant development through modulation of the processing, stability and translation of larger RNAs. I generated small RNA datasets comprising over 200 million aligned Illumina sequence reads covering all major cell types of the root as well as four distinct developmental zones. These data were analyzed for three major types of small RNAs, namely microRNAs (miRNAs), repeat associated small interfering RNAs (ra-siRNAs), and trans-acting siRNAs (ta-siRNAs). 133 of the 243 known miRNAs were found to be expressed in the root, and most showed tissue- or zone-specific expression patterns. My collaborators and I identified 70 new high-confidence miRNAs, and knockdown of three of the newly identified miRNAs resulted in altered root growth phenotypes. Ra-siRNAs specify methylation by the RNA directed DNA methylation (RdRM) pathway, requiring the generation of additional methylation datasets. Preliminary analysis shows cell-type specific methylation patterns that correlate with small RNA and mRNA expression. Analysis of ta-siRNAs revealed new ta-siRNA generating loci, and a novel triggering miRNA for TAS1 loci. In summary, our study demonstrates the power of isolating individual cell types and developmental zones in combination with deep sequencing and computational analyses to obtain detailed profiles of ncRNAs, as well as to significantly extend the compendium of known functional RNAs.</p> / Dissertation

A terapia gênica por interferência de RNA (RNAi) trata-se de um processo de silenciamento pós-transcricional capaz de suprimir a expressão de um determinado gene. A RNAi é uma proposta terapêutica promissora para o tratamento de muitas doenças severas que ainda não possuem cura ou terapias bem definidas. Porém, é necessário o desenvolvimento de sistemas de liberação clinicamente adequados, seguros e eficazes para se viabilizar essa nova terapêutica, uma vez que obstáculos na administração e distribuição in vivo comprometem o uso clínico dos siRNAs (small interfering RNA). Paralelamente, a liberação tópica de siRNAs surge como uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento de patologias cutâneas. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de liberação baseado em nanotecnologia para a liberação tópica de siRNAs, visando introduzir a terapia gênica como nova abordagem para o tratamento de patologias cutâneas. Como sistema de liberação, foram desenvolvidas nanodispersões líquido-cristalinas aquosas, compostas por monoleína (MO), um lipídeo polar biocompatível, associadas ou não com ácido oléico (AO). Foram incorporados a esses sistemas os adjuvantes catiônicos polietilenoimina (PEI) e oleilamina (OAM) para obtenção das nanodispersões. Dentre as nanodispersões aquosas desenvolvidas, foram escolhidas as preparações com as menores concentrações de adjuvantes catiônicos, a saber: MO e OAM a 0,4%, MO e PEI a 0,4%, MO, AO e OAM a 2,5% e MO, AO e PEI a 1,0%. Estas formulações apresentaram: reduzido tamanho médio das partículas, baixa polidispersividade, valores de potencial zeta positivos (característica interessante para interação com as moléculas de siRNA que apresentam carga negativa), baixa citotoxicidade in vitro e foram capazes de complexar o siRNA na concentração final de 2,5 ?M. A análise de difração de raios X caracterizou a fase líquido-cristalina desses sistemas como hexagonal, exceto a nanodispersão MO e PEI a 0,4% que foi caracterizada como uma mistura de fase hexagonal e cúbica. As nanodispersões obtidas foram capazes de aumentar a penetração cutânea de siRNA in vitro. Face aos resultados obtidos, podemos concluir que as formulações desenvolvidas são sistemas de liberação de base nanotecnológica promissores para administração tópica de siRNA para o tratamento de patologias cutâneas na terapia gênica. / Gene therapy by RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional silencing process that can suppress the expression of a particular gene. The RNAi is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of many severe diseases that have no cure or well-defined treatments. However, the development of clinically appropriate, safe and effective delivery systems is necessary to enable this new therapy, since obstacles in the in vivo administration and distribution committed the clinical use of siRNAs (small interfering RNA). In addition, the topical delivery of siRNAs appears as a promising alternative for the treatment of cutaneous pathologies. In this context, this research aimed to develop a delivery system based on Nanotechnology for the topical delivery of siRNAs, aiming to introduce gene therapy as a new approach for the treatment of skin disorders. As a delivery system, liquid-crystalline nanodispersions, composed by monoolein (MO), a polar biocompatible lipid, associated or not with oleic acid (OA) were developed. The cationic adjuvants polyethylenimine (PEI) and oleylamine (OAM) were incorporated into these systems to obtain the nanodispersions. Among the aqueous nanodispersions developed, preparations with lower concentration of cationic adjuvant were chosen, these consisting of: MO and OAM at 0.4%, MO and PEI at 0.4%, MO, OA and OAM at 2.5% and MO, OA and PEI at 1.0%. These formulations presented: reduced average particle size, low polydispersity, positive values of zeta potential (an interesting feature for interacting with the siRNA molecules that have a negative charge), low cytotoxicity in vitro and they were able to complex the siRNA at a final concentration of 2.5 ?M. The X-ray diffraction analysis characterized the liquid crystalline phase of these systems as hexagonal, except the nanodispersion MO and PEI at 0.4% which was characterized as a mixture of cubic and hexagonal phases. The nanodispersions obtained were able to increase the skin penetration of siRNA in vitro. With the results obtained, we can conclude that the formulations developed are delivery systems based on nanotechnology, promising for topical administration of siRNA for the treatment of cutaneous diseases in gene therapy.

O RNA de interferência (RNAi) é um processo envolvido com o silenciamento pós-transcricional de genes, sendo elucidado por moléculas de RNAs de dupla fita de 21-25 nucleotídeos, os small interfering RNA (siRNA), que ocorre naturalmente em uma ampla variedade de animais, plantas e microrganismos. Esse processo têm demonstrado potencial utilização para o tratamento de doenças em que se observa a super-expressão de genes, pois apresentam diversas vantagens como possibilidade de se utilizar esse mecanismo regulatório apenas pelo conhecimento da sequência do gene terapêutico, menores efeitos tóxicos e alta especificidade. Contudo, o principal desafio consiste no desenvolvimento de vetores seguros e eficazes que permitem a utilização do siRNA como terapia, visto que permitem a proteção do siRNA contra degradação enzimática, apresentam meia-vida prolongada na corrente sanguínea e propiciam um efetivo escape endossomal. Nesse sentido, nanopartículas de cristais líquidos associados ao polímero catiônico polietilenoimina (PEI) foram avaliadas como potenciais vetores não-virais para o siRNA específico para a proteína-1 relacionada à tirosinase (TRP-1), como alternativa para o tratamento tópico do vitiligo. Para isso, os cristais líquidos contendo o PEI foram complexados ao siRNA e avaliados quanto à estrutura líquido cristalina por microscopia de luz polarizada e por difração de raios-X a baixo ângulo (SAXS), tamanho de partícula/polidispersividade, potencial zeta e eficiência de complexação. A citotoxicidade dos sistemas foi avaliada em melanócitos melan-A pelo ensaio do MTT e por citometria de fluxo e, a avaliação da transfecção celular foi realizada por microscopia de fluorescência e por citometria de fluxo. Os diferentes sistemas contendo o polímero PEI apresentaram estruturas líquido cristalinas de fase hexagonal e de fase lamelar pela análise por SAXS, no entanto, a análise sob microscopia de luz polarizada, demonstrou estruturas de fase hexagonal, lamelar e isotrópica. A análise do tamanho de partícula mostrou a presença de sistemas nanoestruturados que foram capazes de se complexar ao siRNA na concentração de 10 ?M. Os estudos em cultura de célula demonstraram a maior viabilidade das células melan-A após tratamento com as nanodispersões líquido cristalinas formadas por monoleína (MO), ácido oleico (AO) e PEI, em relação ao polímero catiônico PEI em sua forma livre. Em relação à transfecção celular por microscopia de fluorescência e por citometria de fluxo foi possível observar a elevada eficiência de transfecção das nanodispersões líquido cristalinas formadas pelo sistema MO:AO:PEI. Resultados de inibição da expressão da proteína TRP-1 foram observadas em células melan-A por Western Blotting, após administração das nanodispersões líquido cristalinas associadas ao siRNA-TRP-1 específico. As nanodispersões liquido cristalinas estudas também proporcionaram maior liberação de siRNA na pele em modelo animal. Esses resultados, demonstram a potencial utilização desses sistemas para a terapia anti-sense de doenças cutâneas como o vitiligo, representando assim, uma importante contribuição para a terapia gênica tópica desta doença / The RNA interference (RNAi) is a process involved with the post-transcriptional gene silencing being elucidated by double-stranded RNA molecules of 21-25 nucleotides, the small interfering RNA (siRNA) that occurs naturally in a wide variety of animals, plants and microorganisms. This process has shown potential use for the treatment of diseases in which there is overexpression of genes, as they offer several advantages such as the possibility of using this regulatory mechanism just by knowing the sequence of the therapeutic gene, lower toxicity and high specificity. However, the main challenge is to develop safe and effective vectors that enable the use of siRNA as a therapy, since they allow the protection of siRNA against enzymatic degradation, have prolonged half-life in the bloodstream and provide an effective endosomal escape. Accordingly, liquid crystal nanoparticles associated with the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) were evaluated as potential non-viral vectors for specific siRNA for the protein related to tyrosinase-1 (TyRP-1) as an alternative for the topical treatment of vitiligo. For this, the liquid crystals containing PEI were complexed to siRNA and evaluated for liquid crystalline structure by polarized light microscopy and X-ray diffraction (SAXS), particle size / polydispersity index, zeta potential and complexation efficiency. The cytotoxicity of the systems was evaluated by MTT assay and flow cytometry in melan-A melanocytes and the evaluation of cellular uptake was performed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The different systems containing the polymer PEI exhibited liquid crystalline structures of hexagonal and lamellar phases by SAXS analysis, however, the analysis under polarized light microscopy showed liquid crystalline structures of hexagonal phase, lamellar and isotropic. The analysis of particle size showed the presence of nanostructured systems that were capable of complexing to the siRNA at concentration of 10 ?M. Studies in cell culture demonstrated a higher viability of melan-A cells after treatment with the liquid crystalline nanodispersions formed by monolein (MO), oleic acid (OA) and PEI in relation to the cationic polymer PEI in its free form. Regarding cellular uptake by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry was observed the high efficiency in uptake melan-A cells mediated by liquid crystalline nanodispersions formed by system MO:OA:PEI. Results inhibition of the expression of TyRP-1 protein were observed by Western Blotting in melan-A cells, after administration of liquid crystalline nanodispersions associated with specific siRNA-TyRP-1. The liquid crystalline nanodispersions evaluated also provided greater release of siRNA in the skin in an animal model. These results demonstrate the potential use of these systems for antisense therapy of skin diseases such as vitiligo, thus representing, an important contribution to the topical gene therapy for this disease

Au cours de cette thèse, j’ai utilisé des complexes composés d’acides nucléiques, d’un polymère cationique et de liposomes cationiques appelés Lipopolyplexes pour formuler des siRNA (LPRi) et un leurre ADN (LPD) afin inhiber la croissance des cellules 4T1, un modèle murin de carcinome mammaire. Dans une première étude, des injections systémique ou endotrachéale de LPRi avec des siRNA anti-luciférase n’ont pas permis d’inhiber l’expression de la luciférase dans des métastases pulmonaires induites par des cellules 4T1-luciférase. A partir de ces résultats, les LPRi ont été améliorés en ciblant les cellules 4T1 avec le peptide uPA et/ou RGDc ou l’acide folique incorporés aux liposomes selon diverses approches. Les formulations obtenues ont été caractérisées, leur endocytose et l’effet siRNA mesurés in vitro. Cette deuxième partie a permis d’établir que les LPRi décorés avec du folate étaient la meilleure formulation ciblée. Dans une troisième partie, l’inhibition de la prolifération des cellules 4T1 a été recherchée en ciblant le facteur de transcription STAT3. Des LPRi anti-STAT3 ont montré une très bonne efficacité pour inhiber STAT3, mais sans effet antiprolifératif significatif. Des LPD anti-STAT3 ont montré un très bon effet antiprolifératif, celui-ci étant renforcé lorsqu’une co-délivrance siRNA/leurre ADN (LPRiD) a été réalisée. In vivo, un délai de la croissance des tumeurs 4T1 a été observé après co-délivrance siRNA/leurre ADN. Cette thèse a permis de montrer l’efficacité des lipopolyplexes pour la délivrance combinée de siRNA et de leurre ADN dans les cellules tumorales 4T1. Ils indiquent que des études sont cependant nécessaires pour augmenter leur délivrance in vivo dans la tumeur. / During this thesis, I used complexes made with nucleic acids, cationic polymer and cationic liposomes called Lipopolyplexes to formulate siRNA (LPRi) and DNA molecular decoy (LPD) in order to inhibit the growth of 4T1 cells, a murine model of mammary carcinoma. In a first study, systemic or endotracheal injections of LPRi comprising anti-luciferase siRNA did not allow luciferase inhibition in pulmonary metastases induced by 4T1-Luc cells. From these results, LPRi were improved by targeting 4T1 cells using incorporation, by different means, of uPA and/or RGDc peptide or folic acid in liposomes. Resulted formulations were characterized, their internalization and siRNA transfection efficiency were measured in vitro. This second part showed that folate targeting of LPRi was the best formulation. In a third part, proliferation inhibition of 4T1 cells was investigated by targeting the STAT3 transcription factor. Anti-STAT3 siRNA LPRi showed very good efficacy in inhibiting STAT3, but without significant antiproliferative effect. Anti-STAT3 decoy LPD showed a very good antiproliferative effect, the latter being reinforced when co-delivery siRNA/DNA decoy (LPRiD) was performed. In vivo, a growth retardation of 4T1 tumors was observed after co-delivery siRNA/DNA decoy. This thesis demonstrated the effectiveness of lipopolyplexes for combined delivery of siRNA and DNA decoy in the 4T1 tumor cells. Some studies are however required to increase their in vivo delivery into the tumor.