While the study of complete sources is very valuable, and has contributed greatly to what is understood of music history, the perspective they contribute is limited because they cannot reveal information about how music and music sources were most often used. The study of functional sources, more probably created for use, allows for more insight into how music was performed and understood, and how such sources were created, used and valued. This study examines twelve fragmentary early sixteenth-century English sources from the Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (DIAMM) database, constituting a sample of functional music sources in this period. The study of this sampling reveals information about how functional manuscripts were created, used and valued in England during this time period. Some of the fragments contain works with concordances. These concordances are compared using variant comparison, where differences in the versions of the work are considered and weighed. The comparative study of concordances provides insight into the transmission of the versions, scribal and performance culture, as well as into music culture in general. Overall, the study of this sampling of early sixteenth-century functional English sources provides a clearer understanding of the use of accidentals, scribes and scribal culture, performers, performance practice and music culture in England at this time, contributing to the understanding of music history.

While the study of complete sources is very valuable, and has contributed greatly to what is understood of music history, the perspective they contribute is limited because they cannot reveal information about how music and music sources were most often used. The study of functional sources, more probably created for use, allows for more insight into how music was performed and understood, and how such sources were created, used and valued. This study examines twelve fragmentary early sixteenth-century English sources from the Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (DIAMM) database, constituting a sample of functional music sources in this period. The study of this sampling reveals information about how functional manuscripts were created, used and valued in England during this time period. Some of the fragments contain works with concordances. These concordances are compared using variant comparison, where differences in the versions of the work are considered and weighed. The comparative study of concordances provides insight into the transmission of the versions, scribal and performance culture, as well as into music culture in general. Overall, the study of this sampling of early sixteenth-century functional English sources provides a clearer understanding of the use of accidentals, scribes and scribal culture, performers, performance practice and music culture in England at this time, contributing to the understanding of music history.

While the study of complete sources is very valuable, and has contributed greatly to what is understood of music history, the perspective they contribute is limited because they cannot reveal information about how music and music sources were most often used. The study of functional sources, more probably created for use, allows for more insight into how music was performed and understood, and how such sources were created, used and valued. This study examines twelve fragmentary early sixteenth-century English sources from the Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (DIAMM) database, constituting a sample of functional music sources in this period. The study of this sampling reveals information about how functional manuscripts were created, used and valued in England during this time period. Some of the fragments contain works with concordances. These concordances are compared using variant comparison, where differences in the versions of the work are considered and weighed. The comparative study of concordances provides insight into the transmission of the versions, scribal and performance culture, as well as into music culture in general. Overall, the study of this sampling of early sixteenth-century functional English sources provides a clearer understanding of the use of accidentals, scribes and scribal culture, performers, performance practice and music culture in England at this time, contributing to the understanding of music history.

While the study of complete sources is very valuable, and has contributed greatly to what is understood of music history, the perspective they contribute is limited because they cannot reveal information about how music and music sources were most often used. The study of functional sources, more probably created for use, allows for more insight into how music was performed and understood, and how such sources were created, used and valued. This study examines twelve fragmentary early sixteenth-century English sources from the Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (DIAMM) database, constituting a sample of functional music sources in this period. The study of this sampling reveals information about how functional manuscripts were created, used and valued in England during this time period. Some of the fragments contain works with concordances. These concordances are compared using variant comparison, where differences in the versions of the work are considered and weighed. The comparative study of concordances provides insight into the transmission of the versions, scribal and performance culture, as well as into music culture in general. Overall, the study of this sampling of early sixteenth-century functional English sources provides a clearer understanding of the use of accidentals, scribes and scribal culture, performers, performance practice and music culture in England at this time, contributing to the understanding of music history.

Cette thèse a pour ambition de montrer que la représentation du seizième siècle constitue un élément définitoire du théâtre romantique. Le rapport des dramaturges à leurs sources éclaire le goût du seizième siècle qu’ont eu les romantiques et témoigne de la constitution d’un patrimoine dramatique et de la défense d’une poétique qui se veut en rupture avec la tradition théâtrale classique (première partie). Les territoires privilégiés du seizième siècle romantique sont en particulier la France de François Ier, l’Espagne (et l’Empire) de Charles Quint puis de Philippe II, la France des guerres de Religion, l’Angleterre et l’Italie (seconde partie). / This thesis aims at demonstrating that the representation of the sitxteenth century is a criterion which defines Romantic theatre. First, it underscores the relationship between playwhrights and their sources, which enlightens the Romantic taste of the sixteenth century and shows the establishment of a dramatic heritage and of the safeguard of a poetic that wants to break away from the classic theatrical tradition. Then, it focuses on Romantic-sixteenth- century favourite settings : France during the time of Francis the First, Spain (and Empire) of Charles the Fifth and then of Philip the Second, France during the period of the Religious Wars, and finally England and Italy.

L’imaginaire de François Rabelais se présente souvent à la faveur d’éléments étranges, ambigus et équivoques qui proviennent de la virtuosité stylistique mise en œuvre. Cette liaison nette entre l’imaginaire et la technique se manifeste dans de nombreuses descriptions dont l’auteur nourrit le Tiers livre et le Quart livre. Appréhender les pratiques descriptives dans ces deux œuvres nécessite une analyse à deux niveaux distincts de la technique d’écriture : le style et les objets décrits. Pour le premier, le recours aux théories rhétorique et dialectique de l’époque permet d’illustrer le procédé d’hybridation qui renvoie aux multiples pratiques descriptives existant avant Rabelais. Pour les seconds, le rapprochement avec l’art des grotesques souligne, par ses figures capricieuses et composites, la supériorité de l’artifice sur la nature. En se reportant au réel et au fictif dans le système complexe de rapport entre le mot et le référent, cette investigation révèle la modalité de l’« ingénieuse fiction » forgée par l’artifice de Rabelais. / The imaginary world of François Rabelais appears often as strange, ambiguous, and polysemic, a result of his stylistic virtuosity. This close connection between creativity and technique shows itself in the numerous descriptions with which the author furnishes his Tiers livre and Quart livre. Full comprehension of the descriptive practices in these two works requires an analysis at both levels of his written technique : the style and the objects described. For the former, a consideration of the rhetorical and dialectical theories of Rabelais' contemporaries illustrates a process of hybridization, which refers to the multiple descriptive practices available to Rabelais. For the latter, a connection drawn to the grotesque in art emphasizes, by its capricious and composite figures, the superiority of artifice over nature. By placing the real and the imaginary within the complex system of relationships between the word and the referent, this investigation finds a modality of " ingenious fiction " forged by the artifice of Rabelais.

osso objetivo, nesta dissertação, é analisar a poética de um século, a do XVI, e a poética de um autor, a de Herberto Helder. Trata-se de produções artísticas que se assemelham, pois, por motivos distintos, privilegiam o processo de criação poética, a obra inacabada, em detrimento ao produto final, a obra acabada. Ao mesmo tempo, demonstraremos que as categorias vigentes no imaginário do senso comum são insuficientes para explicitar poéticas, como estas, moventes. Enquanto obra em processo, constataremos que a produção quinhentista, sendo meio de comunicação social, caracteriza-se pela profusão de variantes, ao passo que a poética herbertiana caracteriza-se pela adoção de um princípio cosmológico: o devir. Pela adesão a este princípio, os poemas herbertianos são concebidos enquanto corpos, passíveis de transmutação e, concomitantemente, desencadeadores de transmutação. A poética herbertiana, ao eleger o devir como fundamento universal do existente, aparece em consonância com as filosofias da imanência e da materialidade da comunicação que, por sua vez, desempenham um papel significativo na cena do pensamento contemporâneo. / Our objective, at this dissertation, is to analyze the poetry of a century, the sixteenth, and the poetry of an author, of Herberto Helder. These are artistic productions similar because, for different reasons, favour the process of creating poetry, the unfinished work, in detriment to the final product, the finished work. At the same time, we´ll demonstrate that the existing categories in the imaginary of the common sense are insufficient to explain poetics, as these, moving. As work in process, we´ll evidence that the production of the sixteenth century, and means of social communication, characterizes by the proliferation of variants, while the poetry of Herberto Helder is characterized for the election adoption of a cosmological principle: the becoming. By the adhesion to this principle, the poems of Herberto Helder are considered as bodies, susceptible to the transmutation and, concomitantly, agents of transmutation. The poetic of Herberto Helder, to elect the becoming as existing universal basis, appears in accord with the philosophies of immanence and the materiality of communication which, in turn, play a important role in the scene of contemporary thought.

Nesta dissertação, partiu-se da herança da tradição cristã do direito de guerra justa a fim de compreender as modulações experimentadas pelo conceito quando de sua aplicação, na legislação castelhana, aos processos de conquista e colonização das Índias Ocidentais de 1492 a 1573. Tendo em conta a polêmica instaurada com a dúvida acerca da legitimidade da conquista, foram consideradas as posições de alguns dos mais influentes teólogos, juristas, conquistadores e administradores coloniais. Deu-se especial atenção ao pensamento de Francisco de Vitoria e Domingo de Soto, os maiores expoentes da Escola de Salamanca, em razão do debate historiográfico pendente na direção da coadunação entre a doctrina communis apresentada por eles quanto à guerra e as normas de Castela. Observou-se que, durante quase todo o período analisado, o teor da legislação pressupôs a inferioridade dos nativos, bem como uma interpretação teocrático-pontifical das bulas papais de 1493. O rol de causas disparadoras da guerra se mostrou variável, conforme o texto e a circunstância, abarcando imperativos de defesa, castigo, conversão, vingança, domínio e civilização. / In this thesis, the heritage of the Christian tradition of just war was considered in order to understand the modulation experienced by the concept upon its application, in Castilian legislation, to the processes of conquest and colonization of the West Indies from 1492 to 1573. Taking into account the controversy brought with the doubt concerning the legitimacy of the conquest, the positions of some of the most influential theologians, jurists, conquerors and colonial administrators were analyzed. Special attention was provided to the thought of Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto, the greatest exponents of the School of Salamanca, given the pending historiographical debate toward coadunition between their doctrina communis about war and the rules of Castile. It was observed that, during most of the period studied, the content of the legislation assumed the inferiority of the natives, as well as a theocratic-pontifical interpretation of the papal bulls of 1493. The list of triggering causes of war was variable, according to the text and the circumstance, covering defense, punishment, conversion, revenge, domination and civilization imperatives.

osso objetivo, nesta dissertação, é analisar a poética de um século, a do XVI, e a poética de um autor, a de Herberto Helder. Trata-se de produções artísticas que se assemelham, pois, por motivos distintos, privilegiam o processo de criação poética, a obra inacabada, em detrimento ao produto final, a obra acabada. Ao mesmo tempo, demonstraremos que as categorias vigentes no imaginário do senso comum são insuficientes para explicitar poéticas, como estas, moventes. Enquanto obra em processo, constataremos que a produção quinhentista, sendo meio de comunicação social, caracteriza-se pela profusão de variantes, ao passo que a poética herbertiana caracteriza-se pela adoção de um princípio cosmológico: o devir. Pela adesão a este princípio, os poemas herbertianos são concebidos enquanto corpos, passíveis de transmutação e, concomitantemente, desencadeadores de transmutação. A poética herbertiana, ao eleger o devir como fundamento universal do existente, aparece em consonância com as filosofias da imanência e da materialidade da comunicação que, por sua vez, desempenham um papel significativo na cena do pensamento contemporâneo. / Our objective, at this dissertation, is to analyze the poetry of a century, the sixteenth, and the poetry of an author, of Herberto Helder. These are artistic productions similar because, for different reasons, favour the process of creating poetry, the unfinished work, in detriment to the final product, the finished work. At the same time, we´ll demonstrate that the existing categories in the imaginary of the common sense are insufficient to explain poetics, as these, moving. As work in process, we´ll evidence that the production of the sixteenth century, and means of social communication, characterizes by the proliferation of variants, while the poetry of Herberto Helder is characterized for the election adoption of a cosmological principle: the becoming. By the adhesion to this principle, the poems of Herberto Helder are considered as bodies, susceptible to the transmutation and, concomitantly, agents of transmutation. The poetic of Herberto Helder, to elect the becoming as existing universal basis, appears in accord with the philosophies of immanence and the materiality of communication which, in turn, play a important role in the scene of contemporary thought.

Nesta dissertação, partiu-se da herança da tradição cristã do direito de guerra justa a fim de compreender as modulações experimentadas pelo conceito quando de sua aplicação, na legislação castelhana, aos processos de conquista e colonização das Índias Ocidentais de 1492 a 1573. Tendo em conta a polêmica instaurada com a dúvida acerca da legitimidade da conquista, foram consideradas as posições de alguns dos mais influentes teólogos, juristas, conquistadores e administradores coloniais. Deu-se especial atenção ao pensamento de Francisco de Vitoria e Domingo de Soto, os maiores expoentes da Escola de Salamanca, em razão do debate historiográfico pendente na direção da coadunação entre a doctrina communis apresentada por eles quanto à guerra e as normas de Castela. Observou-se que, durante quase todo o período analisado, o teor da legislação pressupôs a inferioridade dos nativos, bem como uma interpretação teocrático-pontifical das bulas papais de 1493. O rol de causas disparadoras da guerra se mostrou variável, conforme o texto e a circunstância, abarcando imperativos de defesa, castigo, conversão, vingança, domínio e civilização. / In this thesis, the heritage of the Christian tradition of just war was considered in order to understand the modulation experienced by the concept upon its application, in Castilian legislation, to the processes of conquest and colonization of the West Indies from 1492 to 1573. Taking into account the controversy brought with the doubt concerning the legitimacy of the conquest, the positions of some of the most influential theologians, jurists, conquerors and colonial administrators were analyzed. Special attention was provided to the thought of Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto, the greatest exponents of the School of Salamanca, given the pending historiographical debate toward coadunition between their doctrina communis about war and the rules of Castile. It was observed that, during most of the period studied, the content of the legislation assumed the inferiority of the natives, as well as a theocratic-pontifical interpretation of the papal bulls of 1493. The list of triggering causes of war was variable, according to the text and the circumstance, covering defense, punishment, conversion, revenge, domination and civilization imperatives.