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Success in spatial skills can be an indicator of success in mathematics and sciences. Wayfinding, the ability to purposefully navigate, is one such important spatial skill. Spatial skills can be developed in a number of ways, one of which may include playing video games. Research gathered from a survey and mapping exercise, indicates that though video games may not have a statistically significant impact on wayfinding, experience does. When properly utilized, video games could become part of that important spatial skill training experience. / Geography

Within the university system, student organizations have historically had multiple positive influences on the students who choose to participate in them. This study looked at a particular banner organization in the College of Agriculture, Food and Environment at the University of Kentucky. Using the Social Change Model of Leadership Development theory as a backbone, a survey was created to evaluate the impact UK CAFE Ambassador Program has on its participants, as well as to identify avenues for improvement. This is a program that seeks to represent the college through recruitment and to develop student leaders through soft skill building. After surveying current and past ambassadors, there is overwhelming evidence that the UK CAFE Ambassador Program has positively impacted the students whether it was through skills building, networking, or college experience.

Government and higher education see the employability of graduates as a priority. Anecdotal and empirical evidence from the researchers own fully accredited institution suggests there is little structure to the delivery of Personal Development Planning (PDP); it is not related to the world of work and of limited relevance to the learning that takes place. A critical review of published literature has revealed that an understanding of the links between PDP and work-based learning (WBL) could provide routes to improving professional membership. The thesis resolves this gap in knowledge enabling HE practitioners to enhance the development of skills and competencies. The research is mainly set in a positivistic paradigm with mixed methods research following a survey based methodological approach. Data collected through questionnaires, structured interviews and focus groups, are used to analyse the opinions and beliefs of staff and students in HE and experienced professionals working at the cutting edge of the construction industry. The work identifies the skills and competencies needed for academic study and employability, with PDP seen as an essential element of an academic course. Reflective practice is key to learning new knowledge and skills in the workplace and empirical investigation suggests experience plays a significant part in the learning process. All students should have an opportunity to see the application of theory with practice through WBL. The research has contributed to the body of knowledge by challenging the inadequacies in existing practice. The thesis identifies the key components and linkages in a theoretically informed model that proposes the use of a Graduate Skills Framework for Construction Management. This new-found understanding and toolkit promotes the teaching of employability skills alongside PDP in a structured programme of WBL. Research participants agree that this is expected to support the development of professional competencies and enhanced capability for the benefit of students, professionals and the construction industry.

Introdução: As maiores causas mundiais de cegueira são preveníveis ou tratáveis. Mais de metade dos casos são devido a catarata ou erros de refração não corrigidos. Passo fundamental para a identificação precoce destas alterações, a triagem de acuidade visual pode ser feita por trabalhadores da saúde e educação habilitados para tal. A capacitação destas pessoas peca pela ausência de profissionais habilitados e disponíveis em número suficiente para esta tarefa. A possibilidade de aplicação de método eficaz de capacitação à distância por telemedicina pode ajudar o Brasil a alcançar as metas da OMS para o ano 2020. Métodos: Elaborou-se uma estratégia de educação à distância para trabalhadores de Equipes de Saúde da Família (ESF), por telemedicina, para o desenvolvimento de habilidade prática em área específica da saúde, aqui aplicada em oftalmologia. Aplicou-se a metodologia desenvolvida para a criação de um Instrumento Interativo de Capacitação em Triagem de Acuidade Visual (IICTAV). Baseado em objetos de aprendizagem sistematizados (em iconografia 3D e vídeos contextualizados) criados especificamente para este fim, associados a um simulador de casos, o IICTAV foi aplicado a trabalhadores da saúde de ESFs de todo o Brasil. Elaborou-se questionários para a avaliação da retenção de ganho de informação e da transformação desta informação em conhecimento, com aplicabilidade prática na correta triagem visual de pacientes. Resultados: Foram criados sete objetos de aprendizagem (OA), que podem ser utilizados isolados ou em conjunto. Associados a três simuladores de casos, os OAs foram aplicados em três cursos distintos, a 511 trabalhadores da ESFs, a maioria agentes comunitários de saúde, com 94,8% de acertos na avaliação conduzida. Conclusão: O IICTAV mostrou-se eficaz em habilitar os trabalhadores da saúde a ele expostos na técnica de avaliação da acuidade visual. A metodologia aplicada pode ser difundida por telemedicina para todo o Brasil, ampliando seu escopo para o desenvolvimento de outras habilidades práticas / Introduction: Most prevalent global causes of blindness are either preventable or treatable. More than fifty percent of blindness is due to cataract or unmet correction of refractive errors. Visual acuity screening is a major first step on the early detection of these conditions and may be performed by skilled health workers and teachers. Proper training of these workers lacks human resources both in quantity and availability. Being able to effectively teach health workers the skills to perform visual screening tests using telemedicine and distance education might help Brazil comply with WHO goals for 2020. Methods: A distance education strategy was planned for primary care health workers from Brazilian Family Health Teams to develop specific technical skills in health care. It was first applied to ophthalmology. The strategy was used to create an Interactive Visual Acuity Screening Skill Development Course (IVASSDC). The course was based on standardized learning objects (3D iconography and contextualization videos) who were specially designed and created as well as on a case simulator. The IVASSDC was applied to primary care health workers from all over Brazil. Questionnaires were created to address information retention and its development into knowledge that could allow an adequate visual acuity screening. Results: Seven learning objects and three case simulators were created to be used as a set or isolated. The set of educational tools was applied to 511 health workers from Brazilian Family Health Teams, most of them undergraduate community health agents. It proved effective in 94,8% of the evaluated participants. Conclusion: The Interactive Visual Acuity Screening Skill Development Course proved to be effective on the development of a specific skill in health workers from Brazil. The method can be spread through telemedicine to the whole country and can be applied to the development of other health techniques skills

Introdução: As maiores causas mundiais de cegueira são preveníveis ou tratáveis. Mais de metade dos casos são devido a catarata ou erros de refração não corrigidos. Passo fundamental para a identificação precoce destas alterações, a triagem de acuidade visual pode ser feita por trabalhadores da saúde e educação habilitados para tal. A capacitação destas pessoas peca pela ausência de profissionais habilitados e disponíveis em número suficiente para esta tarefa. A possibilidade de aplicação de método eficaz de capacitação à distância por telemedicina pode ajudar o Brasil a alcançar as metas da OMS para o ano 2020. Métodos: Elaborou-se uma estratégia de educação à distância para trabalhadores de Equipes de Saúde da Família (ESF), por telemedicina, para o desenvolvimento de habilidade prática em área específica da saúde, aqui aplicada em oftalmologia. Aplicou-se a metodologia desenvolvida para a criação de um Instrumento Interativo de Capacitação em Triagem de Acuidade Visual (IICTAV). Baseado em objetos de aprendizagem sistematizados (em iconografia 3D e vídeos contextualizados) criados especificamente para este fim, associados a um simulador de casos, o IICTAV foi aplicado a trabalhadores da saúde de ESFs de todo o Brasil. Elaborou-se questionários para a avaliação da retenção de ganho de informação e da transformação desta informação em conhecimento, com aplicabilidade prática na correta triagem visual de pacientes. Resultados: Foram criados sete objetos de aprendizagem (OA), que podem ser utilizados isolados ou em conjunto. Associados a três simuladores de casos, os OAs foram aplicados em três cursos distintos, a 511 trabalhadores da ESFs, a maioria agentes comunitários de saúde, com 94,8% de acertos na avaliação conduzida. Conclusão: O IICTAV mostrou-se eficaz em habilitar os trabalhadores da saúde a ele expostos na técnica de avaliação da acuidade visual. A metodologia aplicada pode ser difundida por telemedicina para todo o Brasil, ampliando seu escopo para o desenvolvimento de outras habilidades práticas / Introduction: Most prevalent global causes of blindness are either preventable or treatable. More than fifty percent of blindness is due to cataract or unmet correction of refractive errors. Visual acuity screening is a major first step on the early detection of these conditions and may be performed by skilled health workers and teachers. Proper training of these workers lacks human resources both in quantity and availability. Being able to effectively teach health workers the skills to perform visual screening tests using telemedicine and distance education might help Brazil comply with WHO goals for 2020. Methods: A distance education strategy was planned for primary care health workers from Brazilian Family Health Teams to develop specific technical skills in health care. It was first applied to ophthalmology. The strategy was used to create an Interactive Visual Acuity Screening Skill Development Course (IVASSDC). The course was based on standardized learning objects (3D iconography and contextualization videos) who were specially designed and created as well as on a case simulator. The IVASSDC was applied to primary care health workers from all over Brazil. Questionnaires were created to address information retention and its development into knowledge that could allow an adequate visual acuity screening. Results: Seven learning objects and three case simulators were created to be used as a set or isolated. The set of educational tools was applied to 511 health workers from Brazilian Family Health Teams, most of them undergraduate community health agents. It proved effective in 94,8% of the evaluated participants. Conclusion: The Interactive Visual Acuity Screening Skill Development Course proved to be effective on the development of a specific skill in health workers from Brazil. The method can be spread through telemedicine to the whole country and can be applied to the development of other health techniques skills

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the BASICS program. The program, Building and Applying Strategies for Initial Cognitive Skills, was developed by the Institute for Staff Development of Miami, Florida, for educating teachers, paraprofessionals, and parents in techniques considered essential in helping pre-school, primary grade, and special education children develop initial cognitive skills. The study was undertaken to determine the effects of the program on the self-concept, experimental beliefs, dogmatism, and pupil control ideology of in-service elementary school teachers who participated in it as an elective graduate level course. The design of the study was the non-equivalent control group design. Twelve subjects who volunteered to participate in the program formed the experimental group. Twelve other subjects were randomly selected from a graduate-level class in elementary school curriculum development to form the control group. The instructor who was in charge of the BASICS program taught the class from which the control subjects were selected. The study was conducted during the first six-week summer term of 1975 at North Texas State University. The two groups were administered pre and post the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, the Personal Beliefs Inventory (PBI), the Teacher Practices Inventory (TPI), the Dogmatism Scale Form E, and the Pupil Control Ideology (PCI) Form. The pre- and post-test data obtained were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U as a one-tailed test.

El proyecto WIN-KID, presenta un producto que ofrece ayudar a desarrollar las habilidades, a estimular la creatividad y el pensamiento científico para el usuario final, que son los niños. Además, resulta una manera diferente de aprender cursos de ciencias, ya que se trata de nuevas herramientas didácticas para innovar la enseña de ellos. Asimismo, se contará con una gran variedad de modelos diferentes, en un principio presentaremos los modelos de la Avioneta, la Locomotora y las Flores, posteriormente planeamos la ampliación de nuestra línea de producto. Se tiene como objetivo la creación de una serie de valores para el segmento al que estamos dirigidos, ya que los productos satisfacen las necesidades de nuestros clientes que son las familias con hijos que se encuentren en un rango de edad de 7 a 14 años que viven actualmente en la ciudad de Lima Metropolitana. Asimismo, los juguetes WIN-KID brindan ciertas soluciones para poder aliviar la mayoría de las preocupaciones como la escasa variedad de juguetes didácticos, que los videojuegos invadan a los niños, juguetes tóxicos, el cuidado del medio ambiente, entre otros. Es por ello, que se presenta al mercado una serie de juguetes didácticos funcionales hecho a base de cartón, los cuales tendrán sonidos y movimientos, y por el mismo hecho de ser armables, vendrá incorporado con un manual de instrucciones claras logrando que los niños despierten su imaginación. / The WIN-KID project presents a product that offers help to develop skills, to stimulate creativity and scientific thinking for the end user, which are children. In addition, it is a different way to learn science courses, since it is new teaching tools to innovate their teaching. Also, there will be a great variety of different models, initially we will present the models of the Light aircraft, the Locomotive and the Flowers, later we plan the expansion of our product line. The objective is to create a series of values for the segment to which we are directed, since the products meet the needs of our customers who are families with children who are in an age range of 7 to 14 years living currently in the city of Lima Metropolitana. Also, WIN-KID toys provide certain solutions to alleviate most concerns such as the limited variety of educational toys, video games invade children, toxic toys, care for the environment, among others. It is for this reason that a series of functional didactic toys made of cardboard are presented to the market, which will have sounds and movements, and for the same reason that they can be assembled, they will be incorporated with a clear instructions manual, making the children wake up your imagination. / Trabajo de investigación

Couples make dynamic joint decisions, including how much each spouse works at home and in the market throughout life. By building a dynamic model of taxation, I quantify the welfare gains of moving to a gender-based tax. Further, I explore the implications of a gender-based income tax for labor market and time-use choices within a couple, taking into account changing labor market attachment through life. The key finding is that while gender-based taxation always improves household and social welfare, the model-specific household time allocations and government policy implications depend on underlying assumptions about gender differences. I model the inefficiency of income tax due to pooling old individuals and young individuals who differ in their skill distribution and use of time. Because age is correlated with ability and time investments in education, allowing tax rules to vary with age shrinks labor distortions. I use an overlapping generations model to study the effect of an age-based income tax on efficiency. I analytically show the efficiency gains and I numerically estimate a welfare gain equivalent to 5% of aggregate consumption when age-based taxes are implemented. Adult women generally, and married women in particular, spend more time than men doing housework and childcare activities. While gender differences in time-use patterns among adults at home are readily accepted and well documented, the onset and development of gender time-use differences over the adolescent years and into early adulthood are not well understood. In this research, I describe the development of time-use gender differences over the teenage years and into the early adult years using American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data, with a focus on activities relating to family duties and child care activities. I find gender divergence in home duties prior to the teenage years, which sharply stratifies upon high school graduation. Further, I find that time-use outcomes disproportionately impact women from disadvantaged socio-economic and family backgrounds. / text