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Background: Atopic disease is an increasing problem. Eczema affects 10-20% of young children, and 33-37% of children with eczema are food allergic. Among other factors, nitric oxide (NO) is thought to play a role in eczema and food allergy. Following the atopic march, pproximately 80% of children with atopic eczema will become sensitized to aeroallergens and develop asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. Skin prick test is used for investigating sensitization and is considered a safe method. However, systemic allergic reactions may appear when the test is performed. In diagnosing food allergy and for evaluating achievement of tolerance, the oral food challenge is the method of choice, and the double-blind placebocontrolled fashion is 'the gold standard'. Skin prick test: We examined six cases of generalized allergic reactions in connection with skin prick testing in order to identify risk factors, and thereby increase safety, and we investigated the necessity of performing skin prick tests in duplicate. We found that all six children with generalized reactions were <6 months of age. When analyzing skin prick tests in duplicate, we found only 1.3% that showed diverging results, and in infants <6 months even fewer, 0.9%. Food challenge: We developed recipes and a protocol for low-dose oral food challenge to milk and egg to be used in young children outgrowing their food allergy so as to facilitate early re-/introduction of small amounts of milk and egg. We performed 52 challenges, both open and double-blind placebo controlled. The recipes were validated for blinding. The lowdose challenge was tolerated well by the children and was easy to perform. Four children had a positive challenge outcome, all reacting to very small amounts of milk. All but two of the non-reacting children were able to introduce milk and egg into their diet. Nitric oxide and eczema: We investigated the effect of eczema treatment on the NO levels in urine. The sum of nitrite and nitrate was measured in urinary samples from 94 infants at two visits, with an interval of 6 weeks, and the results were compared with clinical data. The levels of NO products increased significantly when the eczema improved. The atopic march: The aim was to evaluate the atopic march in children with eczema, from referral at <2 years until 4½ years of age. We followed 123 children with eczema, 78 sensitized and 45 not sensitized to milk and/or egg, with respect to eczema severity, other allergic manifestations, development of airway sensitization, and achievement of food tolerance. The difference in severity of eczema at referral was significant when comparing food-sensitized with non-sensitized children. At follow-up, 62% were still affected by eczema, although 56% only mildly so. Tolerance was achieved in 81% of the children allergic to milk and 68% of those allergic to egg. Fifty-eight percent of the food-sensitized children and 26% of the non-sensitized children had become sensitized to aeroallergens, a significant difference. The difference in airway symptoms was not significant. Very few children were exposed to tobacco smoke in their homes. Conclusions: Increased precautions should be considered when performing skin prick tests in infants <6 months of age. The use of a single prick, to avoid the risk of summation of reactions, is justified when performing skin prick tests. We report recipes and a protocol for standardized open and double-blind placebo-controlled low-dose food challenge in young children, enabling the introduction of small amounts of egg and milk into the diet during tolerance development. NO products in urine increases when eczema improves. This might be due to a Th2/Th1 shift induced by the eczema treatment and skin healing, and the variation in NO response may be due to individual variations in NO-induced feedback downregulation of Th1 and Th2 proliferation. The prognosis for achieving clinical tolerance is very good in children early sensitized and allergic to milk and egg, but they will become significantly more often sensitized to aeroallergens.

Exposure to a strong T-helper 2 (Th2)-like environment during fetal development may promote allergy development. Increased cord blood (CB) levels of the Th2-associated chemokine CCL22 were associated with allergy development during the first 2 y of life. The aim of the present study was to determine whether CB Th1- and Th2-associated chemokine levels are associated with allergy development during the first 6 y of life, allowing assessment of respiratory allergic symptoms usually developing in this period. The CB levels of cytokines, chemokines, and total IgE were determined in 56 children of 20 women with allergic symptoms and 36 women without allergic symptoms. Total IgE and allergen-specific IgE antibody levels were quantified at 6, 12, 24 mo, and 6 y of age. Increased CB CCL22 levels were associated with development of allergic sensitization and asthma and increased CCL17 levels with development of allergic symptoms, including asthma. Sensitized children with allergic symptoms showed higher CB CCL17 and CCL22 levels and higher ratios between these Th2-associated chemokines and the Th1-associated chemokine CXCL10 than nonsensitized children without allergic symptoms. A pronounced Th2 deviation at birth, reflected by increased CB CCL17 and CCL22 levels, and increased CCL22/CXCL10 and CCL17/CXCL10 ratios might promote allergy development later in life.

Orientador: Rafael Plana Simões / Abstract: The skin prick test is used to diagnose patients' sensitization to antigens through a mediated IgE response. It is a practical and quick exam, but its diagnosis depends of instruments for measuring the allergic response and observer's interpretation. The conventional method for inferring about the allergic reaction is performed from the dimensions of the papules, which are measured using a ruler or a caliper. To make this diagnosis less dependent of human interpretation, the present study proposes two alternative methods to infer about the allergic reaction: computational analysis of the papule area and a study of the temperature variation of the patient's skin in the puncture region. For this purpose, the histamine prick test was performed on 13 patients random selected. The areas were determined by the conventional method using the dimensions of the papules measured with a digital caliper 30 minutes after the puncture. The papule areas were also determined by a Python algorithm using photos of the puncture region obtained by a smartphone. A variable named circularity deviation was also determined for each analyzed papule. The temperature variation was monitored using an infrared temperature sensor, which collected temperature data for 30 minutes. The results shown that the areas considered as real papule areas (computationally determined) differed significantly from the areas determined by the conventional method (p-value = 0.0005674), especially when the papules' contours ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumo: O teste cutâneo de leitura imediata (skin prick test) é utilizado para avaliar a sensibilização de pacientes a antígenos à partir de uma resposta mediada por IgE. Tratase de um exame prático e rápido, porém o seu diagnóstico depende de instrumentos para a medição da resposta alérgica e de intepretação do observador. O método convencional para inferir sobre a reação alérgica é realizado a partir de dimensões das pápulas determinadas com régua ou paquímetro. Para tornar o diagnóstico menos dependente de interpretação humana, o presente estudo propõe dois métodos alternativos para inferir sobre a reação alérgica: análise computacional da área da pápula e um estudo da variação da temperatura da pele do paciente na região de puntura. Para isso foi realizado o prick test com histamina em 13 participantes selecionados aleatoriamente. A determinação da área pelo método convencional foi realizada a partir de dimensões das pápulas medidas com paquímetro digital 30 minutos após a puntura. A área também foi determinada utilizando um algoritmo computacional em linguagem Python a partir de fotografia da região de puntura obtida com o uso de um smartphone. Também foi determinada uma grandeza denominada desvio de circularidade para cada pápula analisada. Por final, a variação da temperatura da região de puntura foi monitorada utilizando um sensor infravermelho de temperatura, o qual coletou dados de temperatura durante 30 minutos. Os resultados mostram que as áreas consideradas como áreas re... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

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INTRODUÇÃO: A alergia a camarão é causa comum e potencialmente grave de alergia alimentar IgE mediada, incluindo anafilaxia. Ao contrário de outras alergias alimentares, a alergia a camarão afeta predominantemente adultos e geralmente é vitalícia. Até o momento, não existe terapia específica para a alergia a camarão. Os pacientes necessitam excluir o crustáceo de sua dieta e portar adrenalina auto-injetável, para uso em reações por exposição acidental. A complexidade do perfil alergênico do camarão tem sido cada vez mais reconhecida nos últimos dez anos. A proteína muscular tropomiosina foi o primeiro alérgeno do camarão identificado e é considerada o seu principal alérgeno. Alguns estudos indicam que a tropomiosina apresenta alta especificidade na alergia a camarão, sendo apontada como uma possível e importante ferramenta diagnóstica. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo da tropomiosina em pacientes brasileiros em restrição alimentar por suspeita de alergia a camarão. MÉTODOS: Selecionou-se 32 indivíduos com suspeita de alergia a camarão, os quais foram submetidos a testes cutâneos de leitura imediata para camarão (extrato) e \"in natura\" (cru e cozido), ácaros e barata. Também foram realizadas dosagens séricas de IgE específica para camarão, tropomiosina de camarão, ácaros e barata americana. Avaliou-se reatividade clínica a camarão através de testes de provocação oral. O camarão utilizado nos testes cutâneos e nos testes de provocação oral foi o Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (sete barbas). Foi realizado Western Blot 1 D dos pacientes alérgicos. Foram realizados cálculos de valor de corte para teste cutâneo de leitura imediata e IgE sérica específica através da utilização da curva ROC. RESULTADOS: Alergia a camarão foi confirmada em 17 pacientes. A IgE sérica específica para tropomiosina de camarão neste estudo apresentou sensibilidade de 58,8%, especificidade de 60%, valor preditivo positivo de 62,5% e valor preditivo negativo 56%. Em comparação com a IgE especifica para camarão e os testes cutâneos para camarão com extrato e \"in natura\", a IgE específica para tropomiosina apresentou a menor sensibilidade e menor valor preditivo positivo. Em sete pacientes alérgicos, a tropomiosina não foi detectada, apontando a importância de outros alérgenos do camarão, avaliados no Western blot. Os testes cutâneos apresentaram diferença estatística significativa entre alérgicos e não alérgicos e foi possível definir um ponto de corte, útil na distinção entre ambos. Os resultados dos valores de corte do teste cutâneo (média) para extrato comercial foram 5,75 mm, para camarão cru 6,75 mm e para camarão cozido 5,00 mm. Todos os pacientes são atópicos. CONCLUSÃO: A IgE específica para tropomiosina neste estudo não apresentou superioridade diagnóstica quando comparada aos testes cutâneos com camarão \"in natura\" e extrato, e a IgE específica para o camarão. Outros alérgenos, além da tropomiosina, devem ser considerados na avaliação diagnóstica para a alergia a camarão / INTRODUCTION: Shrimp allergy is a common and potentially serious cause of food allergy-mediated IgE, including anaphylaxis. Unlike other food allergies, shrimp allergy affects predominantly adults and is usually lifelong. To date, there is no specific therapy for shrimp allergy. Patients need to exclude the crustacean from their diet and carry selfinjectable adrenaline to be used if the reaction begins after accidental exposure. The complexity of the allergenic profile of shrimp has been increasingly recognized in the last ten years. The tropomyosin muscle protein was the first identified shrimp allergen and is considered its main allergen. Some studies indicate that tropomyosin presents high specificity in shrimp allergy, being pointed out as a possible and important diagnostic tool. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of tropomyosin in Brazilian patients under food restriction due to the suspicion of allergy to shrimp. METHODS: Thirty-two individuals with suspected allergy to shrimp were selected, who underwent immediate skin tests for shrimp (extract) and \"in natura\" (raw and cooked), mites and cockroaches. Serum dosages of IgE specific for shrimp, shrimp tropomyosin, mites and American cockroach were also performed. Clinical reactivity to shrimp was assessed by oral challenge tests. Shrimp used in skin tests and oral challenge tests was Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (seabob). Western Blot 1 D of the allergic patients was performed. Cut-off calculations were performed for immediate-reading skin test and specific serum IgE using the ROC curve. RESULTS: Shrimp allergy was confirmed in 17 patients. Serum IgE specific for shrimp tropomyosin in this study showed sensitivity of 58.8%, specificity of 60%, positive predictive value of 62.5% and negative predictive value of 56%. Compared to shrimp-specific IgE and cutaneous shrimp skin tests with extract and \"in natura\", tropomyosin was not detected, indicating the importance of other shrimp allergens evaluated in the Western blot. The skin tests presented a statistically significant difference between allergic and non-allergic and it was possible to define a cutoff point, useful in distinguishing between both. The results of the cutoff values of the skin test (average) for commercial extract were 5.75 mm, for raw shrimp 6.75 mm and for cooked shrimp 5.00 mm. All patients are atopic. CONCLUSION: The tropomyosin-specific IgE in this study did not present diagnostic superiority when compared to cutaneous tests with in natura shrimp and extract, and shrimp specific IgE. Other allergens, in addition to tropomyosin, should be considered in the diagnostic evaluation for shrimp allergy

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-10-10T13:46:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ingridpimentelcunhamagalhaesdesouzalima.pdf: 1571962 bytes, checksum: 521511b66ed89adf27b01a59f98c7cfc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T13:34:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ingridpimentelcunhamagalhaesdesouzalima.pdf: 1571962 bytes, checksum: 521511b66ed89adf27b01a59f98c7cfc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T13:34:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ingridpimentelcunhamagalhaesdesouzalima.pdf: 1571962 bytes, checksum: 521511b66ed89adf27b01a59f98c7cfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-24 / O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a positividade do teste cutâneo de contato alérgico de leitura tardia para Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae e Blomia tropicalis em pacientes com doenças respiratórias como rinite alérgica e/ou asma com ou sem dermatite atópica. A maioria dos trabalhos existentes nessa área de pesquisa se refere ao emprego desse método diagnóstico na dermatite atópica, mas, neste estudo, a amostra é composta, principalmente, de pacientes com doenças respiratórias. Blomia tropicalis é um ácaro muito incidente no Brasil e só há dois trabalhos que envolvem o emprego deste ácaro da poeira domiciliar típico de países de clima tropical. Os pacientes foram selecionados pela história clínica e foram divididos em dois grupos: I- pacientes com doenças respiratórias, como asma e/ou rinite alérgica, com dermatite atópica e II- pacientes somente com doenças respiratórias. Foi realizado teste cutâneo de leitura imediata e teste de cutâneo de contato alérgico de leitura tardia para os três ácaros no mesmo dia. O teste de contato alérgico foi retirado em 48 horas. A análise estatísitica foi realizada em porcentagens e a tabela 1 apresenta as variáveis por sexo e por grupo estudado. Setenta e quatro pacientes, com idades de 2 a 60 anos, foram incluídos neste estudo; 16 no grupo I e 58 no grupo II. Considerando o teste cutâneo de leitura imediata, o ácaro mais prevalente foi o Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, seguido pelo Dermatophagoides farinae e Blomia tropicalis. Em relação ao teste cutâneo de contato alérgico de leitura tardia, o ácaro que induziu maior positividade foi o Dermatophagoides farinae (78,4%), seguido pelo Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (77%) e Blomia tropicalis (52,7%). Comparando o teste cutâneo de leitura imediata com o teste cutâneo de contato alérgico de leitura tardia, 53 pacientes (71,6%) foram positivos para ambos os testes, e 30 (56,6%) foram positivos ao mesmo ácaro. Foram identificados seis pacientes (8%) que tinham história clinica positiva para alergia e só apresentavam positividade no teste cutâneo de contato alérgico de leitura tardia. Estes resultados sugerem que o teste cutâneo de contato alérgico de leitura tardia é relevante e deve ser considerado como um teste diagnóstico adicional, em pacientes com história clínica positiva para doenças respiratórias, com teste cutâneo de leitura imediata negativa. / The aim of this study is to evaluate the positivity rates of atopy patch tests for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae and Blomia tropicalis in patients with respiratory diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis with or without atopic dermatitis. Most studies have been performed with atopic dermatitis patients, but in our study, most of the patients had respiratory conditions. Blomia tropicalis is a mite that is prevalent in tropical areas, such as Brazil, and only two publications include these three mites, which are present in Brazil. The patients’ clinical histories were collected, and the patients were subjected to skin prick and patch tests with the three different house dust mites on the same day. The patch tests were examined 48 hours later, and then, the patients were divided into two groups: I- patients with respiratory diseases, such as asthma and/or rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis and II-patients with only respiratory diseases. The statistical analysis results are presented as percentages, and Table 1 presents the variables by gender and groups studied. A total of 74 patients ranging in age from 2 to 60 years old were included in this study; 16 patients were included in group I and 58 were included in group II. In the skin prick tests, the most prevalent mite that evoked a reaction was Dermatophagoides pterronyssinus, followed by Dermatophagoides farinae and Blomia tropicalis. Regarding the atopy patch tests, the mite that most frequently induced a positive reaction was Dermatophagoides farinae (78.4%), followed by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (77%) and Blomia tropicalis (52.7%). A comparison between the skin prick and atopy patch tests revealed that 53 patients (71.6%) were positive on both tests, and 30 (56.6%) patients were positivite for the same mite. We found six patients (8%) who had a positive clinical history of allergy and only exhibited positivity on the atopy patch test. These results suggest that the mite atopy patch test is relevant and should be considered as an additional test for patients with clinical histories of allergic respiratory disease who have negative prick test results.