Elevers matematikutveckling riskerar att hindras på grund av språkliga svårigheter. Det mest centrala i matematikundervisningen bör därför vara att bygga upp ett adekvat språk hos eleverna. Lärares kunskaper gällande språkets påverkan på matematikundervisningen är därför avgörande för lärandesituationen, framförallt för elever i behov av särskilt stöd i ämnena svenska och matematik. Den här studien syftar till att få en förståelse för vilka metoder fem verksamma pedagoger använder för att identifiera och stödja elever vars språksvårigheter hindrar deras matematiska utveckling.

Högläsning sker ofta i förskolor och forskning har visat att det gynnar barns språkutveckling. Det svenska forskningsläget kring högläsning i förskola är magert och mot den bakgrund syftar uppsatsen till att undersöka hur förskollärare i förskolan arbetar med högläsning som pedagogiskt redskap för att gynna barns språkutveckling. Vi har använt oss av kvalitativ metod där sex förskollärare deltog, var och en arbetar på olika förskolor i södra Sverige. I studiens teoriavsnitt presenteras det sociokulturella perspektivet och begreppet literacy vilket utgör uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkter. Studiens resultat visar på att förskollärare tillhandahåller en uppmuntrande miljö för att stärka och nyansera barns språk genom högläsning och diskussion av böcker och texter. Deltagarna arbetar med högläsning för att gynna barns språkutveckling på olika sätt. De flesta förskollärarna inkluderade exempelvis boksamtal under högläsningsstunderna. Utöver detta arbetade även förskollärarna med att ställa frågor och använda konkreta material i samband med högläsningen. Deltagarna samtalar och ställer frågor till barnen om texten men på olika sätt. Vissa ställer mer öppna frågor och andra använder sig av mer vägledande frågor.

Syftet med studien är att synliggöra hur lärare arbetar med läs- och skrivinlärning i årskurs 2 och 3. Mer ingående studerades vad som sker i klassrummet och hur lärarna undervisar i läs- och skrivundervisning. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ undersökning som bygger på videoobservationer. Videoobservationerna som ledde fram till resultatet var strukturerade, och resultatet kategoriserades i olika teman. Det som framkommer i resultatet är att lärarna inte använder sig av endast en arbetsmetod såsom Läsning på talets grund – LTG – och Wittingmetoden. Resultatet visar tre olika undervisningssituationer, tyst läsning, högläsning och skrivning. Observationerna visar att läs- och skrivundervisningen inte alltid väcker intresse hos eleverna och att de gärna gör annat än vad undervisningen avser. Det framgår också att eleverna under de situationer som observerats har de svårt för att börja arbeta med sina arbetsuppgifter.

I läraryrket är det av stor vikt att en väl fungerande läs- och skrivutveckling upprätthålls. Inlärningen sker på olika vis och därför är det positivt att lärare hittar olika verktyg och metoder för att utmana eleverna att utveckla sin läs- och skrivning. Lärares engagemang och kompetens inom området skiljer sig dock. Kunskapsöversikten problematiserar om det finns forskningsresultat som talar för att använda digitala metoder vid läs- och skrivutveckling. Därmed är syftet att ta reda på hur läs- och skrivutveckling ser ut idag. Metoden som används i arbetet för att framställa kunskapsöversikten är systematisk litteraturstudie. Viktiga resultat i kunskapsöversikten visar att ett sporadiskt användande av digitala verktyg i undervisningen inte gynnar elevers läs- och skrivutveckling. Däremot finner elever inspiration och motivation till skrivning när digitala verktyg har ett tydligt syfte i undervisningen. Forskningsresultaten har inte belyst hur digitala verktyg kan underlätta elevers läs- och skrivinlärning, utan fokuserat på utvecklingen. För framtida forskning vore det intressant att i en studie se hur läs- och skrivinlärning kan ske från grunden med hjälp av digitala verktyg.

<p>I vårt examensarbete skrev vi allenast om elever som redan har diagnos ADHD. Vi valde att undersöka och studera de pedagogiska strategier som lärare använde sig av gällande läs-, skriv- och talutveckling hos elever som har ADHD. För att anpassa skoluppgifterna till elever som har ADHD fanns det många fakta, tips och idéer. Våra frågeställningar handlade om läs-, skriv- och talutveckling, undervisning, klassrumsmiljö och utbildning. Litteraturen som vi har läst poängterar vikten av att vuxna, såsom lärare och föräldrar, skall utbilda och vidareutbilda sig. Vi genomförde intervjuer med två speciallärare/specialpedagoger och två lärare. Vi erhöll kunskap genom intervjuerna inför vår kommande yrkesroll och vi jämförde vad litteratur sade och hur det såg ut i praktiken utifrån lärarnas erfarenhet och kunskap. Vår slutsats blev att det behövs kunskap när det gäller elever som har ADHD såsom bemötande, klassrumsmiljö, pedagogiska strategier och läromedel för lärare som undervisar elever som har ADHD i läs-, skriv- och talutveckling. Vår empiriska undersökning visade att den undervisningsform och de pedagogiska strategier som användes i läs-, skriv- och talutveckling för elever som har ADHD, även gynnade de övriga eleverna i klassrummet.</p><p>In our examination paper we chose only to write about the pupils who already had received the diagnosis ADHD. We chose to examine and study the pedagogical strategies that teachers used for reading, writing and speech development among pupils that are already diagnosed with ADHD. There were very many facts, suggestions and ideas how to be able to adjust the school assignments for the pupils that had received the diagnosis ADHD. Our research inquiries were about reading, writing and speech development, teaching, the classroom environment, and the education. The literature that we have been reading emphasized the importance of education and further education for adults such as teachers and parents. We carried out interviews with two special education/special needs teachers and two teachers. We acquired knowledge from interviews with sight at our future profession, and we compared what literature said and how the situation was in real matter of fact according to teachers experience and knowledge. Our conclusion was that there is more knowledge acquired when it comes to pupils that have the diagnosis ADHD such as treatment, classroom environment, pedagogical strategies and teaching aids for teachers that teach pupils that have the diagnosis ADHD in reading, writing and speech development. Our empirical research showed that the chosen teaching and pedagogical strategies that were used in reading, writing and speech development for pupils with ADHD also supported the remaining pupils in the classroom.</p>

<p>This dissertation deals with (1) experimental measurements on petrophysical reservoir engineering and morphological properties of Ekofisk chalk, (2) numerical simulation of core flood experiments to analyze and improve relative permeability data, (3) stochastic reconstruction of chalk samples from limited morphological information, (4) extraction of pore space parameters from the reconstructed samples, development of network model using pore space information, and computation of petrophysical and reservoir engineering properties from network model, and (5) development of 2D and 3D idealized fractured reservoir models and verification of the applicability of several widely used conventional upscaling techniques in fractured reservoir simulation. </p><p>Experiments have been conducted on eight Ekofisk chalk samples and porosity, absolute permeability, formation factor, and oil-water relative permeability, capillary pressure and resistivity index are measured at laboratory conditions. Mercury porosimetry data and backscatter scanning electron microscope images have also been acquired for the samples. </p><p>A numerical simulation technique involving history matching of the production profits is employed to improve the relative permeability curves and to analyze hysteresis of the Ekofisk chalk sample. The technique was found to be a powerful tool to supplement the uncertainties in experimental measurements. </p><p>Porosity and correlation statistics obtained from backscatter scanning electron microscope image are used to reconstruct microstructures of chalk and particulate media. The reconstruction technique involves a simulated annealing algorithm, which can be constrained by an arbitrary number of morphological parameters. This flexibility of the algorithm is exploited to successfully reconstruct particulate media and chalk samples using more that one correlation function. A technique based on conditional simulated annealing has been introduced for exact reproduction of vuggy porosity in chalk in the form of foraminifer shells. A hybrid reconstruction technique that initialized the simulated annealing reconstruction with input generated using the Gaussian random field model has also been introduced. The technique was found to accelerate significantly the rate of convergence of the simulated annealing method. This finding is important because the main advantage of the simulated annealing method, namely its ability to impose a variety of reconstruction constraints, is usually compromised by its very slow rate of convergence.</p><p>Absolutely permeability, formation factor and mercury-air capillary pressure are computed from simple network models. The input parameters for the network models were extracted from a reconstructed chalk sample. The computed permeability, formation factor and mercury-air capillary pressure correspond well with the experimental data. The predictive power of a network model for chalk is further extended through incorporating important pore-level displacement phenomena and realistic description of pore space geometry and topology. Limited results show that the model may be used to compute absolute and relative permeabilities, capillary pressure, formation factor, resistivity index and saturation exponent. The above findings suggest that the network modeling technique may be used for prediction of petrophysical and reservoir engineering properties of chalk. Further works are necessary and an outline is given with considerable details.</p><p>Two 2D, one 3D and a dual-porosity fractured reservoir models have been developed and an imbibition process involving water displacing oil is simulated at various injection rates and with different oil-to-water viscosity ratios using four widely used conventional upscaling techniques. The upscaling techniques are the Kyte & Berry, Pore Volume Weighted, Weighed Relative Permeability, and Stone. The results suggest that the upscaling of fractured reservoirs may be possible using the conventional techniques. Kyte & Berry technique was found to be the most effective in all situations. However, further investigations are necessary using realistic description of fracture length, orientation, connectivity, aperture, spacing, etc. </p> / Paper 3,4 and 5 reprinted with kind persmission of Elsevier Science, Science Direct.

<p>We live in a world of becoming. The future is not given, but forms continuously in dynamic processes where path dependence plays a major role. There are many different possible futures. What we actually end up with is determined in part by chance and in part by the decisions we make. To make sound decisions we require models that are flexible enough to identify opportunities and to help us choose options that lead to advantageous alternatives. This way of thinking differs from traditional cost-benefit analysis that employs net present value calculations to choose on purely economic grounds, without regard to future consequences.</p><p>Time and dynamic behaviour introduce a separate perspective. There is a focus on change, and decisions acquire windows of opportunity: the right decision at the right time may lead to substantial change, while it will have little effect if too early or too late. Modelling needs to reflect this dynamic behaviour. It is the perspective of time and dynamics that leads to a focus on sustainability, and thereby the role hydrogen might play in a future energy system. The present work develops a particular understanding relevant to energy infrastructures.</p><p>Central elements of this understanding are:</p><p>- Competition</p><p>- Market preference and choice beyond costs</p><p>- Bounded rationality</p><p>- Uncertainty and risk</p><p>- Irreversibility</p><p>- Increasing returns</p><p>- Path dependence</p><p>- Feedback</p><p>- Delay</p><p>- Nonlinear behaviour</p><p>Change towards a “hydrogen economy” will involve far-reaching change away from our existing energy infrastructure. This infrastructure is viewed as a dynamic set of interacting technologies (value sequences) that provide services to end-users and uphold the required supply of energy for this, all the way from primary energy sources. The individual technologies also develop with time.</p><p>Building on this understanding and analysis, an analytical tool has emerged: the Energy Infrastructure Competition (EICOMP) model. In the model each technology is characterised by a capacity, an ordered-, and an actually delivered volume of energy services. It is further characterised through physical description with parameters like efficiency, time required for extending capacity and improvement by learning. Finally, each technology has an attractiveness, composed of costs, quality and availability, that determines the outcome of competition.</p><p>Change away from our present energy infrastructure into a sustainable one based on renewable energy sources, will entail substantial change in most aspects of technology, organisation and ownership. Central results from the overall work are:</p><p>- <i>Change is dynamic and deeply influenced through situations with reinforcing feedback and path dependence. Due to this, there is a need for long-term perspectives in today's decision making: decisions have windows of opportunity and need to be made at the proper time.</i></p><p>- <i>Strategies aimed at achieving change should team up with reinforcing feedback and avoid overwhelming balancing feedback that counteracts change.</i></p><p>- <i>The EICOMP model is now available as a tool for furthe analysis of our existing energy infrastructure and its dynamic development into possible, alternative energy futures. As the model is intended for practical guidance in decisions, a central practical aim has been to allow it to be used close to where decisions are actually made; i.e. decentralised and locally in firms and in public institutions. In this respect much effort has been made in an attempt to make it transparent and easy to communicate.</i></p><p>- <i>The EICOMP model may be used to analyse situations of reinforcing feedback throughout the alternative energy infrastructures that we may come to have in the future.</i></p>

This dissertation deals with (1) experimental measurements on petrophysical reservoir engineering and morphological properties of Ekofisk chalk, (2) numerical simulation of core flood experiments to analyze and improve relative permeability data, (3) stochastic reconstruction of chalk samples from limited morphological information, (4) extraction of pore space parameters from the reconstructed samples, development of network model using pore space information, and computation of petrophysical and reservoir engineering properties from network model, and (5) development of 2D and 3D idealized fractured reservoir models and verification of the applicability of several widely used conventional upscaling techniques in fractured reservoir simulation. Experiments have been conducted on eight Ekofisk chalk samples and porosity, absolute permeability, formation factor, and oil-water relative permeability, capillary pressure and resistivity index are measured at laboratory conditions. Mercury porosimetry data and backscatter scanning electron microscope images have also been acquired for the samples. A numerical simulation technique involving history matching of the production profits is employed to improve the relative permeability curves and to analyze hysteresis of the Ekofisk chalk sample. The technique was found to be a powerful tool to supplement the uncertainties in experimental measurements. Porosity and correlation statistics obtained from backscatter scanning electron microscope image are used to reconstruct microstructures of chalk and particulate media. The reconstruction technique involves a simulated annealing algorithm, which can be constrained by an arbitrary number of morphological parameters. This flexibility of the algorithm is exploited to successfully reconstruct particulate media and chalk samples using more that one correlation function. A technique based on conditional simulated annealing has been introduced for exact reproduction of vuggy porosity in chalk in the form of foraminifer shells. A hybrid reconstruction technique that initialized the simulated annealing reconstruction with input generated using the Gaussian random field model has also been introduced. The technique was found to accelerate significantly the rate of convergence of the simulated annealing method. This finding is important because the main advantage of the simulated annealing method, namely its ability to impose a variety of reconstruction constraints, is usually compromised by its very slow rate of convergence. Absolutely permeability, formation factor and mercury-air capillary pressure are computed from simple network models. The input parameters for the network models were extracted from a reconstructed chalk sample. The computed permeability, formation factor and mercury-air capillary pressure correspond well with the experimental data. The predictive power of a network model for chalk is further extended through incorporating important pore-level displacement phenomena and realistic description of pore space geometry and topology. Limited results show that the model may be used to compute absolute and relative permeabilities, capillary pressure, formation factor, resistivity index and saturation exponent. The above findings suggest that the network modeling technique may be used for prediction of petrophysical and reservoir engineering properties of chalk. Further works are necessary and an outline is given with considerable details. Two 2D, one 3D and a dual-porosity fractured reservoir models have been developed and an imbibition process involving water displacing oil is simulated at various injection rates and with different oil-to-water viscosity ratios using four widely used conventional upscaling techniques. The upscaling techniques are the Kyte &amp; Berry, Pore Volume Weighted, Weighed Relative Permeability, and Stone. The results suggest that the upscaling of fractured reservoirs may be possible using the conventional techniques. Kyte &amp; Berry technique was found to be the most effective in all situations. However, further investigations are necessary using realistic description of fracture length, orientation, connectivity, aperture, spacing, etc. / Paper 3,4 and 5 reprinted with kind persmission of Elsevier Science, Science Direct.

We live in a world of becoming. The future is not given, but forms continuously in dynamic processes where path dependence plays a major role. There are many different possible futures. What we actually end up with is determined in part by chance and in part by the decisions we make. To make sound decisions we require models that are flexible enough to identify opportunities and to help us choose options that lead to advantageous alternatives. This way of thinking differs from traditional cost-benefit analysis that employs net present value calculations to choose on purely economic grounds, without regard to future consequences. Time and dynamic behaviour introduce a separate perspective. There is a focus on change, and decisions acquire windows of opportunity: the right decision at the right time may lead to substantial change, while it will have little effect if too early or too late. Modelling needs to reflect this dynamic behaviour. It is the perspective of time and dynamics that leads to a focus on sustainability, and thereby the role hydrogen might play in a future energy system. The present work develops a particular understanding relevant to energy infrastructures. Central elements of this understanding are: - Competition - Market preference and choice beyond costs - Bounded rationality - Uncertainty and risk - Irreversibility - Increasing returns - Path dependence - Feedback - Delay - Nonlinear behaviour Change towards a “hydrogen economy” will involve far-reaching change away from our existing energy infrastructure. This infrastructure is viewed as a dynamic set of interacting technologies (value sequences) that provide services to end-users and uphold the required supply of energy for this, all the way from primary energy sources. The individual technologies also develop with time. Building on this understanding and analysis, an analytical tool has emerged: the Energy Infrastructure Competition (EICOMP) model. In the model each technology is characterised by a capacity, an ordered-, and an actually delivered volume of energy services. It is further characterised through physical description with parameters like efficiency, time required for extending capacity and improvement by learning. Finally, each technology has an attractiveness, composed of costs, quality and availability, that determines the outcome of competition. Change away from our present energy infrastructure into a sustainable one based on renewable energy sources, will entail substantial change in most aspects of technology, organisation and ownership. Central results from the overall work are: - Change is dynamic and deeply influenced through situations with reinforcing feedback and path dependence. Due to this, there is a need for long-term perspectives in today's decision making: decisions have windows of opportunity and need to be made at the proper time. - Strategies aimed at achieving change should team up with reinforcing feedback and avoid overwhelming balancing feedback that counteracts change. - The EICOMP model is now available as a tool for furthe analysis of our existing energy infrastructure and its dynamic development into possible, alternative energy futures. As the model is intended for practical guidance in decisions, a central practical aim has been to allow it to be used close to where decisions are actually made; i.e. decentralised and locally in firms and in public institutions. In this respect much effort has been made in an attempt to make it transparent and easy to communicate. - The EICOMP model may be used to analyse situations of reinforcing feedback throughout the alternative energy infrastructures that we may come to have in the future.

I vårt examensarbete skrev vi allenast om elever som redan har diagnos ADHD. Vi valde att undersöka och studera de pedagogiska strategier som lärare använde sig av gällande läs-, skriv- och talutveckling hos elever som har ADHD. För att anpassa skoluppgifterna till elever som har ADHD fanns det många fakta, tips och idéer. Våra frågeställningar handlade om läs-, skriv- och talutveckling, undervisning, klassrumsmiljö och utbildning. Litteraturen som vi har läst poängterar vikten av att vuxna, såsom lärare och föräldrar, skall utbilda och vidareutbilda sig. Vi genomförde intervjuer med två speciallärare/specialpedagoger och två lärare. Vi erhöll kunskap genom intervjuerna inför vår kommande yrkesroll och vi jämförde vad litteratur sade och hur det såg ut i praktiken utifrån lärarnas erfarenhet och kunskap. Vår slutsats blev att det behövs kunskap när det gäller elever som har ADHD såsom bemötande, klassrumsmiljö, pedagogiska strategier och läromedel för lärare som undervisar elever som har ADHD i läs-, skriv- och talutveckling. Vår empiriska undersökning visade att den undervisningsform och de pedagogiska strategier som användes i läs-, skriv- och talutveckling för elever som har ADHD, även gynnade de övriga eleverna i klassrummet. In our examination paper we chose only to write about the pupils who already had received the diagnosis ADHD. We chose to examine and study the pedagogical strategies that teachers used for reading, writing and speech development among pupils that are already diagnosed with ADHD. There were very many facts, suggestions and ideas how to be able to adjust the school assignments for the pupils that had received the diagnosis ADHD. Our research inquiries were about reading, writing and speech development, teaching, the classroom environment, and the education. The literature that we have been reading emphasized the importance of education and further education for adults such as teachers and parents. We carried out interviews with two special education/special needs teachers and two teachers. We acquired knowledge from interviews with sight at our future profession, and we compared what literature said and how the situation was in real matter of fact according to teachers experience and knowledge. Our conclusion was that there is more knowledge acquired when it comes to pupils that have the diagnosis ADHD such as treatment, classroom environment, pedagogical strategies and teaching aids for teachers that teach pupils that have the diagnosis ADHD in reading, writing and speech development. Our empirical research showed that the chosen teaching and pedagogical strategies that were used in reading, writing and speech development for pupils with ADHD also supported the remaining pupils in the classroom.