If more people are starting to invest, then the focus on the effective markethypothesis will increase. The hypothesis's basic idea is that stock pricesalready reflect all available information and outperforming the marketthrough investment strategies is not possible. This study presents how twoinvestment strategies, CAN SLIM and Peter Lynch, has performed on andagainst the S&P 500 under a 10 year period. The result of the study showsthat the efficient market hypothesis does not hold and that an excess returncompared to the market is possible. Between the investment strategies therewas a comparison and analysis regarding the Sharpe ratio and the CapitalAsset Pricing Model. Conclusively, the study shows that CAN SLIM is thestrategy that has performed the best under the period that the study is basedon.

[EN] Composite steel-concrete beams embedded in the slab (slim-floor) are being increasingly used worldwide in new residential industrial and commercial building projects, as well as in unique infrastructures. However, the current standard design codes applicable in Europe, present several shortcomings. One of the most significant limitations is related to the calculation under fire exposure, where there is a lack of clear design guidance. In addition, many high-performance steels are beginning to be commercialized internationally. The use of these steels, in combination with the use of lightweight concrete with lower thermal conductivity, may significantly increase the fire resistance of this type of beams without the need of using an external protection, hence reducing the carbon footprint at the same time. This thesis suggests the use of a particular section typology (HEB + welded bottom plate) that improves the safety of the current composite beam systems, allowing for different types of steels to be arranged in the section. Plain carbon steels (S275 or S355) can be used for the main profile, while the high-performance steels (HSS or SS) would be employed only on the lower part of the beam. This will allow to balance out the problem of loss of resistance that these beams present when exposed to elevated temperatures, while reducing their cost. To this aim, a first experimental campaign is developed through eight tests, where the distribution of temperatures is analyzed in detail, as the composite beams are being subjected to the action of fire. Subsequently, an innovative solution, originated during the study of the results of this first group of experiments, is produced. This innovation is based on the insertion of an insulating material in the gap generated between the steel profile and the bottom plate (patent P201930438). To prove its novelty, a second and more reduced experimental campaign was developed. It can be concluded that some of the composite beams configured in this thesis are more sustainable, innovative, and provide competitive solutions for residential, industrial or commercial buildings. The use of new materials in embedded steel profiles is proposed in this thesis, as an alternative to the use of classical fire protection solutions (intumescent coatings or sprayed mortars), providing a solution with a better external finish and without the need for maintenance during its service life, which results in the reduction of the associated environmental impact. / [ES] Las vigas mixtas de acero y hormigón embebidas en el forjado, slim-floor, están siendo cada vez más utilizadas a nivel internacional en las nuevas propuestas de edificación tanto residencial, industrial o comercial, así como en infraestructuras singulares. Sin embargo, los códigos de diseño actuales aplicables en Europa, presentan algunas carencias. Una de las más importantes es respecto a su diseño para resistencia al fuego, para el que no existe una guía clara. Por otra parte, algunos aceros especiales, como los aceros inoxidables (SS) o de alta resistencia (HSS), están empezando a comercializarse a nivel internacional. El empleo de estos aceros, en combinación con la utilización de hormigones ligeros de menor difusividad térmica, puede llegar a incrementar significativamente la resistencia frente al fuego de este tipo de vigas sin necesidad de utilizar una protección externa, reduciendo así, a la vez, la huella de carbono. En esta tesis se sugiere la utilización de una tipología particular de sección (HEB + chapa inferior soldada) que mejora la seguridad de los sistemas de viga mixta actuales, permitiendo disponer diferentes tipos de aceros en la sección. Pueden utilizarse aceros normales (S275 o S355) en el perfil principal, mientras que los aceros de altas prestaciones se dispondrían preferentemente en la parte inferior de la sección. Esto permitiría contrarrestar los problemas de pérdida de resistencia frente a altas temperaturas que presentan estas vigas, reduciendo a la vez su coste. Para ello, se desarrolla una campaña de experimentos con ocho ensayos, donde se analiza en detalle la distribución de temperaturas cuando se somete a las vigas mixtas a la acción del fuego. Posteriormente, se presenta una solución innovadora originada durante el estudio de los resultados de los primeros experimentos, que consiste en la interposición de un material de aislamiento térmico en el hueco generado entre el perfil de acero y la chapa inferior (patente P201930438). Para demostrar su novedad, se desarrolla una segunda campaña de ensayos, más reducida. Se puede concluir que las vigas mixtas que se plantean en la presente tesis son soluciones sostenibles, innovadoras y competitivas para edificación residencial, industrial o comercial. El uso de perfiles de acero embebidos propuesto en esta tesis se plantea como una alternativa frente al empleo de soluciones clásicas de protección pasiva (pinturas intumescentes o morteros de proyección), proporcionando una solución con un mejor acabado externo y sin necesidad de mantenimiento durante su vida en servicio, lo cual redunda en la reducción del impacto ambiental asociado. / [CAT] Les bigues mixtes acer-formigó embegudes en el forjat, slim-floor, són cada vegada més utilitzades a nivell internacional en les noves propostes d'edificació tant residencial, industrial, comercial, com d'infraestructures singulars. No obstant això, els codis de disseny actuals aplicables a Europa, presenten diverses manques. Una de les més importants és respecte al dimensionament enfront el foc, on no existeix una guia de disseny clara D'altra banda, la utilització d'acers especials, com els acers inoxidables (SS) o d'alta resistència (HSS) estan començant a comercialitzar-se a nivell internacional. L'ús d'aquests acers en combinació amb la utilització de formigons lleugers de menor conductivitat, pot arribar a incrementar significativament la resistència al foc d'aquest tipus de bigues sense la necessitat d'utilitzar protecció externa, reduint alhora la petjada de carboni. En aquesta tesi es proposa la utilització d'una tipologia de secció mixta (HEB + xapa inferior soldada) que millora la seguretat dels sistemes actuals, permetent disposar diferents tipus d'acers en la secció, els acers comuns (S275 o S355) en el perfil principal i els acers especials només en la part inferior. Això permetria contrarestar els problemes de pèrdua de resistència enfront d'altes temperatures que presenten aquestes bigues reduint alhora el seu cost. Per a això es desenvolupa una campanya experimental amb huit assajos on s'analitza detalladament la distribució de temperatures sota l'acció del foc. Posteriorment, es presenta una solució innovadora originada durant l'estudi dels resultats de la primera campanya experimental i que consisteix en la interposició d'un material protector en el buit generat entre el perfil i la xapa d'acer (patent P201930438). Per a demostrar la seua novetat, es desenvolupa una segona campanya experimental més reduïda. Es pot concloure que, les bigues mixtes que es plantegen en el present projecte són solucions sostenibles, innovadores i competitives per a edificació residencial, industrial o comercial. L'ús de perfils d'acer embeguts proposat en aquesta tesi es planteja com una alternativa enfront de l'ús de solucions clàssiques (pintures intumescents o morters de projecció), proporcionant una solució amb un millor acabat extern i sense necessitat de manteniment durant la seua vida en servei, la qual cosa redunda en la reducció de l'impacte ambiental associat. / Serra Mercé, E. (2021). Análisis experimental del comportamiento frente a altas temperaturas de vigas planas mixtas de acero-hormigón con materiales avanzados [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/176062

La mitose est un processus hautement régulé, orchestré à la fois dans le temps et dans l’espace par l’action coordonnée des kinases et des phosphatases, qui contrôlent divers substrats pour garantir la bonne progression de la division cellulaire. Les rôles des kinases ont été largement étudiés et de nombreux inhibiteurs de kinases ont été développés. Toutefois, les fonctions des phosphatases restent moins bien comprises et les substrats clés qu’elles déphosphorylent doivent encore être identifiés. Pour approfondir notre compréhension du rôle des phosphatases durant la mitose, nous avons employé des approches multidisciplinaires incluant la phosphoprotéomique, la microscopie et la biochimie. Dans un premier temps, nous avons identifié les cibles potentielles de la protéine phosphatase 2A associée à sa sous-unité régulatrice B55/Tws dans la reformation de l’enveloppe nucléaire en fin de mitose chez la drosophile. Nos résultats montrent que PP2A-Tws déphosphoryle les résidus Ser50 et Ser54 de la protéine de la membrane nucléaire interne, Otefin. Cette déphosphorylation régule son interaction avec la protéine de liaison à la chromatine BAF, ainsi qu’avec les protéines de la lamina nucléaire, les Lamines et Otefin elle-même. Ces évènements de déphosphorylation sont essentiels pour la reformation de l’enveloppe nucléaire (EN) en fin de mitose et pour le développement embryonnaire chez la drosophile. Nous avons étendu ces analyses aux autres phosphatases PP1, PP2A et PP4, en utilisant la phosphoprotéomique pour identifier des substrats et des interacteurs potentiels. Parmi les découvertes notables, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que PP2A-B56 pourrait jouer un rôle au niveau des centrosomes, en se localisant aux centrosomes et en interagissant avec des protéines telles que Grip71, Ninein et plp. De plus, nos expériences montrent que la déplétion de Wdb seul n’entraîne pas d’anomalies significatives dans le nombre de centrosomes, alors que la co-déplétion de Wdb et Wrd entraîne une augmentation du nombre de cellules avec un nombre anormal de centrosomes. Ces résultats suggèrent une fonction potentielle de PP2A-B56 dans la régulation de la migration ou de la duplication des centrosomes. Enfin, nous avons développé une technique d’inhibition dans les embryons de drosophile, où un peptide composé de motifs linéaires courts (SLiM) est injecté pour inhiber spécifiquement l’action des phosphatases. Cette approche a non seulement permis de tester des hypothèses sur les fonctions des phosphatases, mais aussi de valider l’efficacité de cette technique d’inhibition spécifique. En sommes, nos résultats ont permis d’identifier des cibles potentielles pour les phosphatases PP1, PP2A et PP4, bien que de nombreux mécanismes de déphosphorylation restent à être élucidés. À l’avenir, des inhibiteurs spécifiques basés sur les SLiM pourraient être développés pour cibler les phosphatases, ouvrant ainsi de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques dans les pathologies associées à des dysfonctionnements mitotiques, comme le cancer. Mes travaux de recherche ont contribué significativement à la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à ces phosphatases, posant des bases solides pour les recherches futures. / Mitosis is a highly regulated process, orchestrated both in time and space by the coordinated action of kinases and phosphatases, which control various substrates to ensure the smooth progression of cell division. The roles of kinases have been extensively studied, and numerous kinase inhibitors have been developed. However, the functions of phosphatases remain less well understood, and the key substrates they dephosphorylate have yet to be identified. To further our understanding of the role of phosphatases during mitosis, we employed multidisciplinary approaches including phosphoproteomics, microscopy and biochemistry. First, we identified potential targets of protein phosphatase 2A associated with its regulatory subunit B55/Tws in nuclear envelope reformation at the end of mitosis in Drosophila. Our results show that PP2A-Tws dephosphorylates the Ser50 and Ser54 residues of the inner nuclear membrane protein, Otefin. This dephosphorylation regulates its interaction with the chromatin-binding protein BAF, as well as with the nuclear lamina proteins, Lamin, and Otefin itself. These dephosphorylation events are essential for nuclear envelope (NE) reformation at the end of mitosis and for embryonic development in Drosophila. We have extended these analyses to the other phosphatases PP1, PP2A and PP4, using phosphoproteomics to identify potential substrates and interactors. Among the notable findings, we hypothesized that PP2A-B56 might play a role at the centrosome level, localizing to centrosomes and interacting with proteins such as Grip71, Ninein and plp. Furthermore, our experiments show that depletion of Wdb alone does not result in significant abnormalities in centrosome number, whereas co-depletion of Wdb and Wrd results in an increase in the number of cells with abnormal centrosome numbers. These results suggest a potential function of PP2A-B56 in the regulation of centrosome migration or duplication. Finally, we developed an inhibition technique in Drosophila embryos, where a peptide composed of short linear motifs (SLiM) is injected to specifically inhibit phosphatase action. This approach not only allowed us to test hypotheses about phosphatase functions, but also to validate the efficacy of this specific inhibition technique. In sum, we have identified potential targets for the phosphatases PP1, PP2A and PP4, although many dephosphorylation mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the future, specific SLiM-based inhibitors could be developed to target phosphatases, opening up new therapeutic perspectives in pathologies associated with mitotic dysfunction, such as cancer. My research has contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these phosphatases, laying a solid foundation for future research.

Le Large Hadron Collider (LHC), située au CERN, Genève, produit des collisions de protons accélérés à une énergie de 3.5 TeV depuis le 23 Novembre 2009. L’expérience ATLAS enregistre depuis des données et poursuit sa recherche de nouvelle physique à travers l’analyse de la cinématique des événements issues des collisions. L’augmentation prévue de la luminosité sur la période s’étalant de 2011 2020 apportera de nouveaux défis pour le détecteur qui doivent être considérés pour maintenir les bonnes performance de la configuration actuelle. Le détecteur interne sera le sous-détecteur le plus affecté par l’augmentation de la luminosité qui se traduira par une augmentation des dommages occasionnés par la forte radiation et par la multiplication du nombre de traces associées à chaque croisement de faisceau. Les dommages causés par l’irradiation intense entrainera une perte d’efficacité de détection et une réduction du nombre de canaux actifs. Un intense effort de Recherche et Développement (R&D) est présentement en cours pour concevoir un nouveau détecteur pixel plus tolérant aux radiations et au cumul des événements générant un grand nombre de traces à reconstruire. Un premier projet de mise-à-jour du détecteur interne, nommé Insertable B-Layer (IBL) consiste à ajouter un couche de détection entre le tube à vide du faisceau et la première couche de silicium. Le projet SLHC prévoit de remplacer l’ensemble du détecteur interne par une version améliorée plus tolérante aux radiations et aux cumuls des événements. Dans cet ouvrage, je présente une étude utilisant la simulation technologique assisté par ordinateur (TCAD) portant sur les méthodes de conception des détecteurs pixels planaires permettant de réduire les zones inactives des détecteurs et d’augmenter leurs tolérances aux radiations. Les différents modèles physiques disponible ont étés étudiés pour développer un modèle cohérent capablede prédire le fonctionnement des détecteurs pixels planaires après irradiation. La structure d’anneaux de gardes utilisée dans le détecteur interne actuel a été étudié pour obtenir de l’information sur les possible méthodes permettant de réduire l’étendu de la surface occupée par cette structure tout en conservant un fonctionnement stable tout au long de la vie du détecteur dans l’expérience ATLAS. Une campagne de mesures sur des structures pixels fut organisée pour comparer les résultats obtenue grâce à la simulation avec le comportement des structures réelles. Les paramètres de fabrication ainsi que le comportement électrique ont été mesurés et comparés aux simulations pour valider et calibrer le modèle de simulation TCAD. Un modèle a été développé pour expliquer la collection de charge excessive observée dans les détecteurs planaires en silicium lors de leur exposition a une dose extrême de radiations. Finalement, un modèle simple de digitalisation à utiliser pour la simulation de performances détecteurs pixels individuels exposés à des faisceau de haute énergie ou bien de l’ensemble du détecteur interne est présenté. Ce modèle simple permets la comparaison entre les données obtenue en faisceau test aux modèle de transport de charge inclut dans ladigitalisation. Le dommage dû à la radiation , l’amincissement et l’utilisation de structures à bords minces sont autant de structures dont les effets sur la collecte de charges affectent les performance du détecteur. Le modèle de digititalisation fut validé pour un détecteur non-irradié en comparant les résultats obtenues avec les données acquises en test faisceau de haut énergie. Le modèle validé sera utilisé pour produire la première simulation de l’IBL incluant les effets d’amincissement du substrat, de dommages dûes aux radiations et de structure dotés de bords fins. / In this work, is presented a study, using TCAD simulation, of the possible methods of designing of a planar pixel sensors by reducing their inactive area and improving their radiation hardness for use in the Insertable B-Layer (IBL) project and for SLHC upgrade phase for the ATLAS experiment. Different physical models available have been studied to develop a coherent model of radiation damage in silicon that can be used to predict silicon pixel sensor behavior after exposure to radiation. The Multi-Guard Ring Structure,a protection structure used in pixel sensor design was studied to obtain guidelines for the reduction of inactive edges detrimental to detector operation while keeping a good sensor behavior through its lifetime in the ATLAS detector. A campaign of measurement of the sensor’s process parameters and electrical behavior to validate and calibrate the TCAD simulation models and results are also presented. A model for diode charge collection in highly irradiated environment was developed to explain the high charge collection observed in highly irradiated devices. A simple planar pixel sensor digitization model to be used in test beam and full detector system is detailed. It allows for easy comparison between experimental data and prediction by the various radiation damage models available. The digitizer has been validated using test beam data for unirradiated sensors and can be used to produce the first full scale simulation of the ATLAS detector with the IBL that include sensor effects such as slim edge and thinning of the sensor.

No mercado mundial existe uma visível tendência de tornar as obras mais industrializadas e racionalizadas com o objetivo de reduzir os desperdícios, acelerar a velocidade de execução das obras e garantir maior qualidade às mesmas. A adoção de elementos estruturais com certo grau de industrialização pode trazer benefícios em relação aos custos, à mão de obra, ao tempo de execução e ao impacto ambiental. Neste contexto, as estruturas mistas de aço e concreto satisfazem essa necessidade, pois tanto os elementos de aço quanto os elementos de concreto podem ser pré-fabricados, ficando apenas as etapas de içamento e montagem a serem realizadas na obra, reduzindo o uso de fôrmas e escoramentos. Os pisos mistos de aço e concreto de pequena altura caracterizam-se pelo embutimento da laje de concreto na altura do perfil de aço, sendo a principal vantagem, em relação ao piso misto convencional, a redução da altura total do composto. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento de pisos mistos de aço e concreto de pequena altura com laje alveolar em concreto protendido por meio de ensaios de cisalhamento direto (push-out test) e de flexão. Na solução proposta, a transferência de esforços entre o perfil de aço e a laje alveolar foi feita por meio de conectores tipo pino com cabeça e concreto moldado no local. Os resultados demonstraram-se promissores em termos de comportamento do piso misto de pequena altura, aumentando significativamente a rigidez do sistema em relação à viga de aço isolada. Em complemento, foi desenvolvida uma simulação numérica dos modelos físicos ensaiados utilizando o pacote computacional DIANA®, fundamentado no método dos elementos finitos, na qual o modelo numérico representou adequadamente o comportamento dos pisos mistos de pequena altura, permitindo análises paramétricas. / On the world market, there is a visible tendency to turn buildings construction more industrialized and rationalized in order to reduce waste, accelerate the construction speed and ensure higher quality to them. The adoption of structural elements with a degree of industrialization can bring benefits regarding costs, labor, construction time and environmental impact. In this context, steel and concrete composite structures satisfy this need, since steel and concrete elements can be prefabricated, with only lifting and mounting steps to be performed on site, reducing use of formwork and shoring. A type of slim floor system consists in precast concrete hollow core slabs supported on the lower flange of steel beams. The major advantage of this solution, compared to conventional composite beam, is reducing the overall height of the floor. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the behavior of slim floor with prestressed concrete hollow core slabs through push-out and bending tests. In the proposed solution, the transfer of forces between steel beam and hollow core slabs was made by stud bolts and cast on site concrete. The obtained results proved to be promising in terms of slim floor behavior, significantly increasing the system stiffness regarding the isolated steel beam. In addition, a numerical modeling of the studied slim floor system was developed, using finite element based software DIANA®, in which the numerical model adequately represented the behavior of the composite beam, allowing parametric analysis.

The problems of particulate matter air pollution were analyzed, statistical data about particulate matter pollution in the world and in Lithuania were presented, necessity of particulate matter concentration assessment in the air of Žirmūnai and Žvėrynas districts of Vilnius were described, the main aims and tasks of work were described in the final master work. The data of Lithuanian air quality stations were analyzed too, and it was assessed that Vilnius is one of the most particulate matter polluted Lithuanian cities. The biggest concentrations of this pollutant during analyzed period were fixed in the Žirmūnai and Žvėrynas air quality stations. The methodology of investigation of particulate matter concentration in the air of Žirmūnai and Žvėrynas districts was described; places of measurement points, operation of a real time monitor „Microdust pro“ were characterized and the results of recording were presented, too. The model of particulate matter carry in Žvėrynas district with the help of „Phoenics“ modelling programme was made. The data of investigation (results of recording particulate matter concentration) and calculated results were compared, conclusions and suggestions given. The work has 6 chapters: introduction, the ambient air pollution with particulate matter; investigation of particulate matter concentration in the air of Vilnius districts, mathematical modelling of particulate matter concentration in the air of Žvėrynas district, general conclusions and... [to full text]

No mercado mundial existe uma visível tendência de tornar as obras mais industrializadas e racionalizadas com o objetivo de reduzir os desperdícios, acelerar a velocidade de execução das obras e garantir maior qualidade às mesmas. A adoção de elementos estruturais com certo grau de industrialização pode trazer benefícios em relação aos custos, à mão de obra, ao tempo de execução e ao impacto ambiental. Neste contexto, as estruturas mistas de aço e concreto satisfazem essa necessidade, pois tanto os elementos de aço quanto os elementos de concreto podem ser pré-fabricados, ficando apenas as etapas de içamento e montagem a serem realizadas na obra, reduzindo o uso de fôrmas e escoramentos. Os pisos mistos de aço e concreto de pequena altura caracterizam-se pelo embutimento da laje de concreto na altura do perfil de aço, sendo a principal vantagem, em relação ao piso misto convencional, a redução da altura total do composto. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento de pisos mistos de aço e concreto de pequena altura com laje alveolar em concreto protendido por meio de ensaios de cisalhamento direto (push-out test) e de flexão. Na solução proposta, a transferência de esforços entre o perfil de aço e a laje alveolar foi feita por meio de conectores tipo pino com cabeça e concreto moldado no local. Os resultados demonstraram-se promissores em termos de comportamento do piso misto de pequena altura, aumentando significativamente a rigidez do sistema em relação à viga de aço isolada. Em complemento, foi desenvolvida uma simulação numérica dos modelos físicos ensaiados utilizando o pacote computacional DIANA®, fundamentado no método dos elementos finitos, na qual o modelo numérico representou adequadamente o comportamento dos pisos mistos de pequena altura, permitindo análises paramétricas. / On the world market, there is a visible tendency to turn buildings construction more industrialized and rationalized in order to reduce waste, accelerate the construction speed and ensure higher quality to them. The adoption of structural elements with a degree of industrialization can bring benefits regarding costs, labor, construction time and environmental impact. In this context, steel and concrete composite structures satisfy this need, since steel and concrete elements can be prefabricated, with only lifting and mounting steps to be performed on site, reducing use of formwork and shoring. A type of slim floor system consists in precast concrete hollow core slabs supported on the lower flange of steel beams. The major advantage of this solution, compared to conventional composite beam, is reducing the overall height of the floor. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the behavior of slim floor with prestressed concrete hollow core slabs through push-out and bending tests. In the proposed solution, the transfer of forces between steel beam and hollow core slabs was made by stud bolts and cast on site concrete. The obtained results proved to be promising in terms of slim floor behavior, significantly increasing the system stiffness regarding the isolated steel beam. In addition, a numerical modeling of the studied slim floor system was developed, using finite element based software DIANA®, in which the numerical model adequately represented the behavior of the composite beam, allowing parametric analysis.

Graduation thesis is specialized on dilemma of the integrated circuits with ball grid array. Chapter two describes several types of packages and confrontation of their characteristics. Chapter three considers possibilities of corrections these boards bedded with packages, mounting and demounting of these packages, method of camera control and also inspection of the soldering process. Chapter four attend to practical measuring of thermal profiles and their optimalization.

<p dir="ltr">Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), with its unparalleled ability to separate and filter ions based on their overall size before channeling them into a Mass Spectrometer, has placed itself as a cornerstone of the modern Analytical Chemistry field. IMS provides an orthogonal separation, aiding in the identification and analysis processes of various compounds. While there have been many inventions for ion mobility (IM) devices with exponential growth in the separation capability in the past few years, there is very little emphasis on the theoretical explanation. For example, most modern IMS devices often use a high ratio of electric field to gas concentration (E/n) as it provides better separation capabilities. However, the interaction between ion and gas at such E/n cannot be explained by current IM theories as they ignore several critical factors such as the increase in ion’s energy due to energetic collisions, the energy loss/transferred in the internal degree of freedoms, and change in the ion’s structure, requiring empirical data to identify ions after separation. The thesis presented here contributes towards bridging this gap by elucidating the complex interplay of forces and interactions that govern the ion separation process, thereby explaining on how these mechanisms can be further exploited for refined separation and advancing the computational approach to identify the separated ion.</p><p dir="ltr">To explain the ion-gas interaction under high E/n, this research extends the Two-Temperature Theory (2TT) up to the fourth order approximation. The central idea of the 2TT is to solve moments of the Boltzmann equation for the ion’s velocity distribution involving ion-gas collisions. The research shows a decreasing error between each subsequent approximations, indicating convergence. This advancement is demonstrated through the development and application of our in-house program, IMoS, and validated against experimental data for small ions in monoatomic gases. This research also justifies the mechanisms of increasing and decreasing mobility as the electric field is increased by explaining the interplay between the interaction potential and the collision energy.</p><p dir="ltr">Subsequent chapters investigate the impact of internal degrees of freedom (rotational and vibrational) on ion mobility. This includes pioneering work with the Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM) device to separate isotopomers, alongside computational advancements in simulating these effects, leading to the development of IMoS 2.0. In IMoS 2.0 software an ion is placed in a virtual drift tube with electric field, where it is free to rotate and translate upon collision. The research notably uncovers the role of rotational degrees of freedom in isotopomer separation, a previously underexplored area.</p><p dir="ltr">To ascertain the effect of the vibrational DoF and differentiate from the ion’s structural expansion and heating resulting from energetic collisions, a combined simulation of ion mobility and molecular dynamics (IM-MD) was performed. This analysis revealed that structural expansion plays a dominant role for the cause of deviation at high E/n, to such an extent that the vibrational DoF (or inelastic collisions) can normally be disregarded. Moreover, the research also indicates that using a combination of IM-MD simulation, one can identify accurate gas-phase structure of the ion at any temperature from a pool of probable structures.</p><p dir="ltr">Guided by these conclusions, the research now takes a significant step forward by aiming to accurately characterize protein structures in the gas phase using IM-MD simulation. Traditional MD simulations provide larger structures since the force field is not optimized for the gas-phase simulation. To address this, a biasing force towards the center of the protein is applied, compressing it. This method efficiently explores multiple feasible configurations, including those obscured by energy barriers. This strategy generated structures that closely align with the experimental evidence.</p>