In Alberta, almost all created wetlands accepted as compensation have been naturalized stormwater management facilities. Our investigation of 32 created and natural wetlands in central Alberta determined that created wetlands have steeper shoreline slopes, largely as a result of their primary function as stormwater retention ponds. This resulted in distinctly different vegetation zonation, with the steeper slopes of created wetlands resulting in fewer, narrower wetland vegetation zones. This was reflected in reduced species richness and abundance of wetland songbirds at created wetlands. This study also discusses the development of a Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA) approach, a standardized, quantitative approach to measuring wetland condition, for Albertas Parkland and Boreal natural regions. I present plant survey data from the 32 wetlands as validation of the effectiveness of this approach. This study provides information on current wetland compensation practices and a potential wetland assessment tool; both topics that are directly relevant to the implementation of wetland compensation policies in Alberta. / Ecology

Listeners with severe-sloping losses often don’t perceive high-frequency sound cues. Conventional amplification fails to provide these cues due to loudness discomfort experienced by the listener, and/or acoustic feedback. Alternative signal-processing solutions include shifting higher frequencies down to lower frequencies, or providing electrical stimulation via a speech processor. Three experiments were carried out on adult hearing-impaired listeners to determine the best way of providing high-frequency information: conventional amplification, frequency compression or cochlear implantation.

Σκοπός είναι η αποτύπωση της κατάστασης κατολισθαίνουσας ζώνης στον οικισμό Μαζαράκι Ηλείας, η οποία ενεργοποιήθηκε στον οδικό άξονα Μαζαράκι-Πρόδρομος μετά τις πυρκαγιές του 2007 που έπληξαν τον Νομό Ηλείας. Περιλαμβάνει αποτύπωση και χαρτογράφηση της κατολισθαίνουσας ζώνης, αποτελέσματα τεχνικογεωλογικής - γεωτεχνικής μελέτης που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στον χώρο και αποτελέσματα ευστάθειας πρανών. / The purpose of this essay is to imprint the behaviour of sliding-zone, in the region of Mazaraki, Ilia, which was activated on Mazaraki- Prodromos road after the fire that stroke Ilia area in 2007. The essay includes, survey and maps of the sliding-zone, results of technogeological – geotechnical survey that was carried out in the area, as well as results of slope stability.

Bien que son utilisation requière plus de paramètres que les méthodes traditionnelles la méthode des éléments finis est de plus en plus utilisée pour la conception, des ouvrages géotechniques. Son utilisation nécessite notamment la définition du champ initial des contraintes qui reste très difficile à estimer et mesurer.Ce travail de thèse est une contribution à une meilleure connaissance de l'état initial des contraintes dans une pente. La thèse comporte des études numériques et expérimentales.Les études numériques évaluent, dans un premier temps, la variation des résultats des calculs par la méthode des éléments finis induite par l'incertitude sur l'état initial des contraintes. Dans un deuxième temps, la distribution des contraintes suite à la modélisation d'une pente au moyen du logiciel CESAR-LCPC est étudiée. L'influence des paramètres géologiques, géométriques et mécaniques sur le champ initial des contraintes est étudiée.L'objectif de l'étude expérimentale est de mesurer, avec des capteurs de pression totale fonçables, les contraintes horizontales dans une pente. La campagne expérimentale opte pour un suivi de la relaxation des contraintes horizontales jusqu'à la stabilisation des mesures. Des essais en laboratoire, réalisés au CEREMA à Aix en Provence, incluent des essais œdométriques à mesure de K0 qui donnent des valeurs du coefficient de pression des terres au repos mesuré en laboratoire. Les difficultés liées à la mesure du coefficient de pression des terres au repos et les paramètres qui peuvent l'influencer (nature des terrains, variations de teneur en eau, etc.) sont discutés / Though the finite element method requires more input data than traditional methods, it is increasingly used for the design of geotechnical structures. Its use needs to define initial stresses, which are difficult to estimate or to measure.This thesis is a contribution to a better understanding of the initial stresses in a slope. It consists of both numerical and experimental studies.The numerical studies focus on two issues. At first, they assess the effects of initial stresses on the results of calculations using finite element methods. Secondly, the distribution of stresses in a slope is analysed, using CESAR-LCPC finite elements software. The influence of geological, geometric and mechanical parameters on the state of stresses is studied.The objective of the experimental studies is to measure the lateral stresses in a slope using push-in total stress cells. The stresses are measured continuously in order to estimate the stresses in the ground after the dissipation of the effects of installation procedure. Laboratory tests made at CEREMA in Aix-en-Provence include “K0 oedometer tests” which provide measures of the coefficient of earth pressure at rest. The difficulties associated with the measurement of the coefficient of earth pressure at rest and the parameters that can influence it (type of soil, geometry of soil mass, water content ...) are discussed

A caminhada e a corrida são formas de exercício físico que promovem mudanças no estilo de vida, mas, existem muitas controvérsias dos possíveis benefícios e riscos a respeito da caminhada ou corrida quando realizada em diferentes inclinações. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o limiar anaeróbio bem como avaliar e comparar as respostas fisiológicas durante exercícios contínuos (45 minutos) com intensidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio executados na esteira rolante nas condições de inclinação positiva (+10%), plano (0%) e inclinação negativa (-10%). Participaram deste estudo 9 mulheres com idades entre 21 e 31 anos, fisicamente ativas. Primeiramente elas realizaram testes crescentes para determinação da intensidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio em cada inclinação. Após essa determinação foram realizados os protocolos contínuos na intensidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio por 45 minutos. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que o valor médio (\'+ OU -\' desviopadrão) da velocidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio no plano foi de 6,56 \'+ OU -\' 0,53 Km/h, na inclinação positiva foi de 5,44 \'+ OU -\' 0,53 Km/h (com redução percentual de 17,07% em relação ao plano) e na inclinação negativa foi de 7,22 \'+ OU -\' 0,67 Km/h (com elevação percentual de 9,14% em relação ao plano). Nos protocolos contínuos foi observado que os valores das variáveis ventilatórias apresentaram-se mais elevados para o protocolo com inclinação positiva, já a freqüência cardíaca apenas apresentou diferença até o 15º minuto do exercício entre os protocolos com inclinação positiva e o protocolo com inclinação negativa. Mas apesar disso, as voluntárias não relataram dificuldade do gesto motor na realização dos exercícios. Conclui-se que mesmo com a tentativa de se trabalhar na velocidade ideal para cada condição imposta, as respostas cardiovasculares e metabólicas são diferentes, ) principalmente entre o protocolo com inclinação positiva e o protocolo com inclinação negativa. O presente trabalho mostrou pontos importantes que devem ser levados em consideração, quanto à escolha do protocolo aplicado nos treinamentos físicos em indivíduos com diferentes condições físicas quando se propõem diferentes velocidades de corrida e inclinações da esteira. / Walking and running are forms of exercise that promote changes in lifestyle, but there are many controversies about the possible benefits and risks regarding the walking or running when performed at different slopes. This study aimed to determine the anaerobic threshold and to evaluate and compare the physiological responses during continuous exercise (45 minutes) with intensity corresponding to anaerobic threshold run on the treadmill in terms of positive slope (+10%), level (0%) and negative slope (-10%). The study included 9 women aged between 21 and 31 years old, physically active. First they performed increasing intensity tests to determine the intensity corresponding to anaerobic threshold on each slope. After determining these parameters the continuous protocols were performed in intensity corresponding to anaerobic threshold for 45 minutes. The results showed that the speed average (\'+ OU -\' standard deviation) at level the anaerobic threshold was 6.56 \'+ OU -\' 0.53 km/h, atthe positive slope was 5.44 \'+ OU -\' 0.53 km/h (with a percentage reduction of 17.07% over the level) and the negative slope was 7.22 \'+ OU -\' 0.67 km/h (with high percentage of 9.14% over the level). In continuous protocols was observed that the values of ventilatory variables were more elevated for the protocol with positive slope and the heart rate showed only significant difference until the 15th minute of exercise between protocols with positive slope and with negative slope. But despite this, the volunteers reported no difficulty in motor gesture in exercises. It was conclude that even with the attempt to run at ideal speed for each condition the cardiovascular and metabolic responses are different, especially between the protocol with positive slope and with negative slope. This study showed important points that should be taken into account in the choice of protocol used in physical training in individuals with different physical conditions when they propose different running speeds and inclinations of the treadmill.

En ce début de XXIe siècle, le vin et la vigne constituent une richesse importante pour bon nombre de pays. Les territoires viticoles, tout en conservant leurs qualités d'espace de production, développent des stratégies d'adaptation à la globalisation du marché et aux attentes des consommateurs toujours plus versatiles. Or en raison de conditions orographiques particulières, les territoires de montagne et de fortes pentes voient leurs marges de manœuvre réduites. En effet, une grosse partie de leurs coûts de production reste bien souvent incompressible par rapport à la viticulture de plaine. Paradoxalement ces paysages viticoles, image du construit social et des équilibres environnementaux, participent à leur reconnaissance internationale. Le travail présenté ici est né en réponse à la sensibilité croissante de ces vignobles de fortes pentes. En nous appuyant sur deux territoires d'étude, en France le vignoble de la Côte Vermeille et en Italie le val di Cembra, nous questionnons les spécificités de la viticulture de fortes pentes. Notre approche met l'accent sur les possibilités offertes par des méthodes empiriques de modélisation à base d'agents pour proposer un regard renouvelé sur le rôle des interactions société-environnement dans le maintien et le développement de ces territoires sous contraintes. A travers une constellation de modèles multi-agents issus des questionnements récurrents des acteurs de la filière, et selon une démarche exploratoire et incrémentale, nous nous intéresserons ici à trois grands types de questions posées aux territoires viticoles de fortes pentes. Le premier concerne la place du marché et ses conséquences sur les dynamiques de couvert végétal à petite échelle. Le second type de questionnement explore également les dynamiques spatiales du couvert végétal, mais se place à mezzo-échelle, et propose de s'intéresser à la définition des règles socio-économiques simples qui sous-tendent les dynamiques foncières à l'échelle de quelques communes. Enfin le dernier volet de ce travail se place à grande échelle et s'intéresse à des phénomènes très descriptifs. L'ensemble de ces réflexions nous amènera ensuite à utiliser la modélisation co-construite avec les acteurs pour proposer une vision prospective globale pour les territoires de montagne et de fortes pentes. Cette approche prospective sera conduite en parallèle avec certains acteurs de la filière ce qui nous permettra de délimiter les variables structurelles propres aux systèmes de fortes pentes telles qu'elles sont ou non vécues par les acteurs. Basés sur la délimitation de ces variables, nous proposons enfin quatre scenarii prospectifs pour la viticulture en fortes pentes. / Wine and wineyards stand nowadays as a significant wealth for a number of countries. While retaining their properties as production space, vine-growing regions are developing adaptation strategies to market globalisation and to the ever more versatile consumer expectations. Yet, due to the corresponding specific orographic conditions in steep slope and mountain regions, actor's relative leeway is reducing ,. Comparatively to plain wine-growing, a large part of their production costs often remains indeed incompressible. On the other hand, these vine-growing landscape take advantage of such harsh conditions in terms of international recognition, as images of social construct and environmental equilibrium. The work presented here emerged as a response to this steep slope vineyards' sensitivity. This investigation relies on two study areas: the Côte Vermeille vineyards in France, and the val di Cembra in Italy. Our approach focuses on the opportunities granted by agent-based empirical modelling methods, in order to put forward a renewed look at the role of society-environment interactions in the sustainability and development of territories subject to constraints. Using an exploratory and incremental method, three significant issues of steep slope vine-growing regions have been addressed, thanks to a constellation of multi-agent models, derived from questioning actors of this sector. The first considers the market's impacts on the small-scale plant cover dynamics. The second issue focuses on meso-scale plant cover dynamics and questions the definition of simple socio-economic ruleset, within the frame of land property dynamics and applied to the scale of a few municipalities. The last section of this work is dedicated to some descriptive phenomena within a large scale. Thus, the sum of these reflections leads us to exploit co-designed modelling with the stakeholders in order to propose a global prospective vision for mountain and steep slope regions. This prospective approach is conducted in association with some of the players in the sector, thus allowing us to delineate the structural variables linked to steep slope vineyards' systems in agreement with their experience. Based on these delineated variables, four prospective scenarii are put forward for the steep slope vine-growing activity.

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Atenciosamente, Biblioteca Campus Rio Claro Repositório Institucional UNESP on 2018-01-18T13:19:50Z (GMT) / Submitted by PATRICIA BORGES SILVEIRA null (patygeo@gmail.com) on 2018-01-28T23:58:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 merged (5).pdf: 8659517 bytes, checksum: 9fc1bff8ee08b2bc90c090ff840d0ff8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-01-30T10:28:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_pb_dr_rcla.pdf: 8621364 bytes, checksum: bc33c2a273cb708d079244e7f6b4b46d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-30T10:28:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_pb_dr_rcla.pdf: 8621364 bytes, checksum: bc33c2a273cb708d079244e7f6b4b46d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Dentre os recursos naturais que o homem necessita para sobreviver, o solo se insere na lista dos mais importantes, sendo um dos suportes da produção agrícola, a fim de abastecer as populações. Contudo, pesquisadores do mundo todo têm alertado que devido à pressão de uso e ocupação da terra, os solos tendem a se modificarem pela força da água e dos ventos o que ocasionará a formação de desertos. Assim, visando contribuir com estudos que buscam a preservação e conservação dos solos para fins agrícolas, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo colaborar com o aprimoramento de modelo preditivo de erosão (EUPS), visando uma melhor aproximação entre os dados de estimativa de perda de solo obtidos com o modelo e os dados registrados em campo. Para atingir os objetivos propostos e avaliar as hipóteses formuladas, a Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo, EUPS, foi aplicada na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Alam Grei, na escala de 1:10.000, utilizando três diferentes técnicas de obtenção dos valores referentes ao fator topográfico da EUPS. Tais resultados foram comparados com os dados obtidos em duas vertentes selecionadas dessa bacia na escala de detalhe de 1:1.000, a fim de verificar como a escala interfere nos resultados obtidos com o referido modelo. Os resultados mostraram que a escala de maior detalhe favorece a obtenção de dados de melhor qualidade, a fim de apresentar valores finais de EPS mais reais, já que permite a obtenção de dados menos generalizados. Além disso, os valores de estimativa de perda de solo adquiridos com o modelo EUPS foram comparados com duas parcelas de experimentação, pinos de erosão e calhas de Gerlach, indicando valores muito discrepantes dos dados reais de perda de solo. Dessa forma, entende-se que a variedade de dados encontrados na presente pesquisa demonstra a necessidade de se concentrar esforços na busca de obtenção de valores mais satisfatórios dos parâmetros que compõem a EUPS, a fim de que o modelo citado, amplamente usado no mundo todo, possa ser um instrumento que forneça subsídios a fim de planejar e viabilizar ações de uso e ocupação da terra e práticas conservacionistas que visem amenizar o desencadeamento dos processos erosivos em áreas agrícolas. / Among the natural resources that man needs to survive, the soil is included in the list of the most important, since without it the agricultural production, in order to supply the populations, becomes unfeasible. However, researchers around the world have warned that due to improper exploitation, the world's soils tend to change by force of water and wind, which will lead to the formation of uninhabitable deserts. Thus, in order to contribute to studies that seek the preservation and conservation of soils for agricultural purposes, this research aims to collaborate with the improvement of the predictive model of erosion (EUPS), aiming at a better approximation between the data of estimation of soil losses obtained with the model and the data registered in the field. In order to reach the proposed objectives and to evaluate the hypotheses formulated, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (EUPS) was applied in the Alam Grei river basin, in the scale of 1: 10,000, using three different techniques to obtain the values referring to the topographic factor of the EUPS. These results were compared with the data obtained in two selected slopes of this basin in the detail scale of 1: 1,000, in order to verify how the scale interferes in the results obtained with said model. The results showed that the scale of detail favors the obtaining of data of better quality, in order to present final values of more real EPS, since it allows obtaining data less generalized. In addition, the soil loss estimation values acquired with the EUPS model were compared with two experimental plots, erosion pins and Gerlach gutters, indicating very discrepant values of the actual soil loss data. In this way, it is understood that the variety of data found in the present study demonstrates the need to concentrate efforts in the search for obtaining more satisfactory values of the parameters that make up the EUPS, so that the model mentioned, widely used worldwide, can be an instrument that provides subsidies in order to plan and make feasible land use and occupation actions and conservation practices aimed at mitigating the triggering of erosion processes in agricultural areas. / CNPq: 141619/2014-7

Submitted by Maria Lucia Solera (lucinha@ipt.br) on 2018-04-05T14:54:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Solera_Maria_Lucia.pdf: 7380822 bytes, checksum: b8c2f83d71228edc0643d9c3ef334ac5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Bacalgini null (bruna@sorocaba.unesp.br) on 2018-04-05T17:53:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 solera_ml_dr_soro.pdf: 7380822 bytes, checksum: b8c2f83d71228edc0643d9c3ef334ac5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T17:53:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 solera_ml_dr_soro.pdf: 7380822 bytes, checksum: b8c2f83d71228edc0643d9c3ef334ac5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / A mineração representa um importante setor na economia promovendo diversos benefícios econômicos e sociais ao país. Ainda que apresente impactos positivos, os cenários da degradação originados pela atividade minerária causam impactos negativos ao meio ambiente, dificultando a recuperação da área degradada. Esta pesquisa discute a aplicabilidade da bioengenharia de solos como estratégia promissora para recuperar um talude de pilha de estéril. Esse talude está constituído por materiais de diferentes granulometrias, alta declividade e elevado índices de vazios, características físicas que podem afetar o desenvolvimento ou mesmo a recolonização da vegetação nativa por processos naturais de sucessão. Três modelos estruturais de bioengenharia de solos denominados de guirlanda, colmeia e retentor foram confeccionados para reter mistura de solo-substrato/sementes de Crotalaria juncea, Mucuna aterrina e Cajanus cajan como adubos verdes visando à produção de matéria orgânica e promover as condições necessárias para posterior revegetação do talude. Os resultados obtidos com aplicação dos índices desenvolvidos para avaliar os modelos indicam que a guirlanda apresentou melhor resultado, destacando-se a baixa dificuldade de instalação do modelo no talude, a baixa dificuldade de preenchimento do solo-substrato/sementes no modelo e o alto desenvolvimento da adubação verde. O segundo melhor desempenho foi alcançado pelo modelo retentor seguido pelo modelo colmeia com o pior desempenho. Na análise dos bioindicadores ambientais do solo, a guirlanda apresentou melhor resultado na produção da matéria orgânica, em número de morfoespécies e em numero de indivíduos da fauna edáfica, seguindo pelos modelos retentor e colmeia. Os critérios preestabelecidos especificamente para avaliar esses modelos indicam potencial de aplicabilidade em futuros projetos de pesquisas para recuperar situações similares de degradação em áreas de mineração a céu aberto. / Mining represents an important sector in the economy promoting many economic and social benefits to the country. Although this represents positive impacts, the degradation scenarios originated by the mining activity cause negative impacts to the environment, which difficult the recovery of the degraded area. This research discusses the applicability of soil bioengineering as a promising strategy for recovering a slope of a waste dump. This slope consists of materials of different granulometries, high slope and high void ratio, physical characteristics that can hinder the development or even the recolonization of native vegetation by natural succession processes. Three soil bioengineering structural models, named as guirlanda, colmeia and retentor were made to retain a mix of soilsubstrate and seeds of Crotalaria juncea, Mucuna aterrina and Cajanus cajan as green manures for the production of organic matter and to promote the necessary conditions for future revegetation of the slope. The results obtained with application of the indices developed to assess the models indicate that guirlanda presented the best results, with highlights for the low difficulty in installing the model on the slope, the low difficulty of filling the model with the mix of soil-substrate and seeds and the high development of green manure. The second best performance was achieved by retentor model followed by the worst performing colmeia model. In the analysis of soil environmental bioindicators, guirlanda presented better results in the production of organic matter, in number of morphospecies and in number of individuals of the edaphic fauna, followed by the models retentor and colmeia. The specifically pre-established criteria to assess these models indicate the potential applicability in future research projects to recover similar situations of degradation in open pit mining areas.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14136号 / 工博第2970号 / 新制||工||1441(附属図書館) / 26442 / UT51-2008-N453 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 一, 教授 関口 秀雄, 教授 藤田 正治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

The volume of lava flows provide important information on the magnitude of volcanic eruptions, and accurate volumes are necessary to produce reliable models of lava flow emplacement or constrain the internal structure of volcanoes. The most accurate lava flow volumes are obtainable when the topography before and after an eruption are both known, but information for the topography before lava flow emplacement is absent in non-historic lava flows. To calculate the volume of non-historic lava flows, this pre-emplacement topography needs to be reconstructed. Common methods for this include using inverse distance-weighted averages or global polynomial interpolation methods, but these can still underestimate the volume of the flow, and the surface of the flow itself is not considered in these interpolations. A new calculation method seems necessary to better constrain the volume of lava flows, and including the lava flow surface in the volume calculation, given that it is generally excluded during interpolation of pre-emplacement topography, may be the solution to improving lava flow volume calculation for flows where the base surface is unknown. The 2012-2013 Tolbachik lava flow is used to look at potential relationships due to the availability of elevation data before and after the eruption. A quantitative analysis on the relationships between the slope of topography before and after lava flow emplacement and on the relationship between the slope and thickness of lava flows is performed. In addition to this, the slope of the topography calculated over local and regional scales is used as a new interpolation method, and the calculated thickness from the interpolated surface is compared to the known thickness for the lava flow.