Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIANA MULLER FREIRE 1.pdf: 749833 bytes, checksum: a742c73867fc6e2a5a39f7af7a54b15e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This study aimed to evaluate the structure and floristics of shrubs and trees in areas of northern and southern slopes in the southern portion of the Maci?o da Pedra Branca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. We tested the hypothesis that different component orientations may influence the structure and floristic changes. In a sample area of 9.700 m2, divided into ten areas, were surveyed 1508 individuals, distributed in 324 species, 154 genera and 52 families. The families richest in species were: Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The Diversity Index Shannon-Wiener (H ') was 5.093 nats / indiv., And the evenness (J) was 0.881. Horizontal structure in the species Joannesia princeps, Piptadenia gonoacantha e Pseudopiptadenia contorta, Meternichia princeps, Apuleia leiocarpa, Astrocaryum aculeatissimum, Chrysophyllum flexuosum reached the highest value of phytosociological importance. A phytosociological analysis of each individual area indicated significant floristic and structural variations, with a trend toward greater diversity is found in areas of higher altitude and farther from the urban perimeter. Of the 324 species found in the study, 124 were found exclusively on the north side, 100 on the southern slope and 100 occurred in both strands. The exclusive species and more frequent on the north side were Brosimum guianense e Annona cacans, Zollernia ilicifolia, Couratari pyramidata, Lecythis pisonis e Gallesia integrifolia. On the southern slope, the exclusive species that stood out were Cariniana estrellensis, Cabralea canjerana, Eugenia microcarpa. Cluster analysis among the ten areas indicated, in general, greater similarity due to the proximity between areas than for the orientation of the slope, however comparing the north and south closer together, it is observed that the highest diversity indices, most proportion of rare species and unique and the most advanced stages of succession were found on the southern slope. The cases where this did not happen were observed in areas closer to the urban boundaries that regardless of the slope were less floristic diversity. The diameter distribution model presented inverted J, with a diameter range quite variable between areas. No pattern was found between the diameter distribution and orientation of the slope. Comparing the flora of Pedra Branca with other forest areas in Rio de Janeiro, there was generally a low floristic similarity. The major floristic identity occurred with the work in-house Pedra Branca, Serra da Tiririca, and Tijuca Forest. Works out of the city showed floristic similarity below 25%. The high diversity of the studied area is a reflection of its high environmental heterogeneity, related to differences in altitude, slope orientation, successional stage and history of use, which puts the Pedra Branca as a strategic area for species conservation in Rio de Janeiro. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a estrutura e a flor?stica do estrato arbustivo e arb?reo em ?reas de encostas norte e sul, na por??o meridional do maci?o da Pedra Branca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Foi testada a hip?tese que diferentes orienta??es de vertente podem influenciar a estrutura e a flor?stica da vegeta??o. Em uma ?rea amostral de 9.700 m2, distribu?das em dez ?reas, foram inventariados 1.508 indiv?duos, distribu?dos em 324 esp?cies, 154 g?neros e 52 fam?lias. As fam?lias mais ricas em esp?cies na foram: Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae e Euphorbiaceae. O ?ndice de Diversidade de Shannon- Wiener (H ) foi de 5,093 nats/indiv., e a equabilidade (J) foi de 0,881. Na estrutura horizontal as esp?cies Joannesia princeps, Piptadenia gonoacantha e Pseudopiptadenia contorta, Meternichia princeps, Apuleia leiocarpa, Astrocaryum aculeatissimum, Chrysophyllum flexuosum alcan?aram o maior valor de import?ncia fitossociol?gico. A an?lise fitossociol?gica de cada ?rea indicou importantes varia??es estruturais e flor?sticas, com tend?ncia ? maior diversidade ser encontrada nas ?reas de maior altitude e mais distantes do per?metro urbano. Das 324 esp?cies encontradas no trabalho, 124 ocorreram exclusivamente na vertente norte, 100 na vertente sul e 100 ocorreram em ambas as vertentes. As esp?cies exclusivas e mais freq?ente na vertente norte foram o Brosimum guianense e Annona cacans, Zollernia ilicifolia, Couratari pyramidata, Lecythis pisonis e Gallesia integrifolia. Na vertente sul, as esp?cies exclusivas que mais se destacaram foram Cariniana estrellensis, Cabralea canjerana, Eugenia microcarpa. A an?lise de agrupamento entre as dez ?reas indicou, em geral, maior semelhan?a em decorr?ncia da proximidade entre ?reas do que pela orienta??o da encosta, entretanto comparando as vertentes norte e sul mais pr?ximas, observase que os maiores ?ndices de diversidade, a maior propor??o de esp?cies raras e exclusivas e os est?gios de sucess?o mais avan?ados foram encontradas na vertente sul. Os casos em que isso n?o ocorreu foram observados nas ?reas mais pr?ximas ao per?metro urbano que, independente da vertente apresentaram menor diversidade flor?stica. A distribui??o diam?trica apresentou modelo do J invertido, sendo a amplitude diam?trica bastante vari?vel entre ?reas. N?o foi encontrado um padr?o entre distribui??o diam?trica e a orienta??o da encosta. Comparando a flor?stica do trecho estudado do Maci?o da Pedra Branca com outras ?reas florestais do Rio de Janeiro, observou-se uma baixa similaridade flor?stica. A maior identidade flor?stica ocorreu com trabalhos realizados na pr?pria Pedra Branca, na Serra da Tiririca, e na Floresta da Tijuca. Trabalhos fora do munic?pio apresentaram similaridade flor?stica inferior a 25%. A elevada diversidade da ?rea estudada ? reflexo da sua alta heterogeneidade ambiental, relacionada a diferen?as na altitude, orienta??o de encosta, est?gio sucessional e hist?rico de uso, o que coloca a Maci?o da Pedra Branca como ?rea estrat?gica para conserva??o de esp?cies do munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro.

Les mouvements de terrain sont un des facteurs principaux de l'érosion des chaînes de montagnes et représentent un enjeu déterminant dans l'aménagement des vallées. Les phénomènes gravitaires se manifestent sous des formes très variées rarement reconnues et rarement analysées dans leur globalité au sein d'un même massif. Ainsi les liens géométriques et dynamiques les caractérisant ne sont-ils jamais abordés. Ils pourraient cependant représenter un apport substentiel dans la compréhension des processus de déstabilisation, la reconnaisssance et la définition des aléas. <br />Nous avons tout d'abord cartographié les mouvements gravitaires rocheux dans la partie occidentale du massif de l'Argentera Mercantour et étudié leur relation et leur répartition en fonction des variables géologiques et morphologiques régionales. Puis nous nous sommes focalisés sur l'étude de deux cas représentatifs actuels d'échelles différentes sur lesquels nous avons testé et calibré la méthode de tomographie électrique (2D-3D-4D): le glissement de la Clapière et un glissement secondaire emboîté a son pied. <br />Notre étude permet d'établir un lien et un contrôle par la structure tectonique des mouvements d'échelles très différentes : Deep Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations (DSGSD), Deep Seated Landslides (DSL) et glissements superficiels. Ce contrôle s'exprime de différentes façons mais il apparaît de manière générale que l'échelle spatiale des déstabilisations gravitaires qui en résulte est directement proportionnelle à l'échelle temporelle des processus géologiques et morphodynamiques.

This dissertation examines from a Vattimian perspective the challenge that euthanasia and assisted suicide posed to the sanctity of life ethos in Canada from 1972–2005. Gianni Vattimo’s central themes—metaphysics (absolute values), “event of being” (lived experiences that call absolute values into question), and passive-reactive nihilism (the use of “masks” or “disguises” to prevent the dissolution of metaphysics)—are pivotal to understanding the way religious and secular beliefs are interwoven within ethical, medical, legal and political discourses in Canada. Vattimo’s philosophico-ethical approach was specifically chosen because as a theoretical tool, it helps to illuminate the presence, weakening, and resilience of metaphysics in discourses surrounding an intentionally hastened death. To demonstrate how Vattimo’s major themes apply empirically to the research, a social constructionist approach was adopted in the form of a discourse analysis. Particular emphasis was placed on an examination of the three most important cases of death and dying in Canada, namely, Nancy B., Sue Rodriguez and Robert Latimer. The bulk of the evidence suggests that when these “events of being” challenged the sanctity doctrine as the ultimate foundation for life-terminating decisions, ethical, medical, legal and political discourses converged to promote three normative positions or authorizing discourses used in the tradition of Christian ethics: (1) stewardship—the view that since life is a “loan from God,” sacred, and of infinite worth, death cannot be intentionally hastened (“nature must take its course”); (2) value in prolonged suffering—the view that since suffering possesses transcendent meaning or purpose, its prolongation is justified in individual circumstances; and (3) the “slippery slope”—the view that any weakening of the sanctity of life ethos inevitably harms or threatens the community. Generally speaking, religious and secular advocates of the sanctity of life ethos reacted similarly in cases involving an intentionally hastened death. In other words, both the religious and the secular embraced metaphysics (absolute values), condoned and rationalized the prolongation of suffering, and relied on the “slippery slope” as a “mask” to maintain the sanctity of human life as first principle. The research strongly suggests that Canada is still significantly indebted to Christian notions when it comes to discussions surrounding the decriminalization of euthanasia and assisted suicide.

Manure contains nutrients for crop growth; however, overapplication, with time, can result in excess nutrients in soil, which can subsequently be lost in surface runoff. <p>The general purpose of this research is to study the effect of liquid hog manure, applied as an agricultural fertilizer, on water chemistry of surface runoff from rainfall simulation tests. Specifically the research focuses on runoff water chemistry comparisons between lands receiving hog manure at different rates, via different injection methods, and upon different slope positions. <p>To examine these objectives, soil nutrient supply rates (P, NH4-N, and NO3-N) of the 0 5 cm depth of soil adjacent to rainfall simulation positions, and runoff water chemistry (TP, OP, NH4-N, NO3-N, DOC, Cl- and coliforms) during rainfall simulation tests were collected before and after manure addition. <p> Generally, manure application did increase soil NH4-N and NO3-N supply rates, and runoff NH4-N concentration. Soil P supply rate and runoff TP concentration were not affected by the manure addition; however, runoff OP concentration at one site (Perdue) increased significantly due to manure addition. The manure treatments applied in this study did not cause any significant increases in fecal or total coliform in runoff from rainfall simulation tests conducted 7 8 months after manure application. None of the water quality parameters exceeded the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. <p> Manure injection method (regular versus low soil surface disturbance) had consistent effects on runoff chemistry, but application rate did not. The regular disturbance method had significantly higher concentrations of water quality parameters than the low disturbance method. <p> The position of the test on the slope did not result in any consistent trends in runoff chemistry, whether before or after manure addition. Foot slope positions had higher soil NH4-N supply rates than upper slope positions, both before and after manure addition. Soil NH4-N, NO3-N, and P supply rates between landscape positions were not likely influenced by manure addition. <p> Regression tests between soil nutrient supply rates and runoff chemistry indicate that soil NH4-N supply rates are a good index to predict runoff NH4-N concentration, but soil P did not predict runoff P.

This dissertation examines from a Vattimian perspective the challenge that euthanasia and assisted suicide posed to the sanctity of life ethos in Canada from 1972–2005. Gianni Vattimo’s central themes—metaphysics (absolute values), “event of being” (lived experiences that call absolute values into question), and passive-reactive nihilism (the use of “masks” or “disguises” to prevent the dissolution of metaphysics)—are pivotal to understanding the way religious and secular beliefs are interwoven within ethical, medical, legal and political discourses in Canada. Vattimo’s philosophico-ethical approach was specifically chosen because as a theoretical tool, it helps to illuminate the presence, weakening, and resilience of metaphysics in discourses surrounding an intentionally hastened death. To demonstrate how Vattimo’s major themes apply empirically to the research, a social constructionist approach was adopted in the form of a discourse analysis. Particular emphasis was placed on an examination of the three most important cases of death and dying in Canada, namely, Nancy B., Sue Rodriguez and Robert Latimer. The bulk of the evidence suggests that when these “events of being” challenged the sanctity doctrine as the ultimate foundation for life-terminating decisions, ethical, medical, legal and political discourses converged to promote three normative positions or authorizing discourses used in the tradition of Christian ethics: (1) stewardship—the view that since life is a “loan from God,” sacred, and of infinite worth, death cannot be intentionally hastened (“nature must take its course”); (2) value in prolonged suffering—the view that since suffering possesses transcendent meaning or purpose, its prolongation is justified in individual circumstances; and (3) the “slippery slope”—the view that any weakening of the sanctity of life ethos inevitably harms or threatens the community. Generally speaking, religious and secular advocates of the sanctity of life ethos reacted similarly in cases involving an intentionally hastened death. In other words, both the religious and the secular embraced metaphysics (absolute values), condoned and rationalized the prolongation of suffering, and relied on the “slippery slope” as a “mask” to maintain the sanctity of human life as first principle. The research strongly suggests that Canada is still significantly indebted to Christian notions when it comes to discussions surrounding the decriminalization of euthanasia and assisted suicide.

Los sistemas flexibles de alta resistencia anclados al terreno son una de las distintas técnicas existentes para la estabilización de taludes, ya sean de roca o de suelos. Están constituidos por una membrana (red de cables o malla de alambre) sujeta al terreno mediante placas de anclaje, cables de refuerzo y bulones. En la mayor parte de los modelos de cálculo existentes se supone un comportamiento activo del sistema, es decir, que evita que se produzcan deslizamientos a través de una supuesta pretensión del sistema y convexidad del terreno. El sistema ejercería una presión normal al terreno que incrementa la tensión tangencial en la superficie potencial de deslizamiento evitando que se alcance la rotura del terreno. En esta tesis se han medido las fuerzas en distintos componentes del sistema desde el momento de la instalación, y se ha comprobado que la pretensión es muy reducida. Por otro lado, la supuesta convexidad del terreno raramente tiene lugar. Todo esto conduce a demostrar la hipótesis de comportamiento pasivo del sistema, es decir, que éste contiene a la masa inestable una vez que se ha producido la rotura. Es por ello que se ha considerado el desarrollar un nueva metodología de cálculo basada en un comportamiento pasivo. La nueva metodología consiste en realizar una simulación numérica dinámica en 2D de la interacción sistema flexible - masa inestable – talud estable. Partiendo de las dimensiones de un círculo de rotura en suelos o una cuña en roca, se deja caer la masa inestable con la fuerza de la gravedad. En su caída, la masa inestable deformará a la membrana, cables de refuerzo y bulones desarrollándose en ellos tensiones que deberán considerarse para su correcto dimensionamiento. En el caso particular de los taludes de suelos, se ha recurrido a la modelización de la masa inestable mediante la discretización por puntos SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics). / Highly resistant flexible systems anchored to the ground are among the techniques for slope stabilisation, either soil or rock. The system is formed by a membrane (cable net or wire mesh) tightened to the ground through spike plates, reinforcement cables and bolts. In the majority of the existing design models, an active behaviour of the system is considered; which means, that it is able to avoid ground sliding through a pretension of the system and the convexity of the slope surface. The system would exert a normal pressure over the ground that increases the shear stress in the potential slip surface avoiding that failure takes place. In this thesis, forces on different system components have been measured, finding that the pretension force is very low. On the other hand, the supposed ground convexity rarely exists. All this demonstrates that actual system behaviour is passive; which means that it is able to contain the unstable mass once the failure has already occurred. Therefore, a new design methodology based on a passive behaviour has been developed. The new methodology consists in performing a dynamic numerical simulation in 2D of the interaction flexible system – unstable mass – stable slope. Starting from specific known dimensions of slip circle in soils or a wedge in rocks, unstable mass falls only under the action of gravity. During its falling, the unstable mass deforms the membrane, reinforcement cables and bolts. Maximum stresses developed in these components should be considered for their design. In the particular case of soil slopes, unstable mass has been discretised with the mesh free method SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics).

Manure contains nutrients for crop growth; however, overapplication, with time, can result in excess nutrients in soil, which can subsequently be lost in surface runoff. <p>The general purpose of this research is to study the effect of liquid hog manure, applied as an agricultural fertilizer, on water chemistry of surface runoff from rainfall simulation tests. Specifically the research focuses on runoff water chemistry comparisons between lands receiving hog manure at different rates, via different injection methods, and upon different slope positions. <p>To examine these objectives, soil nutrient supply rates (P, NH4-N, and NO3-N) of the 0 5 cm depth of soil adjacent to rainfall simulation positions, and runoff water chemistry (TP, OP, NH4-N, NO3-N, DOC, Cl- and coliforms) during rainfall simulation tests were collected before and after manure addition. <p> Generally, manure application did increase soil NH4-N and NO3-N supply rates, and runoff NH4-N concentration. Soil P supply rate and runoff TP concentration were not affected by the manure addition; however, runoff OP concentration at one site (Perdue) increased significantly due to manure addition. The manure treatments applied in this study did not cause any significant increases in fecal or total coliform in runoff from rainfall simulation tests conducted 7 8 months after manure application. None of the water quality parameters exceeded the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. <p> Manure injection method (regular versus low soil surface disturbance) had consistent effects on runoff chemistry, but application rate did not. The regular disturbance method had significantly higher concentrations of water quality parameters than the low disturbance method. <p> The position of the test on the slope did not result in any consistent trends in runoff chemistry, whether before or after manure addition. Foot slope positions had higher soil NH4-N supply rates than upper slope positions, both before and after manure addition. Soil NH4-N, NO3-N, and P supply rates between landscape positions were not likely influenced by manure addition. <p> Regression tests between soil nutrient supply rates and runoff chemistry indicate that soil NH4-N supply rates are a good index to predict runoff NH4-N concentration, but soil P did not predict runoff P.

Determining the relative importance of processes that control the generation and preservation of continental margin stratigraphy is fundamental to deciphering the history of geologic, climatic and oceanographic forcing imprinted on their sedimentary record. The Northern Carnarvon Basin (NCB) of the North West Shelf of Australia has been a site of passive margin sedimentation throughout the Neogene. Cool-water carbonate sedimentation dominated during the early-middle Miocene, quartz-rich siliciclastics prograded over the shelf during the late-middle Miocene, and carbonate sedimentation resumed in the Pliocene. Middle Miocene to Pliocene siliciclastics were deposited as clinoform sets interpreted as delta lobes primarily based on their plan-view morphology and their relief of 40-100 m. Shelf-edge trajectory analysis suggests that part of this stratigraphic succession was built during a long-term, third order, regressive phase, producing shelf-edge deltas, followed by an aggradational episode. These trends appear to correlate with third-order global eustatic cycles. Slope incisions were already conspicuous on the slope before deltas reached the shelf-break. Nevertheless, slope gullies immediately downdip from the shelf-edge deltas are wider and deeper (>1 km wide, ~100 m deep) than coeval incisions that are laterally displaced from the deltaic depocenter (~0.7 km wide, ~25 m deep). This change in gully morphology is likely the result of greater erosion by sediment gravity flows sourced from shelf-edge deltas. Total late-middle to late Miocene margin progradation increased almost three times from 13 km in the southwest to 34 km in the northeast, where shelf-edge deltas were concentrated. Flat-topped carbonate platforms seem to have initiated on subtle antecedent topographic highs resulting from these deltaic lobes. A reduction of siliciclastic supply to the outer paleo-shelf during the Pliocene combined with the onset of a southwestward-flowing, warm-water Leeuwin Current (LC) most likely controlled the initiation of these carbonate platforms. These platforms display marked asymmetry, likely caused by an ancestral LC, which created higher-angle, upcurrent platform margins, and lower-angle, downcurrent clinoforms. The along-strike long-term migration trend of the platforms could be the result of differential subsidence. These platforms constitute the first widespread accumulation of photozoan carbonates in the Northern Carnarvon Basin. They became extinct after the mid-Pleistocene when the LC weakened or became more seasonal. / text

Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζεται μια μέθοδος για την αριθμητική προσομοίωση δισδιάστατης, μη συνεκτικής ροής με ελεύθερη επιφάνεια, που προκύπτει από τη διάδοση κυμάτων βαρύτητας πάνω από πυθμένα με τυχαία μορφολογία. Η μέθοδος βασίζεται στην αριθμητική επίλυση των εξισώσεων Euler, που υπόκεινται σε πλήρως μη γραμμικές οριακές συνθήκες ελεύθερης επιφάνειας και κατάλληλες οριακές συνθήκες πυθμένα, εισόδου και εξόδου, χρησιμοποιώντας ένα υβριδικό σχήμα πεπερασμένων διαφορών και ψευδό-φασματικής μεθόδου. Οι εξισώσεις ροής μετασχηματίζονται έτσι ώστε τα όρια του υπολογιστικού πεδίου να είναι ανεξάρτητα του χρόνου. Η επαλήθευση της μεθόδου επίλυσης γίνεται με την εφαρμογή της στο πρόβλημα της κατανομής θερμοκρασίας σε λεπτή ορθογωνική πλάκα, υπό σταθερές συνθήκες. Για την ελαχιστοποίηση της ανάκλασης χρησιμοποιείται ζώνη απορρόφησης στην περιοχή απορροής. Η αποτελεσματικότητα της ζώνης απορρόφησης τεκμηριώνεται με την παρουσίαση αποτελεσμάτων προσομοίωσης διάδοσης γραμμικών κυματισμών σε πυθμένα σταθερού βάθους. Προκύπτει ότι η ζώνη απορρόφησης που βασίζεται στην επιβολή εξωτερικής δυναμικής πίεσης στην ελεύθερη επιφάνεια εμφανίζει την ελάχιστη ανάκλαση. Αποτελέσματα παρουσιάζονται για την προσομοίωση ροής με ελεύθερη επιφάνεια πάνω από πυθμένα σταθερής κλίσης 1:10 και 1:50, για διαφορετικά μήκη και ύψη κυμάτων εισόδου. Ο μετασχηματισμός των γραμμικών κυμάτων πάνω από την περιοχή σταθερής κλίσης συμφωνεί με τη θεωρία γραμμικής διασποράς για ροή με μικρά ύψη κύματος. Για μη γραμμικούς κυματισμούς, το μήκος κύματος μειώνεται πάνω από την περιοχή σταθερής κλίσης, ενώ η ανύψωση της ελεύθερης επιφάνειας αποκλίνει από την αρχική ημιτονοειδή μορφή και το ύψος κύματος αυξάνει λόγω της ρήχωσης. / A method for the numerical simulation of two-dimensional, inviscid, free-surface flow resulting from the propagation of regular gravity water waves over topography with arbitrary bottom shape is presented. The method is based on the numerical solution of the Euler equations subject to the fully nonlinear free-surface boundary conditions and the appropriate bottom, inflow and outflow conditions using a hybrid scheme of finite-differences and pseudo-spectral method. The formulation includes a boundary-fitted transformation. The validation of the pressure solver is accomplished by applying it to the two-dimensional, temperature, steady problem, under differing boundary conditions. For the free-surface flow, a wave absorption zone is attached at the outflow domain in order to minimize reflection effects. The absorption zone effectiveness is validated by the simulation of linear waves propagation over constant-depth bottom. Minimal reflection occurs when an appropriate external dynamic pressure is imposed on the free surface of the absorption zone. Results are presented for cases of wave propagation over constant slope bottom, with slopes 1:10 and 1:50, for various incoming wavelengths and wave heights. Over the bottom slope, lengths of waves in the linear regime are modified according to linear theory dispersion. For waves in the nonlinear regime, wave lengths are becoming shorter, while the free surface elevation deviates from its initial sinusoidal shape and the wave height increases due to shoaling.

In the dissertation evaluated frost influence to the change of physical–mechanical properties of the reinforced concrete slabs for earth dam slope protection. Established ice thermal expansion linear load acting the slabs and proposed more exact calculation of this load. Evaluated deterioration indices and defects influence to slabs state and durability.