Reliable data is the strongest driving force of the modern Smart City. To get access to relevant information that will allow building a long-term management policy, the city is filled with sensors and video cameras connected to a high-speed data transmission infrastructure. Today, even the inhabitants themselves are turning into sources of information: users' mobile devices - there are 7.7 billion registered mobile subscribers in the world - produce terabyte streams of data about the location, purchases and interests of individuals in real time. The city management system gets a chance to become truly human-centered. The fact that smart cities depend on tracking and analyzing vast amounts of previously untapped data on the movements and activities of urban populations means that, as attractive as smart city visions may be, they remain largely utopian and can quickly become dystopian in practice. The benefits of smart cities have been praised, loud and clear. But the truth is that the introduction of fully integrated data-driven technologies into urban infrastructure and governance poses a serious threat to human rights. Therefore, smart city developers regularly face a number of ethical issues. Based on the analysis of H22 project of city of Helsingborg and digitalization policy of Copenhagen, this research aims at revealing the issues, and providing possible solutions for a number of them within a theoretical framework, that considers surveillance capitalism, implications of big data, and citizen involvement.

The transformation of cities into smart cities is a common occurrence today, and one of the reasons is urbanization. Technology contributes to the ability to deal with new problems that arise. The number of IoT platforms has increased due to their flexibility and value addition regarding interoperability, processing of IoT data, and analysis capability. An IoT platform's capabilities are desirable, not least to municipalities today. Through IoT devices, such as sensors, the municipality can increase their awareness of the city’s surroundings and stay up to date through better insight into trends or new challenges. However, IoT is in its infancy compared to other markets, and there is a limited understanding of the IoT subject in municipal contexts. These aspects contribute to difficulties when municipalities take on trends for smart city initiatives. There is still a lack of design and development guidelines regarding ICT solutions to enable the development of a holistic smart city. The few current smart city deployments also make it challenging to validate which technology should be adopted to achieve the vision for the smart city. Therefore, the study investigates how a central IoT platform might benefit municipal departments in urban development projects. The case study conducted within the City of Stockholm generated ten benefits that might occur if the central IoT platform were available within the municipal departments' urban development projects. The benefits were divided into three themes: ·         Information and data management ·         Reasons to use IoT data ·         Interoperability between the central IoT platform and systems

The vision of the Smart City and Internet of Things is gradually becoming areality. Many cities around the world have initiated a modernization processtowards more intelligent and ecient management systems and Stockholm isnot an exception. This work is chiey devoted to public lighting; owing toits ubiquitous nature, it may certainly play a major role driving this transformation.It addresses the main concerns of the Trac Oce, in charge of thisinstallation, in relation with the architecture, underlying protocols, opportunities,and available systems in the market, among others.The lack of a unied standard as well as legal, human and security issueshave initially hampered the maturing process of this new paradigm. The existenceof multiple alternatives leads to the overchoice phenomenon and oftendiscourages industries and governments to adopt IoT solutions. Therefore, anextensive survey has been conducted to analyze the suitability of dierent protocolswith the requirements of the installation. Solutions have been classiedin three main categories, and one instance of each, namely IEEE 802.15.4,NB-IoT and LoRa, have been evaluated to illustrate an example architectureand calculate capacity and cost metrics.The demands of such deployment have been identied by agreeing on a basicset of services. As a result, two scenarios (worst-case and optimistic) havebeen proposed to model system's trac. A mathematical methodology hasbeen used to establish a soft limit on the maximum amount of devices servedby a single gateway that should be considered by implementers. In case of NBIoT,the capacity depends entirely upon the network operator, consequentlythe comparative is based on a third model (minimum trac) focused on reducingthe operation cost. In this way, this thesis provides the Trac Ocewith an initial approach to the matter and an unbiased reference frameworkto decide the future development of street lighting in Stockholm. / La vision de la Ciudad Inteligente y el Internet de las Cosas esta cada vezmas cerca de convertirse en una realidad. Una gran cantidad de municipiospor todo el mundo han comenzado un proceso de modernizacion hacia sistemasde gestion mas ecientes y ecaces y Estocolmo no es una excepcion.Este trabajo esta principalmente dedicado al area de la iluminacion publica,puesto que su presencia ubicua la convierten en uno de los entes principalesque impulsan esta transformacion. Mas concretamente, responde a las dudasdel departamento de Traco de la ciudad sobre la posible infraestructura,protocolos de comunicacion, oportunidades y disponibilidad de sistemas en elmercado, entre otros asuntos.La falta de un estandar unicado junto con la aparicion de diferentes cuestioneslegales y problemas de seguridad ha dicultado la maduracion de estenuevo paradigma de comunicaciones. De la misma manera, la existencia demultiples alternativas en el mercado ha generado cierta reticencia del sectorgubernamental e industrial debido a la indecision provocada por el exceso deoferta. Por este motivo, se ha realizado un estudio cualitativo sobre la idoneidadde las diferentes soluciones para los requerimientos que imponen este tipode instalaciones. Se han identicado tres principales categoras y se ha analizadoel protocolo mas representativo de cada una de ellas para ejemplicarla arquitectura del sistema y obtener medidas orientativas sobre su coste ycapacidad.Una vez identicados los servicios basicos que deberan proporcionarse, se hanplanteado dos escenarios que modelan el traco en la red para una situaciondesfavorable y otra optimista. A traves de un desarrollo matematico se haobtenido la cantidad maxima de dispositivos que pueden conectarse a unmismo Gateway para cada tecnologa, con el n de proporcionar un datoorientativo para la entidad encargada del dise~no del sistema. En el caso detecnologas celulares, la infraestructura depende por completo del operador,por lo que se ha determinado mas provechoso estudiar el coste de operacioncon un tercer modelo orientado a la reduccion del mismo. De esta forma,este trabajo provee al departamento de Traco de un primer acercamiento alproblema y un marco de referencia para tomar con coherencia futuras decisionessobre la modernizacion del servicio de alumbrado publico en Estocolmo. / Visionen om den Smarta Staden och Internet of Things blir gradvis en realitet. Många städer runt om i världen har startat en moderniseringsprocess mot intelligenta och mer effektiva system och Stockholm är inget undantag. Den här avhandlingen är främst ägnad åt offentlig belysning eftersom den säkert kan spela en viktig roll för att driva på omvandlingen, på grund av sin allestädes närvarande natur. Den behandlar trafikkontorets, myndigheten som ansvarar för belysningen, största bekymmer i samband med bland annat arkitektur, underliggande protokoll, möjliga och tillgängliga system på marknaden. Bristen på en enhetlig standard och juridiska, mänskliga samt säkerhetsfrågor har inledningsvis hindrat mognadsprocessen för detta nya paradigm. Förekomsten av flera alternativ leder till övervalsfenomen och avskräcker ofta industrier och regeringar för att anta IoT-lösningar. Därför har en omfattande undersökning genomförts för att analysera lämpligheten för olika protokoll med krav för installationen. Lösningar har klassificerats i tre huvudkategorier, och ett exempel av var, nämligen IEEE 802.15.4, NB-IoT och LoRa, har utvärderats för att illustrera en exempelarkitektur och beräkna kapacitets- och konstandsmått. Kraven på sådan utplacering har identifierats genom att komma överens om en grundläggande uppsättning tjänster. Två scenarier (värsta fall och optimistisk) har föreslagits för att påvisa systemets trafik. En matematisk metod har använts för att fastställa en mjukgräns för de maximala mängder anordningar som betjänas av en enda gateway vilken bör övervägas av implementatörer. NB-IoT kapaciteten beror på nätoperatören, därför grundas jämförandet med en tredje modell (minsta trafik) fokuserad på att minska driftskostnaden. Det här examensarbetet tillför sålunda trafikkontoret ett första tillvägagångssätt och en saklig referensram för att bestämma den framtida utvecklingen av gatubelysningen i Stockholm.

В ходе исследования были изучены основные принципы концепции умных городов, рассмотрен мировой опыт и потенциальные перспективы реализации подобных подходов в Екатеринбурге. Целью работы было выявить уровень соответствия элементов городской среды Екатеринбурга концепции Smart City. Задачи: 1. Изучить содержание и основные составляющие концепции «Умный город». 2. Изучить мировой опыт внедрения принципов Smart City. 3. Рассмотреть элементы городской среды Екатеринбурга применительно концепции «Умный город». 4. Выделить перспективы развития городской среды Екатеринбурга в соответствии с принципами Smart City. Мировой опыт внедрения принципов Smart City очень разнообразен и не может быть на 100% применен в России в неизменном виде, поскольку без учета особенностей жизни общества и условий среды он будет неэффективен. Важно адаптировать достойные идеи на своей территории, а не полностью заимствовать чужие проекты. Результаты опроса показали, что есть некоторые препятствия в распространении и реализации принципов концепции «умного города» в Екатеринбурге: низкая информированность населения, инертность властей и горожан, недостаточный уровень культуры людей, отсутствие системности при внедрении новшеств и др. Несмотря на это, респонденты склонны верить в возможность развития городского пространства по принципам Smart City, осознавая также необходимость объединения усилий власти и населения для реализации проектов. В целом есть неплохие перспективы развития городской среды Екатеринбурга в соответствии с принципами Smart City. / During the research, the basic principles of the concept of smart cities were studied, world experience and potential prospects for the implementation of such approaches in Yekaterinburg were examined. The aim of the work was to identify the level of compliance of the elements of the urban environment of Yekaterinburg with the Smart City concept. Tasks: 1. To study the content and the main components of the concept of Smart City. 2. To study the world experience in implementing the principles of Smart City. 3. To consider the elements of the urban environment of Yekaterinburg in relation to the concept of "Smart City"/ 4. To highlight the prospects for the development of the urban environment of Yekaterinburg in accordance with the principles of Smart City. The world experience in implementing the principles of Smart City is very diverse and cannot be 100% applied in Russia unchanged, because without taking into account the characteristics of society and environmental conditions, it will be ineffective. It is important to adapt worthy ideas on your territory, and not to completely borrow other people's projects. The results of the survey showed that there are some obstacles to the dissemination and implementation of the principles of the smart city concept in Yekaterinburg: low public awareness, inertia of the authorities and citizens, insufficient culture of people, lack of consistency in introducing innovations, etc. Despite this, respondents tend to believe into the possibility of developing urban space according to the principles of Smart City, realizing also the need to combine the efforts of the authorities and the population for the implementation of projects. In general, there are good prospects for the development of the urban environment of Yekaterinburg in accordance with the principles of Smart City.

Тема платформ вовлечения граждан в решения вопросов городского развития является не глубоко изученной на территории РФ. Целью магистерской диссертации является разработка цифровой платформы для решения вопросов городского развития. Для этого были определены следующие задачи: анализ схожих по функционалу систем на территории РФ; разработка архитектуры и бизнес-процессов будущей системы; разработка системы. Объектом разработки выпускной квалификационной работы является цифровая платформа вовлечения граждан в решения вопросов городского развития – «Активный Екатеринбург». Предметом исследования являются основные принципы разработки информационных систем с сервис-ориентированной архитектурой. Научная новизна исследования обусловлена его объектом и предметом и заключается в том, что впервые: проведено изучение концепции «Умный город» в разрезе западных и отечественных проектов, что дало понимание проблемы разработки подобных проектов в России; проработаны основные положения построения архитектуры информационной системы взаимодействия горожан с местной властью; разработана уникальная информационная система, покрывающая решения проблем городского хозяйства граждан Екатеринбурга. Практическая значимость заключается в повышении эффективности решения проблем городского хозяйства. Результатом выполненной работы является информационная система, которая принимает заявления от граждан и в дальнейшем обрабатывает их. / The topic of a platform for involving citizens in solving urban development issues is not deeply studied in the territory of the Russian Federation. The aim of the master's thesis is to develop a digital platform to address urban development issues. For this, the following tasks were solved: analysis of systems similar in functionality on the territory of the Russian Federation; development of architecture and business processes of the future system; system development. The object of development of qualification work is a digital platform for involving citizens in solving urban development issues - "Active Yekaterinburg". The subject of the research is the basic principles of developing information systems with a service-oriented architecture. The scientific novelty of the research is due to its object and subject and lies in the fact that for the first time: a study of the “Smart City” concept was carried out in the context of Western and domestic projects, which gave an understanding of the problem of project development in Russia; the basic principles of building a system of information systems of citizens with local authorities have been worked out; a unique information system that covers the solutions to the problems of the urban economy of the citizens of Yekaterinburg. The practical significance lies in increasing the efficiency of solving the problems of urban economy. The result of the work performed is an information system that accepts applications from citizens and processes them.

The smart city is not a new concept. For centuries urbanists have sought to rationalize city making and explore more efficient means to operate cities. Meanwhile, the exponential utilization of information and communication technologies (ICT) have opened up for a new wave of ‘smart’ development that is rapidly sweeping across the globe contributing to a previously unseen ‘datafication’ of cities. The concept of smart cities is often met by staunch criticism due to, among other things, the influence from corporate actors. Smart cities have also been criticized for not adequately addressing issues related to sustainable development. Despite this recent upswing of smart initiatives and plans, there is still a significant gap in our understanding of what this looks like in situ. While spectacular cases (Songdo, South Korea; Masdar City, UAE, among others) of smart cities have been dissected and covered extensively over the last few years, more ordinary examples of already existing cities transitioning into smart cities are still largely unexplored. Against the backdrop of both the high appraisal and vast criticism of smart cities, a growing literature have recently called for a more nuanced approach, advocating for a focus on the ‘actually existing smart city’ and how smart cities unfold in specific contexts. This study examines the situatedness of smart cities in the Australian context through a grounded theory lens, looking specifically at how the ‘datafication’ plays out and how it influences the realization of the sustainable city. Taking an inductive approach, this study applies semi-structured interviews with key smart cities stakeholders in Australia and participant observations to identify key themes in the smart city sphere in relation to sustainability and data. The findings highlight that smart city initiatives do not necessarily fit into preconceived ideas about smart cities. Secondly, while data is seen almost universally as a valuable source of information to better understand and manage cities, it is not clear that it influences sustainable development. In addition, competing opinions on open data also suggest that this is a fairly contested topic in Australia, which should encourage further investigation of its intended contributions to a more sustainable form of urban development. This study adds to a relatively scarce number of qualitative studies of smart cities in general, and of smart cities in the Australian context in particular.

Yes / The integration of two or more processes in a hybrid system is one of the most desirable options to provide flexibility, interoperability and data sharing between the connected processes. Various examples of hybrid systems have been developed with coherent seawater desalination systems such as the combination of thermal and membrane technologies. This paper focuses on the simulation and optimisation of an integrated (hybrid) system of multi effect distillation and double Reverse Osmosis (RO) processes to produce different grades of water needed in a smart city from seawater resources. The optimisation-based model investigates five scenarios to obtain the highest productivity of drinking water, irrigation water, water for livestock and power plant water, whilst constraining the product water salinity to be within the required standards and with lowest specific energy consumption. For this purpose, multi objective optimisation problem was formulated using the gPROMS (general Process Modelling System) software. The results confirm the superiority of the developed hybrid system to sustain different grades of water in a smart city.

Humanity is facing big environmental challenges. Apart from the climate changes, there is also an ongoing depletion of the natural resources necessary for our survival in general, and for highly electronics-dependant lifestyles especially. At the same time, both urbanisation and digitalisation are progressing at a rapid pace. Digitalisation holds a potential to decrease environmental impact from cities and urban lifestyles, and many cities want to increase their use of digital technologies and services. This is often at least partially motivated by environmental concerns. In these cases, it is often the municipality that is responsible for strategies and support of increased digitalisation. This dissertation places itself in the Smart Sustainable City field, but more specifically aims to support municipalities’ work with digitalisation for environmental goals. The results are structured around three parts. The first part accounts for six cities’ promising digital solutions with possible environmental benefits, and of possible digital tools to support two EU directives that can affect municipalities’ environmental work. The second part suggests how municipalities can work with digitalisation for environmental goals, and especially stresses evaluation and strategic investments. The third part looks at possible long-term societal changes in relation to digitalisation, and the risks with a city depending on electronics: It is important that a city can remain adequately functional, even in the case of a short- or long term shortage of resources and/or energy. Finally, I discuss some of the uncertainties in digitalisation for environmental goals. There are uncertainties regarding digitalisation’s actual effects, which can make it harder to know what investments to make. Implementing digital technologies for municipal aims often demands cooperation between actors with different interests, but if the municipality relates its decision to environmental goals, it facilitates demanding that digital services and tools have environmental benefits. / Mänskligheten står inför stora utmaningar på miljöområdet. Utöver klimatförändringar sker en utarmning av de naturresurser som krävs både för vår allmänna fortlevnad och för livsstilar med hög användning av elektronik. Samtidigt pågår både en snabb urbanisering och en snabb digitalisering. Digitaliseringen har potential för att minska miljöpåverkan från städer och urbana livsstilar, och många städer uttalar en vilja till ökat nyttjande av digitala tekniker och tjänster, oftast åtminstone delvis motiverat av omsorg om miljön. Ofta är det då kommunen som står för strategier och stöd för ökad digitalisering. Den här avhandlingen placerar sig i det fält som berör den smarta hållbara staden, men syftar mer specifikt till att hjälpa kommuner i deras arbete med digitalisering för att nå miljömål. Avhandlingens resultat är uppdelade i tre delar. Den första delen redovisar några lovande digitala tjänster med möjliga miljöfördelar, respektive möjliga digitala stöd för två EU-direktiv som påverkar kommuners miljöarbete. Den andra delen ger förslag på hur kommuner kan lägga upp sin arbetsgång för att rikta digitaliseringsarbetet mer mot miljöfördelar och miljömål, och rekommenderar särskilt att följa upp arbetet med utvärderingar och mer strategiska investeringar. Den tredje delen går in på möjliga långsiktiga förändringar av samhället i relation till digitalisering, samt riskerna med att en stad blir beroende av elektronik: Det är viktigt att en stad kan bevara huvuddelen av sin funktionalitet, även vid kort- eller långvarig strypning av resurser och/eller energi. Slutligen diskuterar jag något av osäkerheten i digitalisering för miljömål. Det finns stora osäkerheter kring vad de verkliga effekterna blir, vilket kan göra det svårt att veta vilka investeringar som ska göras. Att införa digitala tekniker och tjänster för att nå kommunala mål kräver samverkan från aktörer med olika intressen, men om kommunen tydligt kopplar till miljömål underlättar det för att kräva att de digitala tjänsterna och verktygen gör nytta på miljöområdet. / <p>QC 20180302</p> / ICT for Urban Sustainability

L’enjeu de la thèse est de repérer et caractériser la circulation, à travers l’utopie de la « ville intelligente », d’un discours favorable à une gestion des affaires publiques apparemment dépolitisée, mais aux multiples soubassements idéologiques : le « populisme technologique ». Cette recherche en sciences de l’information et de la communication explore les différentes significations attribuées à la « ville intelligente », envisagée comme une « formule dans le discours » (Krieg-Planque, 2009). Nous nous interrogerons sur le statut d’utopie pouvant être attribué à la « ville intelligente », à la croisée des utopies urbaines (Picon, 2000 ; Riot-Sarcey, 2002) d’une part, et des utopies technoscientifiques et communicationnelles d’autre part (Breton, 1997 ; Musso, 2003 ; Mattelart, 1999). A cette fin, nous nous appuierons sur l’analyse des discours ayant pour objet la « ville intelligente » en France, sur la période de 2010 à 2017, et plus particulièrement sur l’étude de trois cas de projets de « ville intelligente », dans les villes et métropoles de Nice, Lyon et Paris. / The aim of the thesis is to identify and characterize the circulation, through the utopia of the "smart city", of a discourse favorable to an apparently depoliticized management of public affairs, but with multiple ideological bases: "technological populism" ". This research in information and communication sciences explores the different meanings attributed to the "smart city", considered as a "formula in the discourse" (Krieg-Planque, 2009). We will examine the utopian status that can be attributed to the "intelligent city", at the crossroads of urban utopias (Picon, 2000 ; Riot-Sarcey, 2002) on the one hand, and techno-scientific and communication utopias on the other part (Breton, 1997 ; Musso, 2003 ; Mattelart, 1999). To this end, we will rely on the analysis of the discourses on the smart city in France, from 2010 to 2017, and more particularly on the study of three cases of "smart city" projects, in the cities and metropolises of Nice, Lyon and Paris.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2019-03-18T18:15:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renard Lopes Villas Boas do Lago.pdf: 4581569 bytes, checksum: 9c4647056794f2f9266e721e689971ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-18T18:15:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renard Lopes Villas Boas do Lago.pdf: 4581569 bytes, checksum: 9c4647056794f2f9266e721e689971ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-02-08 / In seeking the construction of an intelligent city there is a need to identify the processes that may or may not contribute to its construction and which challenges to overcome, taking into account the aspects of urban life, such as mobility, security, communication systems, sanitation and also for the electrical system. This research is a case study with the purpose of transforming Búzios into an intelligent city, as it is published by the municipal administration. The study aimed to verify if all the projects presented were executed and if the concepts of sustainability, rationality and loss control are being applied. The approach defined for research was qualitative, verifying the facts and seeking to clarify the dynamics of social relations, through a descriptive and exploratory research. During the visit to the city information was collected through interviews and direct observations, among the interviews were qualified 20 residents and collected 202 photographs. Among the projects implemented and in operation are three generators of photovoltaic energy, as for the projects implemented and that presented discontinuity and failures in its operation are the intelligent LED lighting system, the free internet system project, the projects with the systems of generation of aerogenerator energy, power network automation projects and installation projects of smart meters. During the technical visit, it was not possible to identify characteristics or contributions that define the city of Búzios-RJ, as the first intelligent city in Latin America, as little as an intelligent city, once the projects executed show flaws, a small part of the city was contemplated, the population does not have knowledge about the project, lack of continuity and governance. Although the projects listed make sense as components of an intelligent city with an intelligent electric grid, it was not possible to characterize the city as "intelligent" since the projects did not show, in their majority, effectiveness and scope enough to do so. The city can, however, become intelligent by expanding the reach and effectiveness of the projects. / Ao almejar a construção de uma cidade inteligente existe a necessidade de identificar os processos que podem ou não contribuir para sua construção e quais os desafios a serem superados, levando-se em conta os aspectos da vida urbana, como mobilidade, segurança, sistemas de comunicação, saneamento e também para o sistema elétrico. A presente pesquisa é um estudo de caso tendo como objeto a transformação de Búzios em cidade inteligente, conforme é divulgado pela administração municipal. O estudo teve como objetivo verificar se todos os projetos apresentados foram executados e se os conceitos de sustentabilidade, racionalidade e controle de perdas estão sendo aplicados. A abordagem definida para pesquisa foi qualitativa, verificando os fatos e buscando esclarecer a dinâmica das relações sociais, por meio de uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória. Durante a visita a cidade foram coletadas informações por meio de entrevistas e observações diretas, dentre as entrevistas foram qualificados 20 moradores e coletadas 202 fotografias. Dentre os projetos implementados e em funcionamento estão três geradores de energia fotovoltaica, quanto aos projetos implementados e que apresentaram descontinuidade e falhas no seu funcionamento estão o sistema de iluminação a LED inteligente, o projeto de sistema de internet gratuita, os projetos com os sistemas de geração de energia aerogerador, os projetos de automação da rede de energia e os projetos da instalação dos medidores inteligentes. Durante a visita técnica não foi possível identificar características ou contribuições que definam a cidade de Búzios-RJ, como a primeira cidade inteligente da América Latina, tão pouco como cidade inteligente, uma vez que os projetos executados apresentaram falhas, uma pequena parte da cidade foi contemplada, a população não possui conhecimento sobre o projeto, falta de continuidade e de governança. Embora os projetos elencados façam sentido como componentes de uma cidade inteligente, com rede elétrica inteligente, não foi possível caracterizar a cidade como "inteligente" dado que os projetos não apresentaram, em sua maioria, efetividade e alcance suficiente para isso. A cidade pode, no entanto, tornar-se inteligente ao ampliar o alcance e a efetividade dos projetos.