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This research examines the U.S. media during the 1999 Women's World Cup from a feminist postcolonial standpoint. This research adds to current feminist scholarship on women and sports by de-centering the global North in its discourse. It reveals the bias of the media through the representation of the United States National Team as a universal "woman" athlete and the standard for international women's soccer. It further argues that, as a result, the Nigerian National Team was cast in simplistic stereotypes of race, class, ethnicity, and nation, which were often also appropriated and commodified. I emphasize that the Nigerian National Team resisted this construction and fought to secure their position in the global soccer landscape. I conclude that these biased representations, which did not fairly depict or value the contributions of diverse competing teams, were primarily employed to promote and sell the event to a predominantly white middle-class American audience. / by Michele Canning. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os eventos, e suas respectivas variáveis, ligados ao processo de gestão de jogadores de futebol, de maneira que os gestores dos clubes possam avaliar e mensurar suas decisões. Para tanto, a investigação norteou-se pela seguinte questão de pesquisa: se o jogador de futebol é um ativo para o clube, então quais são as decisões(eventos) ligadas ao processo de gestão deste ativo e os seus impactos econômicos no resultado do clube? Dentre as estratégias de pesquisa utilizadas, destaca-se o método de estudo de caso, o qual foi imprescindível na investigação e no diagnóstico das variáveis de cada evento. A pesquisa constatou que os gestores têm consciência dos eventos, mas o clube não disponibiliza um sistema de avaliação para esses eventos. Deste modo, este trabalho propõe uma metodologia que permite aos gestores avaliarem a viabilidade econômica de suas decisões. Diante das evidências do estudo de caso e com base nos eventos estudados, estruturou-se uma solução para avaliação das decisões e mensuração do impacto econômico dessas decisões (comprar, vender, emprestar, renegociar, formar e permutar), proporcionando, assim, ao gestor parâmetros para o planejamento, avaliação e controle das transações relacionadas ao jogador de futebol. A proposta apresentada objetiva disponibilizar ferramentas que, de forma estratégica, contribuam para o desenvolvimento das relações financeiras, econômicas e sociais do clube. / The aim of the research is to identify the events, and their respective variables, related to the management process of soccer players, so that the club managers may evaluate and measure theirs decisions. For such purpose, the investigation was guided by the following research question: if the soccer player is an asset for the club, which are the decisions (events) related to the management of this asset and their economic impacts on the club results? Amongst the research strategies used, the method of case study is highlighted, which was indispensable to the investigation and diagnosis of the variables of each event. The research has evidenced that the managers are aware of the events, but an evaluation system of such events is not available at the club. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodology that allows the managers to evaluate the economic viability of their decisions. With the evidence found in the case study and based on the events studied, a solution was structured for the evaluation of the decisions and measurement of the economic impact of these decisions (to buy, to sell, to loan, to renegotiate, to form and to exchange), thus providing the manager with the parameters for the planning, evaluation and control of the transactions related to the soccer player. The aim of the proposal presented is to provide tools that contribute, in a strategic way, for the development of the financial, economic and social relations of the club.

Grit and achievement motivation have been predictors of behavior in academia and military settings (Duckworth, Matthews, Peterson, & Kelly, 2007), but to date, research on their effects on sport performance has been limited. Given grit's predictive role in other performance domains, grit may be influential in athletes' long-term goal attainment, interacting with their achievement motives and leading to better performances. Athletes' trait levels of grit may influence how they understand and respond to messages received within motivational climates from key personnel such as from coaches and teammates. We examined potential moderating effects of grit on the relationship between motivational feedback and high school soccer players (N = 71, Mage = 15.81) performance on a soccer task, their desire to persist in the task, and their choices of task difficulty. We used hierarchical multiple regression to test the main effects of feedback and grit and to determine if grit moderated the effects of feedback on performance. Grit was a significant moderator of the feedback-shooting performance relationship, accounting for 3.9% of variance. Simple slopes analysis revealed a significant effect for low (B = 13.32, SEb = 4.44, p = .004, t = 2.99), but not high, (B = 2.11, SEb = 4.31, p = .63, t = .49), grit on task success. Grit was not a significant moderator of task difficulty selection or task persistence. These results suggest that for those high in grit, feedback about natural ability or hard work is not particularly influential on performance. However, for low grit athletes, type of feedback matters.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os eventos, e suas respectivas variáveis, ligados ao processo de gestão de jogadores de futebol, de maneira que os gestores dos clubes possam avaliar e mensurar suas decisões. Para tanto, a investigação norteou-se pela seguinte questão de pesquisa: se o jogador de futebol é um ativo para o clube, então quais são as decisões(eventos) ligadas ao processo de gestão deste ativo e os seus impactos econômicos no resultado do clube? Dentre as estratégias de pesquisa utilizadas, destaca-se o método de estudo de caso, o qual foi imprescindível na investigação e no diagnóstico das variáveis de cada evento. A pesquisa constatou que os gestores têm consciência dos eventos, mas o clube não disponibiliza um sistema de avaliação para esses eventos. Deste modo, este trabalho propõe uma metodologia que permite aos gestores avaliarem a viabilidade econômica de suas decisões. Diante das evidências do estudo de caso e com base nos eventos estudados, estruturou-se uma solução para avaliação das decisões e mensuração do impacto econômico dessas decisões (comprar, vender, emprestar, renegociar, formar e permutar), proporcionando, assim, ao gestor parâmetros para o planejamento, avaliação e controle das transações relacionadas ao jogador de futebol. A proposta apresentada objetiva disponibilizar ferramentas que, de forma estratégica, contribuam para o desenvolvimento das relações financeiras, econômicas e sociais do clube. / The aim of the research is to identify the events, and their respective variables, related to the management process of soccer players, so that the club managers may evaluate and measure theirs decisions. For such purpose, the investigation was guided by the following research question: if the soccer player is an asset for the club, which are the decisions (events) related to the management of this asset and their economic impacts on the club results? Amongst the research strategies used, the method of case study is highlighted, which was indispensable to the investigation and diagnosis of the variables of each event. The research has evidenced that the managers are aware of the events, but an evaluation system of such events is not available at the club. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodology that allows the managers to evaluate the economic viability of their decisions. With the evidence found in the case study and based on the events studied, a solution was structured for the evaluation of the decisions and measurement of the economic impact of these decisions (to buy, to sell, to loan, to renegotiate, to form and to exchange), thus providing the manager with the parameters for the planning, evaluation and control of the transactions related to the soccer player. The aim of the proposal presented is to provide tools that contribute, in a strategic way, for the development of the financial, economic and social relations of the club.

Grit is defined as "perseverance and passion for long-term goals." Although studied in relation to various outcomes, such as retention and academic performance, few studies have examined variables that may contribute to grit's development. Further, few studies have examined this construct in relation to sport performance or within athletic environments, despite its clear connection to sport-related constructs like mental toughness and resilience. Thus, based in achievement motivation theory, this study examined the relations of the perceived motivational climate as defined by athletes' perceptions of the coaches' behaviors (task vs. ego), athletes' perceptions of their achievement goal orientation (task vs. ego), athletes' perceptions of their implicit theory (i.e., fundamental beliefs regarding whether or not ability can change; growth vs. fixed), and athletes' perception of their level of grit. Male varsity soccer players (N = 81; Mage = 15.80 ± .81) from a large metropolitan area in the south central U.S. completed questionnaires measuring these achievement motivation constructs. The full regression model was significant, accounting for 18% of the grit variance, F(6, 74) = 2.77, p = .017. Within the full model, having a growth mindset (β = .25, p = .035) and endorsing a task goal orientation (β = .36, p = .004) predicted higher levels of grit for the athletes. Neither the coach-created motivational climate, nor the athletes' ego orientation or fixed mindset, were significantly predicted their grit scores. Consistent with Dweck and Duckworth, components of achievement motivation theory, particularly related to a task or growth perspective, may play an important role in athletes' developing a perspective that allows them to work effectively and diligently toward long-term goals.

The assessment of strength and power and the relationship of these measures to functional variables such as speed and vertical jump ability are understood poorly. This is particularly the case when dealing with a long-term preparation for a major event in a sport such as women's soccer. The results of this research suggest that a number of isoinertial speed strength measures may be sensitive to aspects of a training program and therefore be useful tools for determining the level of development of various underlying neuromuscular capacities. Further results provide a question mark about the role of maximum strength in the development of high velocity functional movements, as increases in maximum strength did not correlate to changes in measures of functional performance. An important finding from this research is the potential role of specific isoinertial speed strength parameters in the detection of neuromuscular fatigue. Time course analysis of the results in this study suggests that the use of these measures to detect fatigue warrants further investigation.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A presente pesquisa objetiva identificar o estado de compatibilidade entre os instrumentos contábeis de mensuração de ativos intangíveis e aqueles utilizados para estabelecer o valor econômico de atletas de futebol. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de caso único em uma empresa de consultoria que realiza tal avaliação de atleta, com intuito de aprofundar na pesquisa de forma exploratória. As técnicas utilizadas para dar suporte à pesquisa foram análise documental e pesquisa semiestruturada, que contribuíram com os objetivos específicos deste estudo, além da análise bibliográfica. Como resultado de pesquisa pode-se verificar um alinhamento entre os indicadores de avaliação de atletas de futebol utilizados pela empresa objeto desse estudo e aqueles utilizados pelos métodos contábeis para avaliação dos ativos intangíveis com foco no capital humano. Dessa forma, o resultado apresentou a identificação de dez indicadores de alinhamentos, evidenciando uma padronização dos métodos e contribuindo com a redução da subjetividade na forma de avaliar os ativos intangíveis de uma maneira geral. / This research aims to identify the status of compatibility between the financial instruments for the measurement of intangible assets and those used to establish the economic value of soccer players. For this, there was a single case study of a consulting firm that performs such athlete evaluation, aiming to deepen in an exploratory manner research. The techniques used to support research were semi-structured document analysis and research, contributing to the specific objectives of this study, in addition to literature review. As a research result can be seen alignment between soccer players assessment indicators used by the subject company of this study and those used by the accounting methods for the evaluation of intangible assets with a focus on human capital. Thus, the result was the identification of ten indicators alignments, showing a standardization of methods and contributing to the reduction of subjectivity in order to evaluate intangible assets in general.

O contrato de trabalho do atleta profissional de futebol tem particularidades, as quais são inerentes apenas aos jogadores de futebol, não tendo aplicabilidade, de forma obrigatória, mas sim, subsidiária, o disposto na Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT). São aplicadas a este contrato especial, além de alguns dispositivos da CLT, as normas específicas previstas para esta modalidade esportiva. Dentre as quais, a Lei n. 9.615, de 24 de março de 1998, ou também conhecida por Normas Gerais sobre Desporto ou, ainda, vulgarmente conhecida por Lei Pelé. É com base nas diretrizes previstas nesta lei, que as demais regras reguladoras dessa modalidade desportiva se fundamentam. No decorrer desta obra científica, serão explanadas as particularidades características do contrato de trabalho desportivo, tendo como ápice, a análise da natureza jurídica dos ganhos dos atletas profissionais e as conseqüências jurídicas advindas da extinção do instituto do passe.