Magister Commercii - MCom / Given that poverty has remained one of the biggest challenges facing South Africa, an in-depth understanding of the poverty reduction measures implemented by government is necessary. It is important to understand the efficacy of these social protection programmes as huge amounts of government spending is allocated towards it. This paper analyses the impact of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) and social grants as some of the social protection measures implemented by the South African government. Literature reviewed in this paper reveals that these anti-poverty measures have contributed significantly towards the reduction of poverty levels in South Africa. The study analyses each social protection measure and uses the Income and Expenditure Survey data (2010/11) and EPWP phase 1 national data to analyse social grants and EPWP respectively. The income decomposition technique is used to analyse household income and the results of the impact of social grants on poverty are presented using the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke indices. However, only the results of the prevalence of poverty (headcount) are explained in this study. The results show that social grants have significantly reduced poverty levels in areas with high poverty rates such as the Eastern Cape and Limpopo provinces, amongst the African population, in female-headed households, and in rural areas. For EPWP, an estimate of the impact on poverty is done by assessing the number of poor participants who were involved in the programme. Also, the duration of the project is determined and the results indicate that most projects were short lived and did not ensure a consistent provision of income for the participants. Furthermore, the Ordinary Least Squares regression model is used to analyse how expenditure allocation for the programme affects work opportunities produced. Such an investigation is done based on the different sectors in which projects are implemented as well as provincial distributions.

Poverty is an extremely significant issue for Indian society with some estimates suggesting that up to 75% of the Indian population may be poor and deprived of basic necessities to sustain a normally healthy life. Microfinance and social protection are considered as important micro-level strategies to reduce poverty. Literature reveals that both strategies suffer from significant service delivery constraints causing exclusion of a large majority of poor households from access to microfinance, and inclusion and exclusion errors and elite capture of social protection programmes. This research explored whether outreach of microfinance and impact of social protection may be enhanced if microfinance products are built on the provisions of social protection for the poor households, and services of microfinance and social protection are synergistically delivered leveraging on the strengths of each other. The research further explored if it is feasible to employ a State institution, India Post, towards such synergistic service delivery. In order to further these research objectives, financial needs of poor households were estimated, and structures and mechanisms causing the exclusion of the poor from microfinance were investigated, by drawing empirical data from three Indian states. States were sampled while acknowledging that the poor are largely excluded from microfinance in two states of UP and Gujarat, and are almost totally included in the state of AP. This provided me with an opportunity to identify structures and mechanisms excluding the poor from microfinance provisions in UP and Gujarat, and contrast it with the situation in AP to further refine and enrich our understanding. Philosophical basis for design and methodology for this research is provided by critical realism, according to which the goal of social research is to understand the world in order to change it for better. The research is primarily based on the data collected through qualitative research methods as such methods are more suited than quantitative methods to critical realistic intensive studies, attempting to uncover underlying structures and mechanisms causing a social phenomenon. Research findings suggest that the financial needs of poor households in UP and Gujarat either remain unmet, or are met through informal mechanisms which are costly and exploitative. Poor are also not able to entirely access their entitled benefits from social protection programmes; as such programmes generate their own financial needs, which remain largely unmet. It was observed that social protection programmes have a favourable political environment in India and are being increasingly employed as a means to fight poverty. Such programmes therefore constitute an important aspect of the financial environment of the poor. Microfinance programme in AP reaches the poor partly because it is also meeting the financial needs generated by the provisions of social protection and thus the poor households find it useful. Poor also become attractive clients for microfinance due to the assured benefits they receive from the social protection programmes. Thus it addresses both demand and supply side constraints which keep a majority of the poor out of the ambit of microfinance in UP and Gujarat. Such social protection-linked service delivery of microfinance was further observed to be enhancing the impact of social protection as well as of microfinance. It is further argued that India Post is suitably located to deliver such social protection-linked microfinance services due to its close proximity to the rural population, and its personnel being known to and trusted by the local communities. India Post network also has a long and rich experience of delivering financial services. Being a government department, it is in a better position than similarly placed agencies such as banks and NGOs, to coordinate with other government departments offering social protection. Moreover, it has a valuable information-capital on the households that can be leveraged to efficiently identify the prospective recipients of the social protection programmes.

The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the social protection, if any, afforded to migrant workers in South Africa. To accomplish this purpose, the ambit of the concept of ‘social protection’ is investigated and the legal status and different categories of migrant workers are probed. The strands of social protection identified and evaluated in the study are: • social assistance; • social insurance; and • labour security. Each of the categories that define the social protection afforded to migrant workers is examined. The ILO, UN and SADC have numerous standards and instruments dedicated to the extension of social protection as well as the protection of migrant workers globally. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, acknowledges that international law must be considered when interpreting the Bill of Rights. Furthermore, the courts must prefer a reasonable interpretation of legislation, consistent with international law. Each component of social protection, as well as migration, is regulated by different legislative instruments. South Africa has legislative instruments dedicated to the regulation of social assistance, social insurance and labour security. In South Africa, irregular migrants receive limited social protection. The South African courts have played a positive role in the development and broadening of the social protection afforded to migrant workers, especially in the form of labour security. The limitations in the legislative instruments that regulate labour security are being extended to give effect to the courts’ decisions. Most of South Africa’s neighbouring countries have some form of social protection, but other SADC countries can receive lessons from South Africa with regard to the development of social protection, specifically in the form of labour security. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

No description available.

Well-being is the ultimate goal of social protection that integrates both material and social aspects. Most studies focus on material dimensions, and little attention has been given to the social aspects of well-being. Further, outputs are commonly used to assess the effectiveness of social protection, while insufficient attention has been given to the outcomes and process evaluation. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of social protection in ensuring well-being, comprising human development and social cohesion. It adopts a result-oriented framework that considers both outcome and process evaluation. The study follows sequential mixed methods for assessing the effectiveness of social protection programmes. Using a secondary dataset of six developing countries (including Bangladesh) from 2002 to 2019 and employing a pooled OLS model, this study shows that social protection expenditure increases the primary (education) completion rate and reduces the child (under 5) mortality rate in developing countries. It also reveals that the effect of social protection on education and health outcomes improves with governance efficacy and operational competency. Using primary data collected through a quantitative survey (n=400) from four districts of Bangladesh and employing the OLR model, this study shows that social protection benefits positively affect informal and formal networks and institutional trust and norms of behaviour. It also reveals that the educational status of beneficiaries can mediate informal and formal networks, interpersonal trust, and norms of reciprocity. The process evaluation has done through 24 in-depth qualitative interviews with key stakeholders. By using content analysis, this study recognises five "governance" and six "operational" issues that can limit the effectiveness of social protection programmes. It also proposes a model for the effective functioning of social protection programmes based on empirical findings and justified by prevailing literature. The study shows how effectively programmes are executed and how programmes can be improved to achieve the goal. These findings have significant implications for enhancing the development effectiveness of social protection programmes. The policy directions can assist policymakers and development partners in taking suitable policies to ensure the well-being of the poor and vulnerable people of developing countries. / Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh research grants, National Academy for Planning and Development (NAPD)

Bangladesh, a country situated in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta (GBM), is one of the most vulnerable countries to climatic stressors and changes. Low lying coastal region in the southern part of the country is highly vulnerable due to its exposure to frequent and intense cyclones, and other hydro-meteorological coastal hazards, such as projected sea-level rise, storm surges, monsoonal flooding and waterlogging, and saline water intrusion. In addition, there have been significant infrastructure development and land use change across Bangladesh’s coastal regions since the 1960s that contributed to increase environmental risk and vulnerability of coastal communities. This dissertation examines the risks and vulnerabilities faced by the coastal communities, particularly small-scale fisheries and aquaculture-based communities, in Bangladesh and how the households and the government respond to manage these risks and vulnerabilities. Three specific objectives of this dissertation are: a) to explore the risk and vulnerability that coastal households face in Bangladesh in conjunction with main climatic hazards and changes; b) to understand households' temporary internal migration decision-making in the context of climatic stressors and socio-ecological changes; and c) to explore the extent to which social protection programs in the coastal districts of Bangladesh are responsive to environmental and climatic changes facing coastal dwellers, with a focus on whether such programs help households build adaptive capacity. This research is primarily based on a fieldwork in three coastal districts of Bangladesh in 2017. During the fieldwork, the researcher conducted a household survey of 720 households, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. The three research objectives lead to three research papers. The first paper of this dissertation constructs household-level vulnerability and risk indices by applying the risk framework offered in the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). With the help of these indices, this paper shows the levels of risk of hazards vary among geographical units, income levels and occupational groups. The indices also show that although vulnerability is well-correlated with poverty, risks of hazards are high for upper-income households as well. Applying the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM) theory and the more recent environmental migration framework proposed by Black et al. (2011), the second paper shows that various types of environmental and climatic stressors impact households’ decisions on temporary migration differently, and alongside environmental and climatic factors, traditional socioeconomic drivers of migration also play significant roles in households’ temporary migration decisions. The third paper applies the adaptive social protection framework and finds poor targeting efficiency and the inability of the social protection system in scaling up when needed. However, the analysis does show poor households benefiting from social protection programs were less likely to use adverse coping strategies and were more likely to adopt productive livelihood strategies including production innovations and diversification. This dissertation contributes to the methods of measuring and understanding risk and vulnerability specific to stressors, locations, income levels and occupations. It also sheds light on the importance of temporary migration as a risk management strategy that received less attention in the literature than permanent migration. Finally, it identifies areas to improve existing social protection programs to make them responsive to emerging risks and vulnerabilities. While addressing three separate but related topics, the papers are consistent in their implication for adaptation planning for coastal communities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoel Ramil.pdf: 2818821 bytes, checksum: 5055526a1538ca23ff34fde8d00d4334 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-25 / This paper resulted from a case study developed in the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul (IFSul/campus Pelotas) which looked for getting to know how this Educational Institution promotes the Social Protection practices directed to adolescent students. Coming from the assumption that Social Protection Polices, institutionally practiced, are not sufficient to support the vulnerabilities presented by the students of IFSul/campus Pelotas, which represents, majorly, the reality of adolescents in Brazil. Different sources, such as the UNICEF/2011 report about the situation of adolescents in Brazil, reveal that the privation of fundamental rights to the adolescents generates impacts in their scholar development. Recent statements, which are registered in specific legislation about Social Protection to adolescents, relate the mentioned privations to the lack of scholar success, demonstrated in the forms or repetition and evasion, and consequently broadening the social exclusion. In this sense, two main objectives leaded the production of this research: the first objective was to identify the Social Protection Practices directed to the adolescent students of IFSul/campus Pelotas concerning the scope and the ways of making them work; the second was the will of getting to know the conditions that promoted and/or restricted the action of the Social Protection practices directed to the students inside the institutional environment. During the research process, the aim was to understand the relation between the guiding principles of the National Policy for Student Assistance and the Social Protection practices offered by the IFSul/campus Pelotas, a legal and autarchic institution attached to the Ministry of Education. The research was characterized by a qualitative approach. To the gathering of the necessary data, three procedures were used: documental analysis; semi structured interview, with the professionals of different Coordinations and Boards; specific groups of adolescents which are students of the Eletrotechnical Course, some that received the support of Student Assistance and some that did not receive the benefits and also representatives of the Students Union. To perform the analysis and interpretation of the data, based on the contents analysis, four categories were organized, created from the convergence of ideas found among the student s and professional s testimonials. The following aspect were highlighted to express the findings of the research: a) the concept of Social Protection, that was constructed by the subjects of the research, is still focused on the compulsory assistance to the adolescents that can not support themselves due to their social and economical vulnerability, for this reason being considered a citizen s right; b) the Social Protection practices that are offered by the IFSul/campus Pelotas, in order to care for these vulnerabilities, are not sufficient to correspond the students reality, therefore, these practices do not have a universal aspect on the school s environment; c) it is assumed that there is a strict relation between the necessities expressed by the adolescents and the evasion phenomenon, as it is with the repetition found in the IFSul/campus Pelotas; d) the Social Protection process directed to adolescents in the referred institution, presents both restrictive and favorable conditions to its realization, being the restrictive conditions the indicators to the need of remodeling, broadening and qualification of the Social Protection policies / Este trabalho resultou de um estudo de caso realizado no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense IFSul/campus Pelotas que procurou conhecer como se processam as práticas de Proteção Social aos alunos adolescentes promovidas por essa Instituição Educacional. Partiu-se do suposto de que as Políticas de Proteção Social, praticadas institucionalmente, são insuficientes para atender às vulnerabilidades apresentadas pelo alunado do IFSul/campus Pelotas, que representa, em grande parte, a realidade da adolescência no Brasil. Fontes diversas, como o Relatório sobre a Situação da Adolescência Brasileira/UNICEF/2011, revelam que a privação dos direitos fundamentais ao adolescente tem impacto em seu desempenho escolar. Posicionamentos recentes, inclusive presentes na legislação específica sobre Proteção Social ao adolescente, relacionam tais privações ao insucesso escolar, evidenciado nas formas de repetência e evasão, e, consequentemente, ampliando a exclusão social. Nesse sentido, dois objetivos orientaram a realização da pesquisa: o primeiro foi o de identificar as práticas de Proteção Social direcionadas aos alunos adolescentes do IFSul/campus Pelotas quanto à abrangência e às formas de operacionalização; o segundo objetivo intentou conhecer as condições promotoras e/ou restritivas das práticas institucionais de Proteção Social orientadas a esses alunos. No processo de pesquisa, procurou-se conhecer a relação entre os princípios orientadores da Política Nacional de Assistência Estudantil e das práticas de Proteção Social viabilizadas no IFSul/campus Pelotas, instituição com natureza jurídica de autarquia, vinculada ao Ministério da Educação. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como de abordagem qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados três procedimentos: a análise documental; a entrevista semiestruturada, realizada com profissionais de diferentes Coordenadorias e Diretorias; grupos focais, envolvendo alunos adolescentes do Curso de Eletrotécnica, beneficiados e não beneficiados pela Assistência Estudantil, assim como representantes do Grêmio de Estudantes. Para a análise e interpretação dos dados, com base na análise de conteúdo, foram organizadas quatro categorias, a partir de ideias convergentes encontradas nos depoimentos de profissionais e estudantes e identificadas nos documentos analisados. Ressaltam-se, como principais achados da investigação: a) a concepção de Proteção Social, construída pelos sujeitos da pesquisa, ainda se encontra fortemente focada na ideia de obrigatoriedade de assistência àqueles adolescentes que não têm condições de se auto-sustentarem, por razões de pobreza/vulnerabilidades socioeconômicas, sendo considerada como um direito de cidadania; b) as práticas de Proteção Social, implementadas pelo IFSul/campus Pelotas, de modo a atender a essas vulnerabilidades, são insuficientes à realidade dos alunos adolescentes, não se caracterizando como universais no âmbito escolar; c) pressupõe-se que exista estreita relação entre as necessidades evidenciadas pelos adolescentes e o fenômeno da evasão e da repetência verificado no IFSul/campus Pelotas; d) o processo de Proteção Social ao adolescente na Instituição pesquisada apresenta, tanto condições favoráveis como restritivas à sua implementação, sendo que as condições limitadoras levam ao reconhecimento de que as práticas de Proteção Social precisam ser redimensionadas, ampliadas e qualificadas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emilene Oliveira Araujo.pdf: 1568821 bytes, checksum: 62a756d136bfd2945d0c10088bbe8074 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-11 / The present dissertation studies the person with visual impairment and the social protection available in São Paulo city, focusing on the existent laws and the realized work by nonprofit organizations. For this, we seek to know, through the history of humanity, the achievements of rights of the person with visual impairment, addressing the most striking movements for the consolidation of these rights and the fundamental laws for the inclusion and the participation of this public. This dissertation has the challenge of maintaining the centrality in the ―person‖ in all the presented content, beginning by the nomenclature, the work presents a content that facilitates to understand the reality of the person with visual impairment. To know this reality was necessary to gather information about of essential resources to the process of autonomy and independence. And at the same time relating it with the access that is given for the person that has visual impairment can acquire resources and equipments. At the end of the dissertation, the discussion is focused in the question of comprehend what is the social protection, basing it in the conception of authors, in the practice of performance of charities and in the National Police of Social Assistance PNAS. Another important factor was raised of what is put in PNAS for people with visual impairment. Were also raised, through interviews, which are the services that the philanthropic organizations that make part of this project, offer to people with visual impairment. Therefore, it s a study based in the reality of the access that the person with visual impairment have to goods and services, also addressing how the social-assistance network has been an ally in the consolidation of rights of the visually impaired person / A presente dissertação estuda a pessoa com deficiência visual e a proteção social disponível para ela na cidade de São Paulo, tendo como foco as leis existentes e o trabalho realizado por meio de organizações sem fins lucrativos. Para tanto, procura-se conhecer, por meio da história da humanidade, as conquistas de direitos da pessoa com deficiência visual, abordando os movimentos mais marcantes para a consolidação destes direitos e as leis fundamentais para a inclusão e participação deste público. Esta dissertação tem o desafio de manter a centralidade na ―pessoa‖ em todo o conteúdo apresentado, começando pela nomenclatura, o estudo apresenta um conteúdo que facilita entender a realidade da pessoa com deficiência visual. Para conhecer tal realidade foi necessário levantar informações de recursos indispensáveis para o processo de autonomia e independência. E ao mesmo tempo relacioná-lo com o acesso que é dado para que a pessoa com deficiência visual possa adquirir recursos e equipamentos. No final da dissertação, a discussão tem o foco na questão de compreender o que é a proteção social, baseado na concepção de autores, na prática de atuação das organizações assistenciais e na Política Nacional de Assistência Social (PNAS). Outro fator importante foi o levantamento do que está posto na PNAS para pessoas com deficiência visual. Também foram levantados, por meio de entrevista, quais os serviços que as organizações filantrópicas, que fazem parte deste projeto, oferecem para pessoas com deficiência visual. É, portanto um estudo baseado na realidade do acesso que a pessoa com deficiência visual tem aos bens e serviços, abordando também de que forma a rede socioassistencial tem sido uma aliada na consolidação de direitos da pessoa com deficiência visual

Given that conditional cash transfers (CCTs) can be a very effective social welfare program to reduce poverty and improve education and health outcomes, but may exacerbate conflict, this thesis addresses strategies for conflict-sensitive formulation and implementation of CCTs in Indonesia. This thesis raises the immediate need to address poverty in Indonesia and seeks to learn from the successes and challenges of other CCTs, such as those enacted in Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, and the Philippines. This thesis also looks into existing literature comparing the effectiveness of CCTs to other social protection programs (SPPs) and finds that CCT is one of the most effective (SPPs). Moreover, this thesis also explores the reasoning and conditioning factors as to how CCTs may reduce or exacerbate conflict, and finds that it can reduce conflict through the education channel (e.g. positive peer effect, reduction of time to spend doing other activities), employment channel (e.g. education leading to higher chances of getting employed), and the income substitution channel (cash benefits received would reduce incentives to engage in financially-motivated crimes). Nonetheless, this thesis also seeks to enhance the targeting mechanisms of CCTs to ensure that it does not exacerbate conflict. More specifically, this thesis concludes that Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH), the CCT program in Indonesia, should employ a more centralized targeting to reduce opportunities for local elite capture in its 7,000 districts. Furthermore, this thesis proposes the creation of a more competitive system in electing which districts it works with by asking district heads to submit proposals outlining why and how PKH will work in their respective areas, which will hopefully motivate them to be more accountable and to reduce administrative costs.

Šiame darbe nagrinėjamas socialinės apsaugos priemonių nedarbo rizikos atveju taikymas. Atskleidžiama nedarbo, kaip socialinės rizikos, samprata ir neigiama įtaka valstybės ekonominei raidai ir gerovei. Apžvelgiamas valstybės garantuojamos socialinės apsaugos nedarbo atveju teisinis reguliavimas Lietuvos Respublikos ir tarptautiniuose teisės aktuose. Aptariami šio instituto teisinio reglamentavimo trūkumai. Darbe analizuojama ne tik Lietuvos, bet ir užsienio valstybių patirtis taikant socialinės apsaugos priemones nedarbo rizikos atveju. Remiantis Statistikos depatamento pateiktais 2010-2011 metų Lietuvos gyventojų emigracijos duomenimis, tyrimo objektu pasirinktos Didžiosios Britanijos, Airijos ir Norvegijos valstybių socialinės apsaugos sistemos, kadangi šių šalių teikiamos garantijos ypač aktualios ten gyvenantiems ir dirbantiems Lietuvos piliečiams. Išsamiai apžvelgiamos Lietuvos ir minėtų užsienio valstybių teikiamos aktyvios ir pasyvios socialinės apsaugos priemonės nedarbo rizikos atveju, analizuojamas jų turinys, apimtis, efektyvumas, trūkumai, apžvelgiami naujausi priimtų teisės aktų, reglamentuojančių socialinę apsaugą nedarbo atveju, pakeitimai, juos įtakojusios aplinkybės. Atsižvelgiant į šių ekonomiškai stiprių užsienio valstybių patirtį taikant socialinės apsaugos priemones, pateikiami pasiūlymai dėl Lietuvos socialinės apsaugos sistemos tobulinimo. / This paper analyses application of social protection measures in relation to risk of unemployment. Conception of unemployment as of a social risk is exposed together with its negative effect on economic development and welfare of the state. Legal regulation of the state guaranteed social protection in case of unemployment provided for in legislative acts of the Republic of Lithuania and international legislative acts is reviewed. Drawbacks of legal regulation of this institute are discussed. The paper analyses not only Lithuanian experience, but also experience of foreign countries in applying social protection measures in relation to risk of unemployment. Invoking the data provided by the Statistics Lithuania on emigration of Lithuanian residents over years 2010-2011, social security systems of Great Britain, Ireland and Norway were chosen for survey, because social guarantees provided by those countries are especially relevant to Lithuanian citizens who work or reside there. Thorough review of active and passive social security measures in relation to risk of unemployment provided by Lithuania and the aforementioned countries is made, analyzing its content, amount, effectiveness, drawbacks; new amendments of adopted legislative acts, regulating social security in case of unemployment are reviewed together with circumstances that conditioned the amendments. Considering the experience of these economically strong foreign counties in application of social protection measures... [to full text]