Anxiety is a prevalent health concern for emerging adults and the top concern for those seeking mental health treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the features of emerging adulthood (i.e., identity exploration, feelings of optimism about possibilities, instability, selfocus, and feeling in-between), which may be predictive of anxiety symptoms, as well as explore factors (i.e., differentiation of self and social comparison orientation using social media), which may intensify or lessen the anxiety symptoms. The study sample included 598 emerging adults between the ages of 18 and 25. The results of this study suggested that identity exploration, instability, and feeling in-between contribute to higher anxiety symptoms. While higher differentiation of self can be a strength in emerging adulthood, and is associated with lower anxiety, higher social comparison orientation may serve as a risk factor, as it is associated with higher anxiety symptoms. Social comparison orientation using social media was also found to moderate the relationship between optimism about possibilities and anxiety. Specifically, at higher levels of social comparison orientation using social media, increased optimism about possibilities predicted higher anxiety. At lower levels of social comparison orientation using social media, increased optimism about possibilities predicted lower anxiety. These findings have implications for clinicians and educational professionals working with the emerging adult population.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Most studies on rivalry analyze the phenomenon where participants are on opposing sides in business organizations or sports teams (i.e., inter-team rivalry). Currently, the rivalry literature is expanding to examine the effects of rivalry among team members if a manager or coach creates an environment marked by intra-team rivalry. Study 1 examined team member behaviors and individual and team performance within teams (i.e., intra-team rivalry) by having 311 collegiate students recall their experiences participating on a high school athletic team. Findings indicated that intra-team rivalry was positively related to individual performance and team performance. Social comparison mediated the positive relationship between intra-team rivalry and individual performance. In Study 2 adjustments to the research model allowed further exploration of team performance and intra-team rivalry. Study 2 surveyed 240 current collegiate student athletes twice examining the same hypotheses at the 1) individual level, and 2) team level via data aggregation. Findings consistent with both surveys indicated that social comparison was positively related to intra-team rivalry; intra-team rivalry was positively related to individual deviance; and both individual performance, and motivation were positively related to team performance. Unique to Survey 1, intra-team rivalry was positively related to motivation. Unique to Survey 2, negative relationship between individual deviance and team performance. Implications for team members, leaders, and organizations are compelling. / Business Administration/Interdisciplinary

Body image concerns in Binge Eating Disorder (BED) have been examined almost exclusively in overweight individuals with BED. The current study extends past research by including overweight and normal weight BED and non-BED groups to assess the multifactorial construct of body image using subscales of the Eating Disorder Examination 16.0 (EDE-16.0) and a Body Comparison Task. Independent of weight status and when controlling for age and race, women with BED are distinguished from those without BED by significantly greater overvaluation of shape and weight on the EDE -16.0 and significantly reduced weight satisfaction after a Body Comparison Task. Both BED diagnosis and weight status were independently associated with weight and shape concern subscales on the EDE-16.0. Taken together, these data provide further support for the consideration of body image concerns in the diagnostic criteria for BED. / Psychology

本研究之主要目的在於瞭解癌症病患社會比較行為之現況與相關因素之探討，包括社會比較動機、不同之比較面向與比較模式之對象、社會比較效果，進而探索新癌症病患與舊癌症病患在社會比較行為上的差異性；其次，探討自尊、身心健康情形與社會比較之關係。本研究以問卷調查的方式，訪談全國癌症病友中心的癌症病患，共計134位，包括各50位新、舊乳癌病患與21位新腸癌病患、13位舊腸癌病患。本研究使用社會比較動機量表中文版、自尊量表中文版、一般健康量表中文版以及研究者自編的社會比較問卷，進行相關統計分析與假設考驗。研究結果發現，癌症病患主要社會比較動機是同盟、自我增進、自我彰顯等動機；新、舊癌症病患在社會比較行為上皆有顯著性的差異，包括社會比較動機、社會比較的對象與方式、以及社會比較的負向效果。另一方面，自尊越低與一般健康情形越差的癌症病患，其社會比較的負向效果也越大。最後，根據研究結果與討論，提出對未來相關研究、癌症病患的心理社會介入與臨床應用的建議。 / The main purpose of this study was to explore the social comparison process and its correlates among cancer patients. The first purpose of this study was to understand the differences of social comparison process between new cancer patients and old cancer patients, not only including the source of social comparative information, but the motives, the models, the dimensions, the targets and preferences of social comparison. The second purpose was to understand the influence of self-esteem on social comparison. The third purpose was to asses the relationship between social comparison and individual’s physical and mental health. The Chinese versions of the Social Comparison Motive Scale (Helgeson & Mickelson, 1995), the Chinese versions of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Chinese versions of General Health Questionnaire (Goldberger, 1978), and two self-constructed scales to measure the informative source, the models, the dimensions, the targets and preferences of social comparison were administered to 100 breast cancer patients and 34 colorectal cancer patients from Changhua Christian Hospital. Finally, the findings of this research were expected to apply to clinical psychooncology so as to help cancer patients have better psychological reaction and to improve their adaptation to illness.