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Si l'on prend la notion dans ses différentes acceptions, la question du patrimoine se pose aujourd'hui avec acuité dans les grands ensembles (GE). Cette recherche considère qu'elle est une clé de lecture originale pour comprendre les attendus institutionnels de la gestion des GE. Parallèlement, l'objet décalé qu'est le GE permet des réflexions sur les processus de fabrication du patrimoine (enjeux, contradictions). La recherche porte pour cela sur des GE exemplaires,précurseurs et contrastés : ceux du sud-est de Saint-Etienne, en particulier Beaulieu et Montchovet.Au gré des stratégies d'acteurs, ces GE se sont opposés : Beaulieu a toujours été destiné à une population large desalariés ; Montchovet est un GE dévalorisé destiné par réorientation dans les années 1980 aux plus démunis et aux immigrés.Un schéma directeur d'initiative locale (office et Ville), élaboré en 2000 et mis en oeuvre grâce à l'ANRU, s'appuie sur ce constat et propose la démolition de Montchovet et la confortation de Beaulieu. L'opération est emblématique d'une démarche de retour aux sources du mouvement HLM. En étant valorisés au titre du patrimoine (notarial, mais aussi architectural et mémoriel), des groupes tel Beaulieu s'imposent en idéaux de référence. Us servent de point d'appui (y compris au sens topographique dans ce cas) pour la reconquête du parc et d'une clientèle qui s'est détournée des HLM.Mais ce modèle refondateur escamote la pluralité des mémoires d'habitants, tandis que la préservation au nom des spécificités architecturales s'enferme dans des impasses et contradictions (gentrification, usages allant contre certains principes du logement social). / Taken as meaning both heritage and inheritance, the issue of patrimoine is of particular significance for France's grands ensembles (GE) today. This paper considers patrimoine as an original key to understanding institutional expectations for managing GE. At the same time, studying an unpopular subject such as the GE allows for reflections on the processes by which heritage comes to be defined (with its various issues and contradictions). With this aim, the research examines exemplary, precusory and contrasting GE in southeastem Saint-Etienne, particularly the Beaulieu and Montchovet GE.Differing strategies led to two contrasting GE: Beaulieu was destined for a large population of salaried employees;Montchovet is a depreciated GE, reoriented in the 80s for the most impoverished and immigrant populations.A local plan commissioned in 2000 by the city council and the social housing agency and carried out by the French urban renewal agency, uses these assessments to recommend the demolition of Montchovet and the reinforcement of Beaulieu. These operations are emblematic of a progressive retum to the roots of the social housing movement.By being promoted as patrimoine (notarial and architectural heritage and inheritance), sorne GE like Beaulieu become established as models that can redefine social housing stock and the population who left during the 70s-80s.But this project also erases the histories of the poor and immigrants at the same time as conservation in the name of architectural specificities becomes contradict my (gentrification, uses going against social housing principles).

This thesis examines the impact of the �Nunavut Project� on Inuit identity, governance, and society. This is illustrated through three manuscripts, where I demonstrate the effects that the establishment of Nunavut has had on the Inuit of the Canadian Central and Eastern Arctic. The first manuscript (Chapter 2) presents a critical literature review of scholarly works on Nunavut. It also proposes a theoretical model based on boundaries and symbols to help comprehend the impact of Nunavut on the changing Inuit collective identity. The model shows that political elites and leaders in Nunavut are promoting the idea of a civic/regional form of collective identity for the Inuit pulling them away from a more cultural/traditional form of sub-regional groups of collective identities. The establishment of Nunavut also has had an effect on Inuit governance through the creation of the government of Nunavut and through the establishment of the Nunavut Tunngavik Inc., the organization representing the interests of the Inuit beneficiaries of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement and managing the implementation of the Agreement. In my second manuscript (Chapter 3), I examine the mode of operation and the activities of Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. I demonstrate that the Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. is based on a Euro-Canadian corporate model foreign to a traditional Inuit model of governance. Today, the Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. is the most important political player in Nunavut. The government of Nunavut regularly consults with the Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. before taking any decision that may impact the Inuit beneficiaries of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. The �Nunavut Project� seems to not only have changed the Inuit modes of identity and governance; it has also had some effects on Inuit socio-economic conditions in the Canadian Central and Eastern Arctic. My third manuscript (Chapter 4) recounts the events that led to the creation of Nunavut (1999); but more importantly it argues that although Nunavut has reinforced the sense of pride and collective regional identity of Inuit, Nunavut�s political institutions have not helped to improve the socio-economic conditions that plague Inuit society. I note, however, that Nunavut has provided Inuit with all the necessary jurisdictional powers to help improve their socio-economic conditions. I remain optimistic that in time, with additional financial contribution from the Canadian government, the Nunavut experiment may prove to be a success in alleviating some of the Inuit socio-economic challenges. Results from this thesis have demonstrated that the �Nunavut Project� has had an impact on Inuit identity, governance, and society.

This thesis examines the impact of the �Nunavut Project� on Inuit identity, governance, and society. This is illustrated through three manuscripts, where I demonstrate the effects that the establishment of Nunavut has had on the Inuit of the Canadian Central and Eastern Arctic. The first manuscript (Chapter 2) presents a critical literature review of scholarly works on Nunavut. It also proposes a theoretical model based on boundaries and symbols to help comprehend the impact of Nunavut on the changing Inuit collective identity. The model shows that political elites and leaders in Nunavut are promoting the idea of a civic/regional form of collective identity for the Inuit pulling them away from a more cultural/traditional form of sub-regional groups of collective identities. The establishment of Nunavut also has had an effect on Inuit governance through the creation of the government of Nunavut and through the establishment of the Nunavut Tunngavik Inc., the organization representing the interests of the Inuit beneficiaries of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement and managing the implementation of the Agreement. In my second manuscript (Chapter 3), I examine the mode of operation and the activities of Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. I demonstrate that the Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. is based on a Euro-Canadian corporate model foreign to a traditional Inuit model of governance. Today, the Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. is the most important political player in Nunavut. The government of Nunavut regularly consults with the Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. before taking any decision that may impact the Inuit beneficiaries of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. The �Nunavut Project� seems to not only have changed the Inuit modes of identity and governance; it has also had some effects on Inuit socio-economic conditions in the Canadian Central and Eastern Arctic. My third manuscript (Chapter 4) recounts the events that led to the creation of Nunavut (1999); but more importantly it argues that although Nunavut has reinforced the sense of pride and collective regional identity of Inuit, Nunavut�s political institutions have not helped to improve the socio-economic conditions that plague Inuit society. I note, however, that Nunavut has provided Inuit with all the necessary jurisdictional powers to help improve their socio-economic conditions. I remain optimistic that in time, with additional financial contribution from the Canadian government, the Nunavut experiment may prove to be a success in alleviating some of the Inuit socio-economic challenges. Results from this thesis have demonstrated that the �Nunavut Project� has had an impact on Inuit identity, governance, and society.

This thesis examines the impact of the �Nunavut Project� on Inuit identity, governance, and society. This is illustrated through three manuscripts, where I demonstrate the effects that the establishment of Nunavut has had on the Inuit of the Canadian Central and Eastern Arctic. The first manuscript (Chapter 2) presents a critical literature review of scholarly works on Nunavut. It also proposes a theoretical model based on boundaries and symbols to help comprehend the impact of Nunavut on the changing Inuit collective identity. The model shows that political elites and leaders in Nunavut are promoting the idea of a civic/regional form of collective identity for the Inuit pulling them away from a more cultural/traditional form of sub-regional groups of collective identities. The establishment of Nunavut also has had an effect on Inuit governance through the creation of the government of Nunavut and through the establishment of the Nunavut Tunngavik Inc., the organization representing the interests of the Inuit beneficiaries of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement and managing the implementation of the Agreement. In my second manuscript (Chapter 3), I examine the mode of operation and the activities of Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. I demonstrate that the Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. is based on a Euro-Canadian corporate model foreign to a traditional Inuit model of governance. Today, the Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. is the most important political player in Nunavut. The government of Nunavut regularly consults with the Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. before taking any decision that may impact the Inuit beneficiaries of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. The �Nunavut Project� seems to not only have changed the Inuit modes of identity and governance; it has also had some effects on Inuit socio-economic conditions in the Canadian Central and Eastern Arctic. My third manuscript (Chapter 4) recounts the events that led to the creation of Nunavut (1999); but more importantly it argues that although Nunavut has reinforced the sense of pride and collective regional identity of Inuit, Nunavut�s political institutions have not helped to improve the socio-economic conditions that plague Inuit society. I note, however, that Nunavut has provided Inuit with all the necessary jurisdictional powers to help improve their socio-economic conditions. I remain optimistic that in time, with additional financial contribution from the Canadian government, the Nunavut experiment may prove to be a success in alleviating some of the Inuit socio-economic challenges. Results from this thesis have demonstrated that the �Nunavut Project� has had an impact on Inuit identity, governance, and society.

In the Spring of 2011, I conducted 12 interviews with public housing tenants in Victoria, British Columbia. This research became the focus of my MA thesis research in anthropology. Both BC Housing's directly managed buildings and non-profit housing were included. My thesis aims to understand the motivations of tenants who desire to leave public housing and to situate these motivations within the framework of "push" and "pull" factors. In other words, to understand whether the desire to leave public housing stemmed from within in the housing system (push) or outside of it (pull). All participants reported push factors, though a few had been pushed from unsatisfactory public housing into satisfactory public housing. However, most participants felt stuck as they did not have the resources to pay for unaffordable market housing. The dissatisfaction they faced in public housing stemmed from problems with management/staff, problems with neighbours, and problems with the physical condition of housing. Many participants expressed fear that they would lose their housing if they expressed their rights as tenants or made complaints about the issues they faced. Complaints that were brought forward were seen as being ignored. In order to understand the frustration and fear participants experienced, I explore the idea of social assistance as "charity", which has its beginnings in the English Poor Laws, and what effect this has on the recipients. Social assistance as charity, including public housing, is given as a sort of "gift". I argue that in this framework, a gift should be accepted willingly and not questioned. This acts to silence complaints and plays off of common notions about who are the deserving poor and undeserving poor. / Graduate / 0326 / medavies@uvic.ca

Doctor of Philosophy / Operating in the space between state, market and society, nonprofit housing associations are part of a new generation of hybrid organisations. Unlike traditional organisations delivering publicly subsidised affordable rental accommodation, governance is networked not hierarchical. The state can influence - through subsidy, regulation and direct intervention - though seldom chooses to directly control. Housing associations regularly partner with public sector agencies, private developers and other nonprofit or hybrid organisations. Networking is used to share resources, build local coalitions and increase institutional learning. This thesis uses a cross-national case study approach to develop frameworks leading to a deeper understanding of what housing associations are becoming. The topic is addressed through the research focus on how to strengthen housing association capacity, taken to be ‘the capability of an organisation to achieve goals’. Nine associations of three organisation types, selected from the city regions of San Francisco, Melbourne and Manchester, provided rich documentary and interview information. This was supplemented by interviews with senior staff at networked organisations identified through snowballing techniques. Organisational capacity is often seen as a set of attributes that housing associations possess, such as a mission statement and governance procedures. This has led to a narrow focus on capacity building through professionalisation, introducing management approaches from the private sector. The research findings suggest the importance of broader approaches to strengthening organisational capacity, for example though collaboration between associations by merger, group structure, or procurement partnerships. Capacity can also be built with assistance from both traditional and emerging networked support organisations. Trade and professional bodies, together with consultants, lobby organisations, researchers and community groups form part of a broader web. The success of contemporary housing associations depends not only on the skills of individuals working for the organisation, but their ability to make connections across the wider environment - organisational capacity strengthened through network power.

Doctor of Philosophy / Operating in the space between state, market and society, nonprofit housing associations are part of a new generation of hybrid organisations. Unlike traditional organisations delivering publicly subsidised affordable rental accommodation, governance is networked not hierarchical. The state can influence - through subsidy, regulation and direct intervention - though seldom chooses to directly control. Housing associations regularly partner with public sector agencies, private developers and other nonprofit or hybrid organisations. Networking is used to share resources, build local coalitions and increase institutional learning. This thesis uses a cross-national case study approach to develop frameworks leading to a deeper understanding of what housing associations are becoming. The topic is addressed through the research focus on how to strengthen housing association capacity, taken to be ‘the capability of an organisation to achieve goals’. Nine associations of three organisation types, selected from the city regions of San Francisco, Melbourne and Manchester, provided rich documentary and interview information. This was supplemented by interviews with senior staff at networked organisations identified through snowballing techniques. Organisational capacity is often seen as a set of attributes that housing associations possess, such as a mission statement and governance procedures. This has led to a narrow focus on capacity building through professionalisation, introducing management approaches from the private sector. The research findings suggest the importance of broader approaches to strengthening organisational capacity, for example though collaboration between associations by merger, group structure, or procurement partnerships. Capacity can also be built with assistance from both traditional and emerging networked support organisations. Trade and professional bodies, together with consultants, lobby organisations, researchers and community groups form part of a broader web. The success of contemporary housing associations depends not only on the skills of individuals working for the organisation, but their ability to make connections across the wider environment - organisational capacity strengthened through network power.

Ett av den svenska politikens viktigaste uppdrag är att trygga allas rätt till bostad. Detta har historiskt sett sökt förverkligas genom en universell bostadspolitik. Denna bostadspolitik har varit i linje med rådande välfärdsmodell utan särskilda lösningar för de med lägst inkomster. De allmännyttiga bostadsföretagen, allmännyttan, som varit ett viktigt medel i denna politik har sedan 2011 fått en förändrad roll och ska enligt ny lag drivas enligt affärsmässiga principer. Som en effekt av detta har allmännyttiga bostadsbolag börjat ställa högre krav på sina bostadssökandes ekonomi, med följd att medborgare med sämre ekonomiska förutsättningar fått det allt svårare att finna bostäder. För att infria rätten till bostad har bostadspolitiken på senare år präglats av allt fler selektiva lösningar för de som har svårt att etablera sig på bostadsmarknaden. Trots detta har det uppfattats finnas ett politiskt motstånd till det selektiva system som på engelska kallas social housing, något som kan anses vara motsägelsefullt då utvecklingen i praktiken kan tolkas gå i den riktningen. Denna uppsats undersöker riksdagspartiernas inställning till social housing med stöd av intervjuer med respektive partis bostadspolitiska talesperson. Vidare prövas om det utifrån denna inställning finns en diskrepans i dagens bostadspolitik där social housing avfärdas explicit men ändå tillämpas i praktiken. Studien visar att det inom svensk politik finns ett starkt motstånd till social housing, vilket anses kunna förklaras utifrån teorier om stigberoende. Samtidigt förs en politik med tydligt selektiva inslag och dagens bostadspolitik kan därför anses vara paradoxal.

Este trabalho trata da análise da produção da habitação de interesse social implementada pelo BNH (Banco Nacional de Habitação), na busca de subsídios para retomar a produção da habitação social. Foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre quatro conjuntos habitacionais produzidos pela COHAB – Companhia de Habitação do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na cidade de Montenegro, com o objetivo de compreender de que maneira a implantação do conjunto habitacional, no tocante a dimensão, configuração e localização, afeta a interação social entre os moradores do próprio conjunto e a interação do conjunto com o entorno imediato e a cidade. Os múltiplos métodos de coleta e análise de dados utilizados possibilitaram a complementaridade entre os dados obtidos. Foram realizados levantamentos de arquivo, levantamento físico, aplicação de mapas mentais com entrevistas, observações sistemáticas de uso dos espaços públicos abertos e aplicação de questionários. Adota-se uma abordagem perceptiva que utiliza a satisfação do usuário e o comportamento ambiental como indicadores de desempenho e de interação social. A análise estatística dos dados quantitativos foi realizada através da verificação das frequências e realização de testes não-paramétricos, como Kruskal-Wallis e Spearman. Também foram utilizados mapa figura-fundo, mapa de barreiras com indicação das constituições e análise sintática para medir os níveis de integração. Os resultados confirmam que as características de implantação de conjuntos habitacionais de interesse social (dimensão, configuração e localização) estão relacionadas entre si e tendem a afetar o tipo e a intensidade de interação entre os moradores do conjunto e a interação do conjunto com o entorno imediato e a cidade. Foi também constatado que conjuntos mais integrados podem contribuir para que os moradores se integrem ao bairro/ cidade e sejam reconhecidos como pertencentes à cidade. Ainda, foi constatado que conjuntos mais distantes da área urbana consolidada, geralmente de grande porte, tendem a promover interação limitada aos moradores do próprio conjunto. Os resultados também confirmam que as características fisicoespaciais dos espaços públicos abertos, mais especificamente o conforto decorrente da existência de vegetação e bancos, assim como as características socioeconômicas dos moradores podem afetar a interação social entre os moradores do conjunto e entre o conjunto e o entorno, uma vez que modificam o estilo de vida, os hábitos de compras no dia a dia e as formas de deslocamento, entre outros. Dessa forma, é ressaltada a importância de avaliar os efeitos das características de implantação de conjuntos habitacionais para que se produzam espaços mais qualificados que promovam e facilitem a interação social entre os moradores do conjunto, entre os moradores do conjunto com o entorno e com a cidade, promovendo o sentimento de pertencimento e cidadania. / This study deals with the analysis of the production of social housing implemented by BNH (National Housing Bank), in order to subsidize the future production of social housing. It was realized a comparative study of four housing units produced by COHAB - Housing Company of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in the city of Montenegro, in order to understand how the performance of housing schemes related to size, spatial configuration and location, can affect social interaction among dwellers as well as interaction between the housing scheme and its urban context. The multiple methods of data collection and analysis used enabled complementarities between the data obtained through archives information, physical measurements, application of mental maps with interviews, systematic observations of the use of public open spaces and questionnaires. It was adopted a perceptive approach that considers user satisfaction and environmental behavior as indicators of environmental performance and social interaction. The statistical analysis of quantitative data was carried out by means of frequencies and nonparametric tests such as Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlations. Moreover, figure-ground map, map of physical barriers with indication of spatial constitutions and space syntax analysis were used in order to measure levels of integration. Results confirm that the characteristics of implementation of social housing related to size, configuration and location, are interrelated and tend to affect the type and intensity of interaction among residents in the housing scheme and interaction of the scheme with the immediate surroundings and the city. It was found that smaller housing schemes tend to show higher level of interaction not only among the residents in the scheme, but also with those who live nearby and in the city. Moreover, it was found that housing schemes farther located from the consolidated urban area, usually of large size, tend to promote limited interaction among residents of the housing scheme. The results further confirmed that physical characteristics of public open spaces, more specifically in relation to environmental comfort resultant from the presence of vegetation and benches, as well as socioeconomic characteristics can affect social interaction among the residents in the scheme and the surrounding neighborhood, due to its effect on life style, daily shopping routine and means of locomotion, among other things. Therefore, it is emphasized the importance of assessing the effects of characteristics of housing schemes related to size, spatial configuration and location in order to produce more qualified residential spaces that promote and facilitate social interaction among residents of housing schemes, among the residents of scheme and surrounding neighborhoods and the city, promoting a sense of belonging and citizenship.