Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marineide de Oliveira Aranha Neto.pdf: 1722105 bytes, checksum: 4ba820b3658fe87ddc32e16f484a68ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-17 / ProUni is a Brazilian federal public policy and since it was institutionalized in January 2005, has awarded full and partial scholarships for low-income students in private institutions of higher education. Having the program as object of study, the aim of this study was to understand the dynamics of inclusion and / or exclusion of the ProUni fellow in the academic space. Specifically we sought to (a) understand the socioeconomic conditions of prounista student; (b) investigate the existence of stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination in the inclusion / exclusion of prounistas students; (c) check the dimensions of diversity in which prounistas students recognize and are recognized; (d) identify the strategies used by these students to be included in the group; (e) verify the perceptions of teachers about this dynamic inclusion / exclusion and (f) analyze the role of teachers along with the prounistas students. A basic interpretive qualitative descriptive research, and as research subject twelve ProUni fellows, six non-prounistas students and four professors of law from the same university in the city of São Paulo was held. We opted for the use of semi-structured interviews and the method of content analysis, the qualitative perspective, as proposed by Bardin (2007). From analysis of the interviews revealed ten categories: (1) Importance and impact of ProUni and IES; (2) Who are they; (3) who they say they are; (4) Barriers of the way; (5) interpersonal relations; (6) Us and Them; (7) Demonstrations intergroup; (8) Experience of inclusion (9) Experience of exclusion and (10) Teacher - an agent. According to the perceived dissimilarities, these prounistas students become victims of prejudice and discrimination, manifest especially when the formation of working groups. The results indicated that the occurrence of unfavorable behavior to a feeling of inclusion by non-prounistas students are more common than manifestations of inclusive behaviors. The self-inclusion has been a strategy of inclusion adopted by prounistas students, and the personal characteristics important factor for perception of belonging to the group. Through superior performance, these students can excel yourself, achieve positions of prestige, mobility and social inclusion. / O ProUni é uma política pública federal e desde que foi institucionalizado, em janeiro de 2005, tem concedido bolsas de estudos integrais e parciais para estudantes de baixa renda em instituições privadas de ensino superior. Tendo o Programa como objeto de estudo, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi o de compreender a dinâmica de inclusão e/ou exclusão do bolsista ProUni no espaço acadêmico. De modo específicos buscou-se (a) entender as condições socioeconômicas do aluno prounista; (b) investigar a existência de estereótipos, preconceitos e discriminação na inclusão/exclusão dos alunos prounistas; (c) verificar as dimensões de diversidade nas quais os alunos prounistas se reconhecem e são reconhecidos; (d) identificar as estratégias utilizadas por esses alunos para serem inseridos no grupo; (e) verificar as percepções do professor acerca dessa dinâmica de inclusão/exclusão e (f) analisar o papel dos professores junto aos alunos prounistas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa interpretativa básica do tipo descritiva, tendo como sujeitos de pesquisa doze alunos bolsistas do ProUni, seis alunos não prounistas e quatro professores do curso de Direito de uma mesma universidade da cidade de São Paulo. Optou-se pela utilização de entrevistas semiestruturadas e pelo método de análise de conteúdo, sob a perspectiva qualitativa, conforme proposto por Bardin (2007). A partir análise das entrevistas emergiram dez categorias: (1) Importância e impacto do ProUni e da IES; (2) Quem são eles; (3) Quem eles dizem que são; (4) Obstáculos do caminho; (5) Relações interpessoais; (6) Nós e Eles; (7) Manifestações intergrupais; (8) Experiência de inclusão, (9) Experiência de exclusão e (10) Professor um agente. Em função das dissimilaridades percebidas, esses alunos prounistas tornam-se vítimas de preconceito e discriminação, manifestos principalmente quando da formação de grupos de trabalho. Os resultados indicaram que as ocorrências de comportamentos desfavoráveis a um sentimento de inclusão por parte dos alunos não prounistas são mais comuns do que manifestações de comportamentos inclusivos. A autoinclusão tem sido uma estratégia de inclusão adotada pelos alunos prounistas, sendo as características pessoais fatores importantes para percepção de pertencimento ao grupo. Por meio do desempenho superior, esses alunos conseguem destacarem-se, alcançar posições de prestígio, mobilidade e inclusão social.

A Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) é uma das abordagens da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI); a ECT é vista como uma das principais teorias referentes aos limites das firmas, discussão que começou a ser desenvolvida a partir do trabalho de Ronald Coase, de 1937. Apesar da importância e das contribuições da NEI e da ECT para o desenvolvimento da teoria das organizações, algumas críticas têm sido feitas a elas, particularmente no que diz respeito ao tratamento da questão social. Dentre as críticas, destaca-se a de Granovetter (1985), para quem a NEI reforça a visão econômica de subsocialização do indivíduo, considerando-o, assim, fora de um contexto social, isto é, o indivíduo atua de forma atomizada. Williamson (2000) cita a necessidade da NEI se atentar para o nível do enraizamento social. Na mesma linha, Van de Ven e Lifschitz (2013) criticam a pouca atenção dada pela ECT para esse contexto. Nesse sentido, um conceito que tem ganhado espaço tanto no campo social como no organizacional é o conceito de identidade social, fazendo com que alguns autores passem a considerar esse fator em suas análises, inclusive dentro da ECT. Apesar de ser possível verificar esse avanço, o mesmo ainda é incipiente. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo aprofundar essa temática dentro da área de economia das organizações, buscando analisar qual a influência da identidade social sobre a escolha dos mecanismos de governança. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa em um assentamento de reforma agrária. Esse objeto de pesquisa se mostrou interessante, uma vez que os produtores pertencentes a esse assentamento entregam sua produção por meio de mecanismos de governança distintos, apesar de ser possível observar semelhanças nas características transacionais do meio; além disso, no assentamento, pode-se verificar que o contexto social exerce importância para determinadas decisões. Para coletar os dados, foram realizadas entrevistas, por meio de um questionário semiestruturado, junto aos produtores. No assentamento em análise, vivem cerca de 410 famílias, sendo que a amostra foi de 109 famílias/produtores. A análise dos resultados se deu por meio de uma regressão logística. Por meio da análise, pôde-se verificar que as formas híbridas prevalecem, com destaque para os contratos relacionais junto a atravessadores. Destaca-se também o uso da forma de governança híbrida incentivada pelo grupo, no caso, via cooperativas do assentamento; foi constatado que a identidade social influencia positivamente tanto no uso como no favorecimento de formas cooperativas para a venda dos produtos produzidos pelos assentados, o que indica que esse aspecto influencia e deve ser levado em consideração na decisão do mecanismo de governança, especificamente em ambientes cujo aspecto social e grupal esteja enraizado no cotidiano dos indivíduos. / Transaction Costs Economics (TCE) is an approach of the New Institutional Economics (NIE). TCE is seen as one of the most important theories regarding boundaries of firms, and discussions started with the paper from Ronald Coase, in 1937. Despite the importance and contributions of NIE and TCE to the development of the theories of firms, some have been critical of them, particularly concerning the treatment of social issues. Granovetter stands out among the critics, and according to Granovetter (1985), the NIE reinforces the economic vision of sub-socialization of the individual, considering it out of a social context, that is, that individuals act in an atomized way. Williamson (2000) mentions the necessity of paying attention to the embedded level; similarly, Van de Ven and Lifchitz (2013) criticize the little attention given to the social context by the TCE. Social identity is a concept that recognizes the social and organizational areas, and some authors consider this factor in their analysis, including the TCE. Although this is advanced, it is still developing. Thus, this project aims to deepen this theme within economics of the organization area, and tries to analyze the influence of social identity on the choice of the mechanisms of governance. To accomplish this, a quantitative research in a settlement of land reform was conducted. The objective of the research is interesting due to the producers belonging to the settlement deliver their production through different mechanisms of governance, although it is possible to note similarities in the characteristics of the transactions. Furthermore, in the settlement, it is possible to verify that social context has importance for some decisions. To collect the data, interviews were conducted through a semi-structured questionnaire. In the settlement, there are 410 families; the sample was composed of 109 families/producers and the results were found through a logistic regression. Through the analysis, it was possible to verify that hybrid forms prevail, especially relational contracts with brokers. I also highlight the use of hybrid form of governance encouraged by the group, in this case, transactions via cooperatives; it was found that social identity positively influences both the use and the fostering of cooperatives forms to the selling of products from settlers, indicating that this aspect is influential and must be considered in the decision of mechanism of governance in environments, specifically where the social and group aspects are embedded in the daily lives of individuals.

The following study examines the impact that perceptions of organizational continuity (POC) have on organizational identification (OI) and organizational outcomes, including organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and turnover intentions. It was proposed that POC would be an important factor in determining OI, OCBs, and turnover intentions. In order to test this proposition, a scale was developed that measured an individual’s POC within their organization with regards to the organization’s culture and history. A survey was distributed among working individuals that contained the new measure of POC and other established measures of an organization’s culture and values. The sample consisted of 394 participants. The results showed that the construct of POC consisted of perceiving the organization’s culture and values as continuous over time. Additionally, the measure predicted OCBs and turnover intentions. POC did not, however, predict these outcomes over and above OI. Mediation analyses showed that OI mediated the relationship between POC and OCBs/turnover, thus, providing evidence to show that POC is a contributing factor in the development of an individual’s identification with an organization. This investigation extends research in the area of OI from the social identity perspective by providing the basis for understanding and measuring one of the components that leads to identification with an organization.

<p>This paper aims to examine how employee motivation is affected during the operational combination stage of a merger between two relatively small Swedish professional service firms. This is done through a quantitative study conducted by examining the relationship between employee motivation and three approaches; social identity, role conflict and acculturation. Those approaches were first by themselves tested in order to examine the relationship between their respective indicators that represent respective approach. The main result of this study is that the three approaches have a positive significant impact on employee motivation. Therefore, it is important for the professional service firm to take those variables into consideration when formulating future strategies and when trying to improve the organizational climate.</p>

This paper aims to examine how employee motivation is affected during the operational combination stage of a merger between two relatively small Swedish professional service firms. This is done through a quantitative study conducted by examining the relationship between employee motivation and three approaches; social identity, role conflict and acculturation. Those approaches were first by themselves tested in order to examine the relationship between their respective indicators that represent respective approach. The main result of this study is that the three approaches have a positive significant impact on employee motivation. Therefore, it is important for the professional service firm to take those variables into consideration when formulating future strategies and when trying to improve the organizational climate.

Paper [I] theoretically analyzes how the level and uncertainty of future prospects affect incentives to abstain from sexual risk taking in the presence of HIV. The results suggest that, for individuals with limited access to HIV treatment, uncertainty of future health may be an important factor driving unsafe sex practices and support the empirical finding of a weak link between sexual behavior, HIV prevalence, and HIV knowledge in poor countries; therefore suggesting that AIDS policy needs to be calibrated in order to fit within different social contexts. Paper [II] empirically tests the link between uncertainty of future prospects and sexual risk taking in a group of young adults in Cape Town, South Africa. The findings indicate that expected income and health and future uncertainty are significant determinants of current patterns of sexual risk taking. However, the empirical results only provide limited support to a link between expected health and sexual risk taking. Paper [III] theoretically analyzes effects of affect and defensive denial on incentives to engage in sexual risk taking related to HIV. The results of the theoretical analysis suggest that the effect of rationalization of personal risk depends on the risk of being HIV positive. Although rationalization causes excessive risk taking behavior for individuals with a relatively low lifetime risk, it may prevent fatalism among individuals whose lifetime risk of HIV is perceived as overwhelming. Paper [IV] theoretically analyzes the role of identity conflict for the evolution of female labor supply over time. The results suggest the fear of becoming an outsider in society may have prevented a complete transition of women from housewives to breadwinners. In addition, our analysis shows that not recognizing that the weights attached to different social identities are endogenous may imply that the long-run effects on labor supply of a higher wage may be underestimated.

Studiens syfte har varit att förklara i vilken utsträckning icke-finansiellt beroende hos revisorer kan uppstå genom revisorernas identifikation med klienter samt undersöka dess effekter på revisorns oberoende och objektivitet. Vidare har vi försökt undersöka hur klientidentifikationen kan påverkas av professionell identifiering och revisorsrotation. Således har vår problemformulering varit ”Hur identifierar revisorerna sig med sina klienter hur detta påverkar revisorns objektivitet? Hur påverkas klientidentifikationen av revisorns profession? Hur kan revisorsrotationen bidra till en minskning av identifikationen med klienten? ”.Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom en elektronisk enkätundersökning som skickades ut till 1200 godkända och auktoriserade revisorer i Sverige. Bortfallet blev 87 %, den bakomliggande anledningen kan vara att enkäten skickades ut i samband med alla deklarationer. Vidare har den insamlade materialet bearbetats och analyserats i statistikprogrammet (SPSS) med hjälp av olika analysmodeller.Studiens resultat visar att svenska revisorer identifierar sig med sina klienter och att denna identifikation uppstår på grund av den sociala relationen mellan revisorn och klienten. Det icke-finansiella beroendet som uppstår genom identifikationen med klienter visar dock ingen påverkan på revisorns objektiva bedömning, vilket tyder på att revisorn oavsett klientens önskemål gör en korrekt bedömning vid en redovisningstvist. Vidare visar denna studie att48identifikationen med professionen leder till ökad identifikation med klienten. Detta har sin grund i den sociala identitetsteori som antyder att individer kan identifiera sig med olika sociala grupper samtidigt och att den ena identifikationen inte behöver utesluta den andra. Slutligen har vi visat att revisorsrotationen inte kan bidra till en minskning av identifikationen med klienten. Tidigare forskning visar nackdelar med revisorsrotationen, så som merkostnader och förlorad förkunskap, vilket indikerar i att rotera revisorn var sjunde år är ingen korrekt lösning som kan gynna både parterna. / The purpose of this study was to explain the extent to which non-financial dependence of auditors may arise from auditors' identification with clients and examine its effects on the auditor's independence and objectivity. Furthermore, we have attempted to examine how the client identifier can be influenced by professional identification and auditor rotation. Thus, our problem was "how auditors identify themselves with their clients how this affects the auditor's objectivity? How is the client identifier of the auditor's profession? How can the auditor rotation contribute to a decrease in identification with the client? ".The empirical data were collected through an electronic survey sent to 1200 approved and certified public accountants in Sweden. The loss was 87%, the underlying reason may be that the questionnaire was sent out in all declarations. Furthermore, the collected material processed and analyzed in the statistical program (SPSS) using various analytical models.Our results demonstrate that Swedish auditors identify with their clients and that this identification occurs due to the social relationship between the auditor and the client. The non-financial dependency arising from identification with clients, however, shows no effect on the auditor's objective assessment, which indicates that the auditor whether the client wishes make an accurate assessment of an accounting dispute. Furthermore, this study shows that the identification with profession leads to increased identification with the client. This is due to the social identity theory suggests that individuals may identify with different social groups at the same time and that one identification need not exclude the other. Finally, we have shown that auditor rotation can‟t contribute to a decrease in identification with the client. Previous research shows the disadvantages of auditor rotation, so that additional costs and loss of entry, indicating that rotate auditors every seven years is not a proper solution that can benefit both parties.

Topics within small-group communication have been explored in many contexts, such as work group, organizational meeting, or online network. This area of discipline is considered crucial because this type of communication assimilates interpersonal relations within a social setting. Two elements that largely affect small-group communication dynamics are anonymity and social identity. This research invokes previous research in anonymity and social identity within small-group communication pertaining to the level of agreement and the level of group attraction through a series of experiments. Anonymity in small-group communication context is defined as a condition where the group members are not identifiable. To create anonymity among group members, this study utilized the benefit of a chat room in computer-mediated communication (CMC), which allows group members to participate in group discussion anonymously without the fear of being judged. It is argued that groups communicating synchronously via CMC would have a higher agreement than those communicating face-to-face (FtF) because the anonymity in CMC eliminates all of visual cues and therefore, unites all group members. It is also argued that members in groups in FtF are more likely to be interpersonally attracted than those in CMC. Thus, members communicating via FtF would have larger cumulative group attraction than those in CMC. Meanwhile, social identity in small-group communication context is defined as the tendency of a group member to associate with fellow members who share similarities with him or her and hold prejudice against members who are different than him or her. The element of social identity that was being activated in this study was the gender identity. This was done through using a gender-related case, an opinion scale, and distributing participants into groups of different gender compositions. It is argued that single-gender groups would have higher level of agreement and group attraction than mixed-gender groups. The experiment assigned participants into six different groups. The groups communicated via FtF or via CMC. In each setting, there were male-only groups, female-only groups, and mixed-gender groups. The only statistically significant result from the experiments suggested that in CMC, female-only groups had a higher level of agreement than mixed-gender groups. However, there were also differences of mean agreement between female-only groups in FtF and female only groups in CMC. Those communicating via CMC had higher agreement. In terms of level of group attraction, there was not any significant result in any condition. This finding suggests that in CMC, groups that are exclusively females are more conducive than other gender compositions in reaching agreement. Meanwhile, the lack of significance in group attraction between FtF and CMC suggests that people have become more familiar with anonymous CMC settings allowing them to substitute the available textual cues for visual cues.

This paper discusses the problems caused by the linguistic features used by speakers as the basis of determining their social identity. The concept of identity is broad and closely related with socio-cultural and eco-spheres environment of the speakers. The speaker’s identity is determined by employing both social and linguistic features in the overall analysis. The linguistic features include the whole range of language use, from phonetic features to lexical units, syntactic structures and family names. This paper therefore argues that the speaker’s linguistic features pose some problems in determining the speaker’s identity. The first problem concerns the concepts of language and dialect which are defined differently by different scholars. The second problem refers to multilingual speakers with diversified linguistic competence, and lastly, it has been noted with concern that some speakers use artificial family names which are not from their ethnic origin, hence complicating the process of determining the identity of the speakers.

Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-32).