本研究依據批判思考主要特徵與教學理論，建構一套批判思考教學模式。根據文獻探討界定：一、批判思考主要內涵為批判思考能力、批判思考傾向與批判思考所需之必要知識；二、本研究所採之批判思考教學模式為前導活動、呈現主題、概念比較、分組活動、發表與澄清以及判斷與選擇。為探討批判思考教學在國小社會科實施效果，分別以兩所國小五年級中的兩班學生為研究對象，進行兩個月教學實驗，並編製批判思考測驗以比較兩組在批判思考學習效果的差異，此外，蒐集批判思考教學組學生在教學過程之相關資料進行質的分析。本研究工具為（一）批判思考測驗；（二）學習日記；（三）學習回饋問卷；（四）個案學習回饋問卷。 主要研究結果如下： 一、本研究之批判思考教學對批判思考能力有顯著教學效果。 二、本研究之批判思考教學對批判思考傾向有顯著教學效果。 三、本研究之批判思考教學對學生辯論之參與、聚焦與流暢性、意見陳述與反駁方面有明顯幫助。 四、接受批判思考教學的學生在信任理性、提出客觀且良好理由、多元思考等方面有顯著進步。 五、批判思考教學組學生對本研究之批判思考教學有相當正面的評價。 針對上述發現進行討論並提出建議： 1.本研究之批判思考教學模式值得國小社會課嘗試。2.應以學生個別差異實施批判思考教學。3.可採對話與辯證方式進行社會課教學。4.應營造安全溫暖且容忍犯錯的學習環境。5.宜容許社會課教學活動設計有彈性調整空間。6.應採多元評量的方式與內容。7.可設計學習單幫助學生有效蒐集資料。8.宜運用學習日記幫助學生進行反思。9.教師應重視批判思考教學並進行相關研究。 / This study constructs a model for teaching critical thinking based on the major characteristics and theories of critical thinking. To probe into the effects of teaching critical thinking in social studies, the researcher performs an experiment on a sample of 131 fifth-grade elementary school students for two months. The data-collection instruments include: (a) The Critical Thinking Test; (b) The Learning Diary; (c) The Learning Feedback Questionnaire; and (d) The Learning Feedback Questionnaire For Special Case. The following conclusions become evident. On the theoretical aspect: first, the main concepts of critical thinking include critical thinking ability, critical thinking disposition and the knowledge for critical thinking; second, the steps of the model for teaching critical thinking are guiding activities, displaying theme, comparing concepts, group discussion, sharing and clarifying, and finally, judgment and decision-making. On the experimental aspect: it was found that (a) Teaching critical thinking has significantly positive effects both on critical thinking ability and on critical thinking disposition. (b) Teaching critical thinking helps students have good performance in debates. (c) The students of experimental group make great progress on achieving confidence in reason and pluralistic thinking. (d) The students of experimental group give a vary positive evaluation on teaching critical thinking. Through these results, some guidelines are suggested as follows: (a) The model for teaching critical thinking is of great worth in social studies. (b) Critical thinking should be taught according to individual difference of students. (c) Dialogue and dialectic process is good for teaching social studies. (d) The atmosphere of classroom must be safe, warm and tolerating learning error. (e) Teachers should put emphasis on teaching critical thinking and on probing into critical thinking.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LanissaCFMC.pdf: 8373174 bytes, checksum: 3a223721249467af92bf6dd4f0889d4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In contemporaneousness watches in Brazil the emergence of a "new" relationship between State and society based on partnership, which will allow the growing playacting organizations "non-profit" and "public interest" in the management of social public policies. In that sense, as part of a logic of global restructuring of the Capital, under the aegis of the neoliberal project, starting from the years of 1990, an administration model is had in favor of the market that looks for to minimize the actions of the State, reinforcing the outsourcing of the social public politics, and consequently, debilitating rights legally conquered. In that way, with this study it was pursued as general objective to apprehend the actions developed by Non-governmental Organizations NGOs in the child's area and of the adolescent in Natal / RN, verifying in that measured, these contribute to the warranty of rights or they reproduce practices of welfare work, and as specific objectives: to identify the group of the actions developed by NGOs in the child's area and of the adolescent in Natal / RN; to analyze the practice of NGOs of the point of view of the human resources, of the administration, of the financing, of the user's participation in the decision processes, as well as the quality of the services and the continuity of the actions of these organizations; and to apprehend the relationship between the researched organizations and users in the process of implantation of the actions, in order to identify the perspective that guide the practice of NGOs is going in the direction of contributing in the warranty of rights or in the reinforcement to the welfare work. In summary the results showed two trends in the actions of the NGOs, in the direction of the provision of services, which still unfurls in two perspectives of handouts. The other trend will give priority to the defense of rights of children and adolescents, with actions of political impact strengthen the promotion of public policies state, thus contributing to guarantee rights / Na contemporaneidade assiste-se no Brasil a emers?o de uma nova rela??o Estado/sociedade baseada na parceria, que vai possibilitar a crescente atua??o das organiza??es sem fins lucrativos e de interesse p?blico na gest?o de pol?ticas p?blicas sociais. Nesse sentido, como parte de uma l?gica de reestrutura??o global do Capital, sob a ?gide do projeto neoliberal, a partir dos anos de 1990, tem-se um modelo de gest?o a favor do mercado que busca minimizar as a??es do Estado, refor?ando a terceiriza??o das pol?ticas p?blicas sociais, e conseq?entemente, desconstruindo direitos legalmente conquistados. Dessa forma, com este estudo perseguiu-se como objetivo geral apreender as a??es desenvolvidas por ONGs na ?rea da crian?a e do adolescente em Natal/RN, verificando em que medida, estas contribuem para a garantia de direitos ou reproduzem pr?ticas assistencialistas, e como objetivos espec?ficos: identificar o conjunto das a??es desenvolvidas por ONGs na ?rea da crian?a e do adolescente em Natal/RN; analisar a pr?tica das ONGs do ponto de vista dos recursos humanos, da gest?o, do financiamento, da participa??o do usu?rio nos processos decis?rios, bem como a qualidade dos servi?os e a continuidade das a??es destas organiza??es; e apreender a rela??o entre as organiza??es pesquisadas e usu?rios no processo de implanta??o das a??es, a fim de identificar se a perspectiva que perpassa a pr?tica das ONGs vai em dire??o de contribuir na garantia de direitos ou no refor?o ao assistencialismo. Sinteticamente os resultados apontaram duas tend?ncias nas a??es das ONGs, uma na dire??o da presta??o de servi?os, que ainda desdobra-se em duas perspectivas de assistencialismo. A outra tend?ncia vai priorizar a defesa dos direitos infanto-juvenis, com a??es de incid?ncia pol?tica para refor?ar a promo??o de pol?ticas p?blicas estatais, contribuindo assim, para garantir direitos.

Esta tese se caracteriza como um trabalho bibliográfico, que aborda a obra de Paulo Freire e Jürgen Habermas, dimensionando e pondo em evidência o vigor diferenciado que oferecem para as reflexões em torno da Educação Popular. Trata de analisar o pensamento de ambos, com ênfase em seus ideais de sociedade, ressaltando-os em termos de reforma ou transformação social. Evidenciadas, suas utopias sociais são cotejadas com os pressupostos ontológicos da libertação, quando, então, investigando e problematizando o conceito de cidadão, busca-se demonstrar a sua insuficiência como paradigma da ação educativa libertadora. Pretende-se, ainda, definir e propor o conceito de sujeito social como o horizonte vigoroso de formação da Educação Popular. A tese se configura a partir da crítica ao cidadão e sua assunção como ideal formativo, afirmando que é o sujeito social, conceito oriundo do pensamento de Paulo Freire, e não o cidadão, propósito da teoria da sociedade de Jürgen Habermas, que constitui o horizonte de formação da Educação Popular, por coerência com seus princípios fundantes. Investigar o horizonte de formação a partir do contraponto teórico e prático das propostas de Freire e Habermas deve-se à forte influência exercida por ambos em vários campos da atividade humana, como a educação, a política e a sociologia. Na educação, a presença de Freire é marcadamente reconhecida não apenas no Brasil, onde a Educação Popular se apóia, explicitamente, em seus ensinamentos, como no mundo todo. Habermas, por sua vez, tem sido considerado um pensador cuja influência transcende os meios sociológico e filosófico, alcançando o pensamento educacional brasileiro com considerável vigor. Uma das premissas que orientaram esta pesquisa consiste na suspeita de que a teoria social habermasiana, dadas as suas características básicas, conduz à reforma (mudança cultural) e não à transformação (mudança radical nos âmbitos cultural, econômico e político) estrutural da sociedade. O que representaria uma diferença fundamental entre Freire e Habermas, a ser considerada por uma educação libertadora. Enquanto Habermas estipula uma “comunidade de fala ideal”, compartilhada por sujeitos, lingüisticamente, competentes, deliberando, livres de coação, sobre convenções polemizadas no devir histórico, Freire lida com uma realidade muito distante em termos de justiça social daquilo que o alemão idealiza: analfabetos e semianalfabetos em situação de opressão e miserabilidade social, vitimados pela herança de uma cultura colonialista e predatória, em processo desde o século XV. Um fosso enorme separa e distingue o interesse imediato dos indivíduos, determinado pela urgência e pelo grau das necessidades em cada contexto. Tais urgências são identificadas, concretamente, pelas desiguais competências dos sujeitos e das realidades concretas que os condicionam. Embora compartilhem um ideal semelhante, Freire e Habermas estão envolvidos com situações que, transcendendo a variações espaço-temporais, exigem respostas, pontualmente, diferentes. / This thesis is characterized as a bibliographic work that approaches the work of Paulo Freire and Jürgen Habermas, where the differentiated force which is offered by them for discussions around Popular Education is sized and put in evidence. It concerns the analysis of both authors’ thoughts, with emphasis on its ideals of society, and showing them in terms of social reformation or transformation. Evidenced, their social utopias are compared with liberation ontological presuppositions when, by investigating and problematizing the concept of citizen, the demonstration its insufficiency as a paradigm of liberating education action is searched. The aim still is to define and propose the concept of social subject as the strong horizon of formation of Popular Education. This thesis is configured from the criticism about the citizen and his assumption as formative ideal, saying that he is the social subject, a concept from Paulo Freire’s thought, and not the citizen, purpose of Jürgen Habermas theory of society, which composes the horizon of formation of the Popular Education, by coherence with its base principles. The investigation of its horizon of formation from the theoretical and practical counterpoint of Freire and Habermas’ proposals is due to the strong influence that both exert on several fields of human activity, such as education, politics and sociology. In education, the presence of Freire is highly recognized not only in Brazil, where Popular Education is explicitly based on his teaching, but also in all over the world. Hebermas, in his turn, has been considered a thinker whose influence transcends the sociological and philosophical means, reaching the Brazilian educational thought with considerable force. One of the reasons which oriented this research consists in the suspicion that the Habermasian social theory, given its basic characteristics, leads to reformation (cultural change), and not to structural transformation (radical change in the cultural, economic and political fields) of the society. This one would represent a fundamental difference between Freire and Habermas, to be considered for a liberating education. As Habermas stipulates a "community of ideal speech", shared by linguistically competent people, and deliberates, free of coactions on polemized conventions in the historical transformations, Freire deals with a very distant reality in terms of social justice from what the German thinker idealizes: illiterates and semiilliterates in oppression and social miserability situations, victimed by a legacy of a colonial and predatory culture, in process since the fifteenth century. A huge gap separates and distinguishes individuals’ immediate interest, determined by the urgency and the degree of needs in each context. Such urgencies are well identified by the individuals’ unequal competences and concrete realities which condition them. Although they share a similar ideal, Freire and Habermas are involved with situations that, transcending to space-time variations, require punctually different responses.

Esta tese se caracteriza como um trabalho bibliográfico, que aborda a obra de Paulo Freire e Jürgen Habermas, dimensionando e pondo em evidência o vigor diferenciado que oferecem para as reflexões em torno da Educação Popular. Trata de analisar o pensamento de ambos, com ênfase em seus ideais de sociedade, ressaltando-os em termos de reforma ou transformação social. Evidenciadas, suas utopias sociais são cotejadas com os pressupostos ontológicos da libertação, quando, então, investigando e problematizando o conceito de cidadão, busca-se demonstrar a sua insuficiência como paradigma da ação educativa libertadora. Pretende-se, ainda, definir e propor o conceito de sujeito social como o horizonte vigoroso de formação da Educação Popular. A tese se configura a partir da crítica ao cidadão e sua assunção como ideal formativo, afirmando que é o sujeito social, conceito oriundo do pensamento de Paulo Freire, e não o cidadão, propósito da teoria da sociedade de Jürgen Habermas, que constitui o horizonte de formação da Educação Popular, por coerência com seus princípios fundantes. Investigar o horizonte de formação a partir do contraponto teórico e prático das propostas de Freire e Habermas deve-se à forte influência exercida por ambos em vários campos da atividade humana, como a educação, a política e a sociologia. Na educação, a presença de Freire é marcadamente reconhecida não apenas no Brasil, onde a Educação Popular se apóia, explicitamente, em seus ensinamentos, como no mundo todo. Habermas, por sua vez, tem sido considerado um pensador cuja influência transcende os meios sociológico e filosófico, alcançando o pensamento educacional brasileiro com considerável vigor. Uma das premissas que orientaram esta pesquisa consiste na suspeita de que a teoria social habermasiana, dadas as suas características básicas, conduz à reforma (mudança cultural) e não à transformação (mudança radical nos âmbitos cultural, econômico e político) estrutural da sociedade. O que representaria uma diferença fundamental entre Freire e Habermas, a ser considerada por uma educação libertadora. Enquanto Habermas estipula uma “comunidade de fala ideal”, compartilhada por sujeitos, lingüisticamente, competentes, deliberando, livres de coação, sobre convenções polemizadas no devir histórico, Freire lida com uma realidade muito distante em termos de justiça social daquilo que o alemão idealiza: analfabetos e semianalfabetos em situação de opressão e miserabilidade social, vitimados pela herança de uma cultura colonialista e predatória, em processo desde o século XV. Um fosso enorme separa e distingue o interesse imediato dos indivíduos, determinado pela urgência e pelo grau das necessidades em cada contexto. Tais urgências são identificadas, concretamente, pelas desiguais competências dos sujeitos e das realidades concretas que os condicionam. Embora compartilhem um ideal semelhante, Freire e Habermas estão envolvidos com situações que, transcendendo a variações espaço-temporais, exigem respostas, pontualmente, diferentes. / This thesis is characterized as a bibliographic work that approaches the work of Paulo Freire and Jürgen Habermas, where the differentiated force which is offered by them for discussions around Popular Education is sized and put in evidence. It concerns the analysis of both authors’ thoughts, with emphasis on its ideals of society, and showing them in terms of social reformation or transformation. Evidenced, their social utopias are compared with liberation ontological presuppositions when, by investigating and problematizing the concept of citizen, the demonstration its insufficiency as a paradigm of liberating education action is searched. The aim still is to define and propose the concept of social subject as the strong horizon of formation of Popular Education. This thesis is configured from the criticism about the citizen and his assumption as formative ideal, saying that he is the social subject, a concept from Paulo Freire’s thought, and not the citizen, purpose of Jürgen Habermas theory of society, which composes the horizon of formation of the Popular Education, by coherence with its base principles. The investigation of its horizon of formation from the theoretical and practical counterpoint of Freire and Habermas’ proposals is due to the strong influence that both exert on several fields of human activity, such as education, politics and sociology. In education, the presence of Freire is highly recognized not only in Brazil, where Popular Education is explicitly based on his teaching, but also in all over the world. Hebermas, in his turn, has been considered a thinker whose influence transcends the sociological and philosophical means, reaching the Brazilian educational thought with considerable force. One of the reasons which oriented this research consists in the suspicion that the Habermasian social theory, given its basic characteristics, leads to reformation (cultural change), and not to structural transformation (radical change in the cultural, economic and political fields) of the society. This one would represent a fundamental difference between Freire and Habermas, to be considered for a liberating education. As Habermas stipulates a "community of ideal speech", shared by linguistically competent people, and deliberates, free of coactions on polemized conventions in the historical transformations, Freire deals with a very distant reality in terms of social justice from what the German thinker idealizes: illiterates and semiilliterates in oppression and social miserability situations, victimed by a legacy of a colonial and predatory culture, in process since the fifteenth century. A huge gap separates and distinguishes individuals’ immediate interest, determined by the urgency and the degree of needs in each context. Such urgencies are well identified by the individuals’ unequal competences and concrete realities which condition them. Although they share a similar ideal, Freire and Habermas are involved with situations that, transcending to space-time variations, require punctually different responses.

Esta tese se caracteriza como um trabalho bibliográfico, que aborda a obra de Paulo Freire e Jürgen Habermas, dimensionando e pondo em evidência o vigor diferenciado que oferecem para as reflexões em torno da Educação Popular. Trata de analisar o pensamento de ambos, com ênfase em seus ideais de sociedade, ressaltando-os em termos de reforma ou transformação social. Evidenciadas, suas utopias sociais são cotejadas com os pressupostos ontológicos da libertação, quando, então, investigando e problematizando o conceito de cidadão, busca-se demonstrar a sua insuficiência como paradigma da ação educativa libertadora. Pretende-se, ainda, definir e propor o conceito de sujeito social como o horizonte vigoroso de formação da Educação Popular. A tese se configura a partir da crítica ao cidadão e sua assunção como ideal formativo, afirmando que é o sujeito social, conceito oriundo do pensamento de Paulo Freire, e não o cidadão, propósito da teoria da sociedade de Jürgen Habermas, que constitui o horizonte de formação da Educação Popular, por coerência com seus princípios fundantes. Investigar o horizonte de formação a partir do contraponto teórico e prático das propostas de Freire e Habermas deve-se à forte influência exercida por ambos em vários campos da atividade humana, como a educação, a política e a sociologia. Na educação, a presença de Freire é marcadamente reconhecida não apenas no Brasil, onde a Educação Popular se apóia, explicitamente, em seus ensinamentos, como no mundo todo. Habermas, por sua vez, tem sido considerado um pensador cuja influência transcende os meios sociológico e filosófico, alcançando o pensamento educacional brasileiro com considerável vigor. Uma das premissas que orientaram esta pesquisa consiste na suspeita de que a teoria social habermasiana, dadas as suas características básicas, conduz à reforma (mudança cultural) e não à transformação (mudança radical nos âmbitos cultural, econômico e político) estrutural da sociedade. O que representaria uma diferença fundamental entre Freire e Habermas, a ser considerada por uma educação libertadora. Enquanto Habermas estipula uma “comunidade de fala ideal”, compartilhada por sujeitos, lingüisticamente, competentes, deliberando, livres de coação, sobre convenções polemizadas no devir histórico, Freire lida com uma realidade muito distante em termos de justiça social daquilo que o alemão idealiza: analfabetos e semianalfabetos em situação de opressão e miserabilidade social, vitimados pela herança de uma cultura colonialista e predatória, em processo desde o século XV. Um fosso enorme separa e distingue o interesse imediato dos indivíduos, determinado pela urgência e pelo grau das necessidades em cada contexto. Tais urgências são identificadas, concretamente, pelas desiguais competências dos sujeitos e das realidades concretas que os condicionam. Embora compartilhem um ideal semelhante, Freire e Habermas estão envolvidos com situações que, transcendendo a variações espaço-temporais, exigem respostas, pontualmente, diferentes. / This thesis is characterized as a bibliographic work that approaches the work of Paulo Freire and Jürgen Habermas, where the differentiated force which is offered by them for discussions around Popular Education is sized and put in evidence. It concerns the analysis of both authors’ thoughts, with emphasis on its ideals of society, and showing them in terms of social reformation or transformation. Evidenced, their social utopias are compared with liberation ontological presuppositions when, by investigating and problematizing the concept of citizen, the demonstration its insufficiency as a paradigm of liberating education action is searched. The aim still is to define and propose the concept of social subject as the strong horizon of formation of Popular Education. This thesis is configured from the criticism about the citizen and his assumption as formative ideal, saying that he is the social subject, a concept from Paulo Freire’s thought, and not the citizen, purpose of Jürgen Habermas theory of society, which composes the horizon of formation of the Popular Education, by coherence with its base principles. The investigation of its horizon of formation from the theoretical and practical counterpoint of Freire and Habermas’ proposals is due to the strong influence that both exert on several fields of human activity, such as education, politics and sociology. In education, the presence of Freire is highly recognized not only in Brazil, where Popular Education is explicitly based on his teaching, but also in all over the world. Hebermas, in his turn, has been considered a thinker whose influence transcends the sociological and philosophical means, reaching the Brazilian educational thought with considerable force. One of the reasons which oriented this research consists in the suspicion that the Habermasian social theory, given its basic characteristics, leads to reformation (cultural change), and not to structural transformation (radical change in the cultural, economic and political fields) of the society. This one would represent a fundamental difference between Freire and Habermas, to be considered for a liberating education. As Habermas stipulates a "community of ideal speech", shared by linguistically competent people, and deliberates, free of coactions on polemized conventions in the historical transformations, Freire deals with a very distant reality in terms of social justice from what the German thinker idealizes: illiterates and semiilliterates in oppression and social miserability situations, victimed by a legacy of a colonial and predatory culture, in process since the fifteenth century. A huge gap separates and distinguishes individuals’ immediate interest, determined by the urgency and the degree of needs in each context. Such urgencies are well identified by the individuals’ unequal competences and concrete realities which condition them. Although they share a similar ideal, Freire and Habermas are involved with situations that, transcending to space-time variations, require punctually different responses.

Notre étude intitulée « dramaturgie et morale », porte sur la mise en scène des valeurs morales dans les comédies de Ménandre et de Plaute. Notre approche consiste à repérer quelles sont les valeurs mobilisées, à étudier la manière dont elles sont exprimées et articulées entre elles. Il s’agit d’analyser leur traitement et la place qui leur est conférée : sont-elles soumises à réflexion, confirmées, mises à l’épreuve ? Ainsi l’enjeu n’est pas tant de chercher la « morale » des pièces ou le message moral qu’elles délivreraient, mais de décrire l’architectonique des valeurs dans les comédies. Nous nous sommes intéressée plus particulièrement à l’axiologie, c’est-à-dire à la forme que prend l’évaluation morale dans les comédies de Ménandre et de Plaute. Quels sont les critères qui déterminent cette évaluation ? Quel est l’enjeu de cette évaluation ? La valeur, telle qu’elle apparaît dans les comédies de Ménandre et de Plaute, est essentiellement de trois types : matérielle, symbolique et éthique. La question est de comprendre comment elles sont pensées et articulées les unes aux autres dans chacun des deux corpus. Cette perspective rejoint la question du rapport entre l’intérêt particulier et l’intérêt d’autrui, centrale dans les philosophies antiques qui posent la question de savoir dans quelle mesure il est nécessaire pour l’agent éthique de prendre en compte l’intérêt d’autrui pour atteindre son propre bonheur.Une première partie est consacrée aux notions de valeurs et d’échange, autour de deux types d’échange : l’échange marchand et l’échange social, le premier mettant en œuvre une morale de type utilitariste et le second faisant appel à des vertus coopératives. Une seconde partie étudie la notion d’infraction. Il s’agit d’examiner les modalités d’évaluation d’une action singulière. Dans une troisième partie, nous étudions la comédie comme expérimentation éthique. / This study, entitled “dramaturgy and morals”, looks at the dramatization of moral values in the comedies of Menander and Plautus. I employ an approach that identifies which values are evoked and looks at how they are conveyed and structured in relation to one another. The aim is to analyse how they are treated and the place that is accorded to them. Are they subjected to reflection, affirmed, or critiqued? Thus what is at stake is less about finding the “morals” in the plays or their supposed moral message, but rather delineating the architectonics of values in these comedies. This study will focus more specifically on axiology, that is to say the form that moral evaluation takes in the comedies of Menander and Plautus. According to which criteria is this evaluation carried out? What is at stake in this evaluation?The concept of value, as it appears in the comedies of Menander and Plautus, entails essentially three domains: the material, the symbolic, and the ethical. The issue at hand is understanding how they are conceived of and related to one another in the comedies of Menander and Plautus. Such a perspective intersects with the question of the relationship between personal interest and the interests of others, a key concern in Ancient philosophy which seeks to discover to what extent an ethical agent is obliged to take into consideration others in order to achieve happiness. The first section is concerned with the concepts of moral values and trade. It looks at two types of trade: commercial trade, which outlines the primacy of utilitarian morals, and communal trade, which is based on co-operative values. The second section deals with the idea of contravention. It examines the procedures used to judge a particular action. The third section looks at comedy as ethical experimentation.