No / Although Iran is one of the most diverse nations in the Middle East, the state historically has been reluctant to adapt a pluralistic approach to both socio-political and economic development. This chapter focuses on the Sunni population in Iran, which is often overlooked in studies dealing with state-minority relations in Iran. It examines the socio-economic challenges of the Sunni population under both the Pahlavi dynasty and the Islamic Republic. Although the Islamic Republic based its ideology both on redistribution of wealth and empowerment of the impoverished, the ethnic Sunni Iranians who lived in the most impoverished regions of the country received very little attention from the new post-revolutionary order.

Poverty in the United States has been widely explored, but very seldom does research consider the impacts of poverty among undocumented immigrants. As a result, policymakers are unable to account for or accommodate the unique needs of undocumented immigrants. Using Dalton's theory of the psychology of poverty, this case study explored the experiences of undocumented immigrants in Immokalee, Florida to better understand how the current policy landscape impacts their existence and livelihoods. The data were collected through 18 interviews with undocumented immigrants and a review of government data related to poverty among this population from the United States Census Bureau, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Bureau of Labor. All data were inductively coded and subjected to thematic analysis. Findings indicate that these undocumented immigrants in South Florida experienced a range of social and economic depravities, including stress, fear, and anxiety as well as inadequate housing and poor health and nutrition, particularly among children, all of which are consistent with Dalton's theory of the psychology of poverty. Another key finding reinforces previous research that undocumented workers were subject to inadequate working conditions and were at risk of exploitation by employers, particularly in the agricultural industry. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to policymakers in South Florida to develop policies to alleviate uncertainty for undocumented immigrants, including creating policy to specifically address inadequate working conditions in order to reduce the potential exploitation of socio-economically marginalized workers.

Segregation är ett samhällsproblem som är en av Sveriges största utmaningar, där stadsdelar med socioekonomiska utmaningar har ökat i Sverige och återfinns i de flesta av Sveriges kommuner. Stadsdelar med socioekonomiska utmaningar karaktäriseras inte sällan av faktorer som påverkar tryggheten, och en majoritet av invånarna i dessa stadsdelar tenderar att känna sig extra utsatta och otrygga i samhället, inte minst barn och unga. Ambitionen med detta examensarbete var att göra ett kombinerat arbete som undersöker hur samhällsplanerare genom fysisk planering kan arbeta med trygghet och säkerhet för i synnerhet barn och unga, i områden med socioekonomiska utmaningar.  Utifrån tidigare forskning och praktisk evidens inom ämnet, har ett åtgärdsprogram arbetats fram som belyser de mest bidragande åtgärderna och verktygen som kan användas på statlig-, kommunal- och kvarter- och stadsdelsnivå, för att bidra till en trygg och säker livsmiljö för barn och unga. Vidare har arbetets vetenskapliga bakgrund i form av åtgärdsprogrammet, samt arbetets platsspecifika analys av Lorensborg, satt ramarna för ett gestaltningsförslag som gjorts på Lorensborg i Malmö, som är en stadsdel med socioekonomiska utmaningar. Utifrån den vetenskapliga bakgrunden, tillsammans med analys av Lorensborgs förutsättningar, har planförslagets mål och strategier arbetats fram, vilka utgör länken mellan den vetenskapliga bakgrunden och gestaltningsförslaget. Analysen resulterade i de tre målen: Innehållsrik och varierad stadsdel Levande stadsdel Tydlig stadsdel med hög kollektiv förmåga Målen har sedan resulterat i strategier under tre teman, som berör ‘bebyggelse’, ‘trafikinfrastruktur’ och ‘funktioner och mötesplatser’. Arbetet har givit betydelsefull kunskap om hur trygghet och säkerhet, utifrån barn och ungas behov, kan hanteras i stadsdelar med socioekonomiska utmaningar med hjälp av konkreta verktyg och åtgärder. Vilket är viktigt med tanke på den utveckling som sker i dagens samhälle. / Segregation is a problem that Swedish society faces, and one of Sweden's biggest challenges. Neighborhoods facing socioeconomic challenges have increased in the country and can be found in most municipalities. Neighborhoods with socioeconomic challenges are often characterized by factors that affect security, and a majority of residents in these neighborhoods tend to feel particularly vulnerable and unsafe in society, especially children and young people.  The aim of this thesis was to create a combined study that explores how we can address security and safety, especially for children and young people, through physical planning in areas with socioeconomic challenges. Based on previous research and practical evidence in the field, an action program has been developed to highlight the most contributing design tools that can be used at the national, municipal, neighborhood, and district levels to promote security and safety. Furthermore, the scientific background of the work in the form of the action program, and the site analysis of Lorensborg has provided the framework for a design proposal carried out for the Lorensborg area of Malmö, which is a neighborhood facing socioeconomic challenges. Drawing on the scientific background together with an analysis of Lorensborg's conditions, the goals and strategies for the planning proposals have been developed, bridging the gap between analysis and design. The analysis resulted in three goals: A rich and diverse neighborhood A vibrant neighborhood A distinct neighborhood with a strong collective efficacy These goals resulted into strategies under three themes, addressing 'built environment,' 'traffic infrastructure,' and 'functions and meeting places.' The work has provided significant knowledge on how to address security and safety in neighborhoods with socioeconomic challenges, considering the needs of children, through the use of concrete tools and measures. This is important considering the developments taking place in today's society.