LUNA, Veronica Xavier. Um cais que abriga histórias de vida homens e máquinas construindo o social na cidade de Macapá (1943-1970). 2017. 217f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2017. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-27T14:03:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_vxluna.pdf: 5316459 bytes, checksum: b066b45b94c92048635ff583dc4254b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-29T14:31:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_vxluna.pdf: 5316459 bytes, checksum: b066b45b94c92048635ff583dc4254b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T14:31:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_vxluna.pdf: 5316459 bytes, checksum: b066b45b94c92048635ff583dc4254b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / The doutoramento thesis “A wharf that shelters life histories: men and machines constructing the social one in the city of Macapá (1943-1970)” is a study on the sociabilities that had given to form the existence in the city of Macapá. The narrative turns on the social interactions, nets and established sociotécnicas relations in the daily one of the process of gentrificação of the City, in a period of predominance of the local power for the Nunes family in the TFA (1943-70). The laboratorial study it had in sight to apprehend as if it constructed the social one in the city of Macapá, when this City passed for social change in its urban structure. The sociability was the way for which I estimated the possible form of as to apprehend the collective constructions, that make possible the accomplishment or not of the singular or plural wills of the social life. Therefore, the experiment based on the boarding of the sociabilities and symmetrical associations, inhaled, in Simmel, amongst others arrives in port, theoretical conception that implied in the necessity to receive analytical categories as to be able, daily, social nets, sociotécnicas relations. The activity of field had as bedding the biographical sort, consisting of the modality life trajectory as concrete possibility of reconstruction of the past from stories, leading in account the occured discontinuity and ruptures in such a way in the level of the individual life as collective. Meantime, the examined material was plural in its composition: use of autobiografias, heard narratives of interlocutors, periodic, photographs, letters of musics and poetries, as referring empiricist produced in the secular clipping in study. The result of this study if configured in the presence of plural forms of sociability composing the urban universe of city of Macapá, amongst these forms, the power of forces of its occupants seems to say that it was and norteador element in the conquest of living to the city. / A tese de doutoramento “Um cais que abriga histórias de vida: homens e máquinas construindo o social na cidade de Macapá (1943-1970)” é um estudo sobre as sociabilidades que deram forma a existência na cidade de Macapá. A narrativa versa sobre as interações, redes sociais e relações sociotécnicas estabelecidas no cotidiano do processo de gentrificação da Cidade, em um período de predomínio do poder local pela família Nunes no TFA (1943-70). O estudo laboratorial teve em vista apreender como se construiu o social na cidade de Macapá, quando este Município passava por mudança social na sua estrutura urbana. A sociabilidade foi o caminho pelo qual pressupus a forma possível de como apreender as construções coletivas, que possibilitam a realização ou não das vontades singulares ou plurais da vida social. Portanto, o experimento fundamentou-se na abordagem das sociabilidades e associações simétricas, inspirados, em Simmel, dentre outros aportes, concepção teórica que implicou na necessidade de acolher categorias analíticas como poder, cotidiano, redes sociais, relações sociotécnicas. A atividade de campo teve como fundamento o gênero biográfico, constituído pela modalidade trajetória de vida como possibilidade concreta de reconstrução do passado a partir de relatos, levando em conta a descontinuidade e as rupturas ocorridas tanto no nível da vida individual como coletiva. Entrementes, o material examinado foi plural na sua composição: uso de autobiografias, narrativas ouvidas de interlocutores, periódicos, fotografias, letras de músicas e poesias, como referente empírico produzido no recorte temporal em estudo. O resultado desse estudo se configurou na presença de formas plurais de sociabilidade compondo o universo urbano de cidade de Macapá, dentre essas formas, o poder de forças de seus ocupantes parece dizer que foi e elemento norteador na conquista de viver à cidade.

A agricultura orgânica, natural ou ecológica, entre outras (neste texto reunidas sob o termo “agricultura de base ecológica”) envolve agricultores, instituições de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, consumidores e mediadores sociotécnicos. Mas além desses atores humanos, também são mobilizadas técnicas de produção, produtos inovadores, plantas, o solo, a água, entre outros. Neste processo assumem importância produtos preventivos de doenças das plantas, como os homeopáticos, o “Curamor”, o “Curapest” e o “Xispatudo”; os agroquímicos – mesmo quando não mais são usados – e plantas como o butiá, o araçá, o ananás e o pinheiro brasileiro, etc. Tais objetos que emergem são entendidos como relevantes atores por possuírem capacidade de agência, isto é, mobilizam e modificam sentidos estabelecidos entre os envolvidos. Com o foco na importância dos objetos e no seu trabalho de mediação, este trabalho busca realizar uma reflexão sobre as diferentes associações que englobam seres humanos, entidades e objetos, formando uma rede de produção de base ecológica localizada no extremo sul do Brasil, principalmente nos municípios de São Lourenço do Sul, Pelotas e Canguçu, no Rio Grande do Sul. Desta maneira, busca-se analisar, a partir de pesquisa etnográfica, como os diversos atores, em contexto de ação, mantêm uma série de vínculos, fluxos de conhecimento e de práticas em torno da produção, de acordo com a concepção do que seja mais legítimo e necessário no momento. É utilizado o referencial teórico da Teoria do Ator-Rede, que possibilita a análise de como são mantidas as interações entre os coletivos de humanos e de não humanos, com o entendimento das especificidades construídas a partir dessas complexas relações. / Organic, natural or ecological agriculture, among others (in this text congregated under the term “ecological-basis agriculture”) involves farmers, research institutions, consumers and socio-technical mediators. But beyond these human actors, also techniques of production, innovative products, the water, the soil, and others. In this process, to be assume importance preventive products of “diseases” of plants, such as homeopathic, the “Curamor”, the “Xispatudo” and “Curapest”, agrochemicals, even when they are no longer used, and plants such as butia, guava, ananás and brazilian pine, among others. Such objects that emerge will be understood as relevant actors, or actants, having capacity for agency, that is, mobilize and modify directions established between humans. With the focus in the importance of objects and their mediation work, this work seeks to reflect on the different associations in this net which includes humans, entities and objects formed a production net of ecological-basis agriculture in southern Brazil, mainly the municipalities of São Lourenço do Sul, Canguçu and Pelotas in Rio Grande do Sul. In this way, one seeks to analyze, from ethnographic methods, how the various actors in action context, maintains a series of links, flows of knowledge and practices around the production, according to the conception that is more legitimate and necessary for the moment. Will use the theoretical reference of Actor-Network Theory, that makes possible the analysis of as the interactions between the collective ones of human beings and not human are kept, with the agreement of the specificity constructed from these complex relationships.

Aujourd’hui, la conception ne porte plus sur de simples objets, mais sur des systèmes complexes, sociotechniques et ouverts. Les systèmes de conduite de procédés font partie de ce type de systèmes, où les performances du système reposent sur l’optimisation conjointe des composantes humaines et techniques. Afin de limiter la détection d’erreur tardive, il devient alors important de pouvoir effectuer des tests tout au long de la conception, sans augmenter les coûts et les délais de conception. L’objectif de nos travaux est de faciliter l’intégration de techniques de vérification par simulation, dès le début de la conception, pour des systèmes de conduite de procédés de type gestion de fluide. Pour tenir compte du caractère adaptable du système et de son évolution dans un environnement dynamique, une première contribution porte sur la démarche de vérification, basée sur la formalisation et la contextualisation des propriétés à vérifier. Puis, afin de faciliter l’obtention des modèles de simulation du procédé nécessaires à la mise en œuvre des vérifications tout au long de la conception, nous proposons une approche de génération automatisée des modèles de simulation du procédé dans le langage Modelica (modélisation multi-domaine), à partir d’un schéma P&ID (représentation de l’architecture fonctionnelle du procédé) et d’une bibliothèque d’éléments (contenant les modèles de simulation des éléments). L’implémentation de cette approche dans le cadre du flot de conception automatisée de contrôle- commande d’Anaxagore permet d’apporter une preuve de concept et une preuve d’usage de nos propositions. / Nowadays, engineers have to design open, complex and sociotechnical systems. The process control systems belong to this class of systems, in which the system performance relies on the joint optimisation of technical components and human components. To avoid the late discovery of design errors, it is necessary to perform tests throughout the design without adding design costs and delays. The aim of this work is therefore to facilitate the integration of checking by simulation, from early design stage, for process control systems such as fluid management systems. Regarding the adaptable feature of the system and its evolution in a dynamic environment, a first contribution focusses on the verification approach, by modelling the requirements within the context. Then, to facilitate the obtaining of the process simulation models required for checking throughout the design, we propose an automatic generation approach of simulation models in Modelica language (multi-domain modelling), from a P&ID model (modelling of the functional architecture of the process) and a library of elements (containing the simulation models of elements). To provide a proof of concept and a proof of use of our proposals, this approach has been implemented into Anaxagore, an automated design flow for monitoring and control.

A noção de que o desenvolvimento é um processo relacionado a um progresso técnico positivo e linear contribuiu para gerar um cenário social e ambiental insustentável e, aparentemente, tem conduzido a sociedade contemporânea para uma homogeneização cultural e material. Ao contrário, observando amiúde os espaços rurais, se identifica que há a emergência de dinâmicas sócio-espaciais heterogêneas e multifuncionais. Neste contexto, a agricultura exerce papel fundamental como atividade relevante na construção de desenvolvimentos rurais sustentáveis. No entanto, o modelo de modernização agrícola, orientado pelo regime sociotécnico dominante, não responde a este imperativo, tornando fundamental identificar possibilidades de transições para tal regime, de modo a permitir à agricultura a retomada de seu sentido como 'co-produção'. A partir de uma abordagem multinível, multi-ator e multi-aspecto, construída com elementos da Perspectiva Multinível e da Perspectiva Orientada pelo Ator, este trabalho de tese objetivou explorar a potencialidade da 'produção de novidades' para a promoção de transições no regime sociotécnico dominante na agricultura, através da análise de novidades desenvolvidas por agricultores na produção ecológica de plantas medicinais no Sul do Brasil. O estudo qualitativo de cinco casos de famílias de agricultores, que produzem plantas medicinais sob sistema ecológico, mostrou intensa produção de novidades e potencialidade para o estabelecimento de um nicho de inovação, considerando que há ativos processos de articulação de aprendizagens e de estabelecimento de redes sociais. A maior vulnerabilidade na emergência do nicho é a falta de alinhamento de expectativas entre distintos atores envolvidos, que está relacionada à dificuldade em superar barreiras sustentadas pelo regime prevalente. Considerando o nicho como lócus privilegiado para a inovação, essa superação parece depender de uma 'gestão da transição', que pode ser entendida como a criação de condições sócio-institucionais que favoreçam a construção de novas institucionalidades, identidades e compromissos sociais. / The notion that development is a process related to a positive and linear technical progress has generated an unsustainable social and environmental scenario and apparently led to a cultural and material homogenization of society. Rather, closely observing rural spaces, we can identify emergences of heterogeneous socio-spatial and multifunctional dynamics. In this context, agriculture plays an active role in the construction of sustainable rural developments. However, the agricultural modernization patterns, oriented by the dominant sociotechnical regime, is not responding this claim, thus proposing transitions to such regime is fundamental to recover agriculture meaning as 'co-production'. Since a multilevel, multiactor and multi-aspect framework, built taking elements from Multilevel Perspective and Actor Oriented Approach, this thesis aimed to explore the potential of 'novelty production' for promoting transitions in dominant agriculture sociotechnical regime, through the analysis of novelties developed by farmers in medicinal plants ecological production in southern Brazil. Qualitative studies of five cases of farmers' families who produce medicinal plants under ecological system showed an impressive novelty production and potentialities in establishing a niche of innovation, considering that there are active processes of learning articulation and social networks building. The main vulnerability in the niche emergence is the absence of expectations alignment between different enrolled actors, which is related to the difficulty in overcoming prevalent regime. Taking into account that the niche is the core for innovation, this overcoming seems to depend on 'transition management', which can be understood as the creation of enabling social and institutional conditions for construction of new institutionalities, identities and social commitments.

A agricultura orgânica, natural ou ecológica, entre outras (neste texto reunidas sob o termo “agricultura de base ecológica”) envolve agricultores, instituições de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, consumidores e mediadores sociotécnicos. Mas além desses atores humanos, também são mobilizadas técnicas de produção, produtos inovadores, plantas, o solo, a água, entre outros. Neste processo assumem importância produtos preventivos de doenças das plantas, como os homeopáticos, o “Curamor”, o “Curapest” e o “Xispatudo”; os agroquímicos – mesmo quando não mais são usados – e plantas como o butiá, o araçá, o ananás e o pinheiro brasileiro, etc. Tais objetos que emergem são entendidos como relevantes atores por possuírem capacidade de agência, isto é, mobilizam e modificam sentidos estabelecidos entre os envolvidos. Com o foco na importância dos objetos e no seu trabalho de mediação, este trabalho busca realizar uma reflexão sobre as diferentes associações que englobam seres humanos, entidades e objetos, formando uma rede de produção de base ecológica localizada no extremo sul do Brasil, principalmente nos municípios de São Lourenço do Sul, Pelotas e Canguçu, no Rio Grande do Sul. Desta maneira, busca-se analisar, a partir de pesquisa etnográfica, como os diversos atores, em contexto de ação, mantêm uma série de vínculos, fluxos de conhecimento e de práticas em torno da produção, de acordo com a concepção do que seja mais legítimo e necessário no momento. É utilizado o referencial teórico da Teoria do Ator-Rede, que possibilita a análise de como são mantidas as interações entre os coletivos de humanos e de não humanos, com o entendimento das especificidades construídas a partir dessas complexas relações. / Organic, natural or ecological agriculture, among others (in this text congregated under the term “ecological-basis agriculture”) involves farmers, research institutions, consumers and socio-technical mediators. But beyond these human actors, also techniques of production, innovative products, the water, the soil, and others. In this process, to be assume importance preventive products of “diseases” of plants, such as homeopathic, the “Curamor”, the “Xispatudo” and “Curapest”, agrochemicals, even when they are no longer used, and plants such as butia, guava, ananás and brazilian pine, among others. Such objects that emerge will be understood as relevant actors, or actants, having capacity for agency, that is, mobilize and modify directions established between humans. With the focus in the importance of objects and their mediation work, this work seeks to reflect on the different associations in this net which includes humans, entities and objects formed a production net of ecological-basis agriculture in southern Brazil, mainly the municipalities of São Lourenço do Sul, Canguçu and Pelotas in Rio Grande do Sul. In this way, one seeks to analyze, from ethnographic methods, how the various actors in action context, maintains a series of links, flows of knowledge and practices around the production, according to the conception that is more legitimate and necessary for the moment. Will use the theoretical reference of Actor-Network Theory, that makes possible the analysis of as the interactions between the collective ones of human beings and not human are kept, with the agreement of the specificity constructed from these complex relationships.

A agricultura orgânica, natural ou ecológica, entre outras (neste texto reunidas sob o termo “agricultura de base ecológica”) envolve agricultores, instituições de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, consumidores e mediadores sociotécnicos. Mas além desses atores humanos, também são mobilizadas técnicas de produção, produtos inovadores, plantas, o solo, a água, entre outros. Neste processo assumem importância produtos preventivos de doenças das plantas, como os homeopáticos, o “Curamor”, o “Curapest” e o “Xispatudo”; os agroquímicos – mesmo quando não mais são usados – e plantas como o butiá, o araçá, o ananás e o pinheiro brasileiro, etc. Tais objetos que emergem são entendidos como relevantes atores por possuírem capacidade de agência, isto é, mobilizam e modificam sentidos estabelecidos entre os envolvidos. Com o foco na importância dos objetos e no seu trabalho de mediação, este trabalho busca realizar uma reflexão sobre as diferentes associações que englobam seres humanos, entidades e objetos, formando uma rede de produção de base ecológica localizada no extremo sul do Brasil, principalmente nos municípios de São Lourenço do Sul, Pelotas e Canguçu, no Rio Grande do Sul. Desta maneira, busca-se analisar, a partir de pesquisa etnográfica, como os diversos atores, em contexto de ação, mantêm uma série de vínculos, fluxos de conhecimento e de práticas em torno da produção, de acordo com a concepção do que seja mais legítimo e necessário no momento. É utilizado o referencial teórico da Teoria do Ator-Rede, que possibilita a análise de como são mantidas as interações entre os coletivos de humanos e de não humanos, com o entendimento das especificidades construídas a partir dessas complexas relações. / Organic, natural or ecological agriculture, among others (in this text congregated under the term “ecological-basis agriculture”) involves farmers, research institutions, consumers and socio-technical mediators. But beyond these human actors, also techniques of production, innovative products, the water, the soil, and others. In this process, to be assume importance preventive products of “diseases” of plants, such as homeopathic, the “Curamor”, the “Xispatudo” and “Curapest”, agrochemicals, even when they are no longer used, and plants such as butia, guava, ananás and brazilian pine, among others. Such objects that emerge will be understood as relevant actors, or actants, having capacity for agency, that is, mobilize and modify directions established between humans. With the focus in the importance of objects and their mediation work, this work seeks to reflect on the different associations in this net which includes humans, entities and objects formed a production net of ecological-basis agriculture in southern Brazil, mainly the municipalities of São Lourenço do Sul, Canguçu and Pelotas in Rio Grande do Sul. In this way, one seeks to analyze, from ethnographic methods, how the various actors in action context, maintains a series of links, flows of knowledge and practices around the production, according to the conception that is more legitimate and necessary for the moment. Will use the theoretical reference of Actor-Network Theory, that makes possible the analysis of as the interactions between the collective ones of human beings and not human are kept, with the agreement of the specificity constructed from these complex relationships.

A noção de que o desenvolvimento é um processo relacionado a um progresso técnico positivo e linear contribuiu para gerar um cenário social e ambiental insustentável e, aparentemente, tem conduzido a sociedade contemporânea para uma homogeneização cultural e material. Ao contrário, observando amiúde os espaços rurais, se identifica que há a emergência de dinâmicas sócio-espaciais heterogêneas e multifuncionais. Neste contexto, a agricultura exerce papel fundamental como atividade relevante na construção de desenvolvimentos rurais sustentáveis. No entanto, o modelo de modernização agrícola, orientado pelo regime sociotécnico dominante, não responde a este imperativo, tornando fundamental identificar possibilidades de transições para tal regime, de modo a permitir à agricultura a retomada de seu sentido como 'co-produção'. A partir de uma abordagem multinível, multi-ator e multi-aspecto, construída com elementos da Perspectiva Multinível e da Perspectiva Orientada pelo Ator, este trabalho de tese objetivou explorar a potencialidade da 'produção de novidades' para a promoção de transições no regime sociotécnico dominante na agricultura, através da análise de novidades desenvolvidas por agricultores na produção ecológica de plantas medicinais no Sul do Brasil. O estudo qualitativo de cinco casos de famílias de agricultores, que produzem plantas medicinais sob sistema ecológico, mostrou intensa produção de novidades e potencialidade para o estabelecimento de um nicho de inovação, considerando que há ativos processos de articulação de aprendizagens e de estabelecimento de redes sociais. A maior vulnerabilidade na emergência do nicho é a falta de alinhamento de expectativas entre distintos atores envolvidos, que está relacionada à dificuldade em superar barreiras sustentadas pelo regime prevalente. Considerando o nicho como lócus privilegiado para a inovação, essa superação parece depender de uma 'gestão da transição', que pode ser entendida como a criação de condições sócio-institucionais que favoreçam a construção de novas institucionalidades, identidades e compromissos sociais. / The notion that development is a process related to a positive and linear technical progress has generated an unsustainable social and environmental scenario and apparently led to a cultural and material homogenization of society. Rather, closely observing rural spaces, we can identify emergences of heterogeneous socio-spatial and multifunctional dynamics. In this context, agriculture plays an active role in the construction of sustainable rural developments. However, the agricultural modernization patterns, oriented by the dominant sociotechnical regime, is not responding this claim, thus proposing transitions to such regime is fundamental to recover agriculture meaning as 'co-production'. Since a multilevel, multiactor and multi-aspect framework, built taking elements from Multilevel Perspective and Actor Oriented Approach, this thesis aimed to explore the potential of 'novelty production' for promoting transitions in dominant agriculture sociotechnical regime, through the analysis of novelties developed by farmers in medicinal plants ecological production in southern Brazil. Qualitative studies of five cases of farmers' families who produce medicinal plants under ecological system showed an impressive novelty production and potentialities in establishing a niche of innovation, considering that there are active processes of learning articulation and social networks building. The main vulnerability in the niche emergence is the absence of expectations alignment between different enrolled actors, which is related to the difficulty in overcoming prevalent regime. Taking into account that the niche is the core for innovation, this overcoming seems to depend on 'transition management', which can be understood as the creation of enabling social and institutional conditions for construction of new institutionalities, identities and social commitments.

Au sein des discours accompagnant les volontés de transition énergétique, apparaît de manière grandissante une promotion de circulations d’énergie à des échelles infra-urbaines entre des activités diverses. Des acteurs locaux, nationaux ou transnationaux proposent par exemple de valoriser la chaleur dite « fatale », produite par de multiples activités (industries, data centers, eaux usées …). Parallèlement, on promeut le partage de productions d’énergie décentralisées entre différentes fonctions (résidentiel, tertiaire, commercial …) à des échelles allant de l’îlot au quartier. En somme, des formes de connexion entre activités urbaines pour échanger de l’énergie sont promues et les exemples de mise en œuvre se multiplient.Cette thèse propose de saisir ces connexions comme des nouvelles formes de réseaux urbains, qui se substituent ou se superposent à un modèle de grand réseau centralisé plus que centenaire, fondé sur l’efficacité technico-économique, la solidarisation du territoire et la croissance des consommations. Elle vise à comprendre ce que change l’émergence de ces circulations locales à la co-construction de la ville et des réseaux d’énergie.Pour saisir ces transformations, la thèse combine les apports de deux ensembles de travaux. D’un côté, les recherches urbaines et sociotechniques sur les réseaux permettent de saisir les reconfigurations de ces infrastructures. D’un autre, le champ de l’écologie industrielle et territoriale analyse les dynamiques qui mènent à des échanges de flux matériels entre activités humaines. La combinaison de leurs résultats permet ainsi de saisir l’objet considéré dans ses dimensions sociale, technique et métabolique, c’est-à-dire dans une perspective sociomatérielle.L’analyse se fonde principalement sur trois études de cas dont on s’attache à comprendre l’émergence, le fonctionnement et l’évolution : l’approvisionnement du réseau de chaleur de Dunkerque par une source de chaleur industrielle, la récupération de chaleur sur un data center pour approvisionner un quartier de Marne-la-Vallée et la mutualisation des productions d’énergie dans le quartier de La Confluence à Lyon. Plus largement, un regard est porté sur les reconfigurations concrètes ou proposées de l’organisation de la chaîne d’approvisionnement énergétique à la ville.Les résultats de la thèse sont de trois ordres. En premier lieu, ces mises en réseau ne sont plus motivées par la seule efficacité technico-économique de la forme réticulaire pour l’approvisionnement du territoire. Les intérêts des différents acteurs impliqués ont tous à voir avec un objectif d’optimisation de l’usage des flux : on passe ainsi d’une recherche d’efficacité technico-économique à celle d’une efficacité métabolique. En second lieu, les réseaux qui émergent de ces échanges sont instables, tout particulièrement en raison des incertitudes quant à l’évolution à court et à long terme des flux disponibles. Ainsi, ils ne reproduisent pas l’effet solidarisant permis par la stabilité des grands réseaux conventionnels. Enfin, face à ces instabilités, les acteurs proposent des évolutions qui visent à réduire les dépendances à des flux incertains. Ces évolutions ont pour caractéristique de s’appuyer sur une croissance du réseau qui ne suit plus un objectif d’universalisation. Au contraire, une forte sélection spatiale de l’extension du réseau est opérée, en fonction de la matérialité des flux perçue par les acteurs. Plutôt que d’engendrer de nouvelles consommations dans une logique d’offre, il s’agit ainsi d’intégrer de nouveaux flux déjà présents sur le territoire.En somme, la thèse montre un certain « tournant métabolique » dans le processus de mise en réseau de la ville par l’énergie. Alors que l’extension des infrastructures est pendant longtemps restée au centre des problématiques de construction des réseaux, les flux produits et consommés qui préexistent sur le territoire peuvent à présent être la motivation première de la création de connexions / Within the framework of the ongoing energy transition objectives, energy circulations at the infra-urban level are increasingly promoted. For instance, local, national and transnational stakeholders suggest the reuse of heat currently being wasted by diverse human activities (industries, data centres, wastewaters …). Alternatively, distributed energy sharing between different urban functions (residential, services, retail …) at the urban block or district scale is promoted. In short, several forms of connections through energy exchange between urban activities are encouraged and examples of those are multiplying.The thesis offers to capture those connections as new forms of urban networks that supersede or overlap a century-old network model based on techno-economic efficiency, socio-economic and socio-spatial solidarity and consumptions growth. It aims at understanding what these local circulations change to the co-construction of cities and energy networks.To do so, the approach combines the results of two different strands of work. On the one side, urban and sociotechnical studies of networked infrastructures allow to understand the reconfigurations of those systems. On the other side, industrial ecology works analyse the dynamics that lead to material circulations between human activities. The articulation of their results makes it possible to grasp the considered object in its social, technical and metabolic dimensions, that is, in a sociomaterial perspective.The analysis is mainly based on three French case studies of which the emergence, running and evolution are investigated: industrial waste heat reuse in the heat network of the city of Dunkirk, heat extraction from a data center to be distributes the in a district of Marne-la-Vallée and energy sharing in the La Confluence district in Lyon. More broadly, suggested or implemented reconfigurations of the organisation of energy provision are reviewed.The results of the study are threefold. First, these new forms of urban network are not solely motivated by techno-economic efficiency. The interests of the stakeholders all come into alignment with an objective of optimization of energy flows uses: from techno-economic efficiency, the goal becomes metabolic efficiency. Second, the networks formed by those circulations are unstable, in particular because of the uncertainties that regard short and long term availability of energy flows. Hence, they do not reproduce the solidarities that emerge from conventional large and stable networks. Third, to reduce those instabilities, actors suggest evolutions that aim at reducing their dependencies on uncertain flows. These evolutions all result in the growth of the network, but do not follow an objective of universalisation. On the contrary, an important spatial selection is operated, according to the perceived materiality of flows by actors. Instead of leading to new consumptions in a supply rationale, the logic becomes one of existing flows integration.To sum up, the thesis shows a “metabolic turn” in the process of networking the urban through energy circulations. While infrastructures extension has long been at the centre of networks construction, pre-existing produced and consumed flows can now become the primary motivation of building connections

Cette recherche traite du rôle du Système d'Information dans le développement de l'innovation au sein d'un réseau d'acteurs hétérogènes. La notion de capital sociotechnique est mobilisée. Elle traduit la participation des dispositifs techniques et sociaux du SI dans le développement de capital social au cours de l'innovation. L'étude se place dans une démarche exploratoire et vise à formuler des propositions théoriques par le recours à l'Actor-Network Theory (ANT). Une étude de cas unique est réalisée à QualiREG, un réseau scientifique et technique réunissant les acteurs de la sécurité et de la qualité agroalimentaire des régions du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien. Cette structure, où l'innovation est présente à de multiples niveaux, rassemble des acteurs différents du point de vue de leurs domaines de recherche, statuts, fonctions, origines géographiques, cultures, etc. Une méthodologie mixte combinant données qualitatives et quantitatives est mobilisée dans le but d'appréhender en profondeur les mécanismes de circulation de l'information au sein du réseau. Les résultats des deux approches sont ensuite triangulés. Ils décrivent la constitution de capital social dans le réseau QualiREG, les freins et frontières associés à ce phénomène et le rôle du SI dans sa constitution. Le développement du capital social est supporté par un millefeuille de médias composé de rencontres en face à face et de plusieurs Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC). En ce sens, le capital social développé au cours de l'innovation est donc un capital sociotechnique qui représente une forme de valeur générée par le réseau. / This research aims to study the role of the information system in the development of innovation in a network with heterogeneous actors. We mobilize the concept of sociotechnical capital which translates the participation of Information Systems in the development of the social capital during innovation process. The study uses an exploratory approach and aims to formulate theoretical propositions by using the Actor-Network Theory (ANT). A unique case study is carried out at QualiREG, a scientific and technical network gathering the actors of the food-processing industry security and quality of the regions of the south-west Indian Ocean. The network is composed of actors who distinguish themselves on multiple levels: area of research, status (researchers, technicians, civil servants, and entrepreneurs), geographical origin, culture, etc. QualiREG is also a network where innovation is present in a recurrent manner and on multiple levels. A mixed methodology combining qualitative and quantitative data is used in order to apprehend in depth the information circulation mechanisms inside the network. Results of these two approaches are lastly triangulated. They describe the constitution of social capital in QualiREG network, the obstacles and limits associated to this phenomenon and the role of Information System. The development of social capital is made possible by a “millefeuille” of media composed of face-to-face meetings and multiple Information and Communication Technologies. Thus, the social capital developed during innovation is a sociotechnical capital which represents a type of value generated by the innovation process.

This dissertation claims that the reciprocal exchange of voice—an element for constructing community and strengthening political recognition—may be fostered in small-scale farming communities by (1) the appropriation and transformation of information and communications technologies, (2) artistic intervention, and (3) cross-community research. This study contributes to participatory research methodologies, particularly those that seek to tackle the diverse challenges faced by small-scale farmers from a broad, complex perspective. The main issue identified in this dissertation is as follows: The hegemony of economic behaviors, which stands as a cornerstone of neoliberal capitalism, constitutes the latest stage of a historical process in which the voices of small-scale farmers seem to have been progressively and systematically silenced, their traditional practices largely invalidated, and their reciprocal forms of social, political, and economic organization marginalized. The purpose of this study was to explore whether an open-ended, sociotechnical methodology could be designed and applied in small-scale farming communities with the aim of strengthening their reciprocal practices while amplifying the voices of their members. The author's research addressed the question of how the role of information and communications technologies can contribute to the creation of enabling environments in which subsistence farmers may exercise their own values and make their voices heard. Another goal was to study whether the reciprocal exchange of voice could relate to the construction and dissemination of a knowledge commons and improve the resilience of small-scale farmers in the context of complex and pressing challenges such as anthropogenic climate change. Consequently, the ERV (Enabling Reciprocal Voice) Methodology was developed and applied in small-scale farming communities in order to respond to the questions of this study. The ERV Methodology sought to redefine the modes of usage of information and communications technologies in order to help communities establish a shared communicational praxis and strengthen their reciprocal relations. The ERV Methodology stands in contrast with the technological determinism found in the purely solutionist, short-term initiatives that are generally implemented in small-scale farming communities. Instead of offering rapid solutions to isolated problems, the ERV Methodology sought to consolidate the social networks of farmers through online and offline interaction. The case studies examined in this dissertation were carried out in two small-scale farming communities in Tanzania and Mexico. Following the ERV Methodology, mobile phones and the Internet were used by farmers in those communities as tools for the collaborative creation of a knowledge commons focused on local agriculture. It was found that the ERV Methodology, carried out as artistic intervention, may encourage technological appropriation, induce reciprocity, and amplify voice under certain sociotechnical conditions. These findings suggest that such a methodology might benefit farmers by becoming a significant aid to increase their resilience and their capacity to face complex challenges in the longer term. However, another conclusion was that the ERV Methodology should be applied carefully, with a strong awareness of the local context, and that greater efforts must be made in order to integrate other communities, such as local authorities and scientific researchers, into the reciprocal dynamics enabled by the methodology.