A tese tem como foco central a configuração que assume a rede sociotécnica do babaçu no Bico do Papagaio – TO, construída pela associação de seres humanos e não humanos e a interface que estes estabelecem com as estratégias de reprodução social e as relações sociedade-natureza. O que se busca destacar na pesquisa são as formas de reprodução social do agroextrativismo do babaçu como produto dessa rede sociotécnica e as dinâmicas atuais das relações sociedade-natureza decorrentes dessas estratégias. Como ponto de partida foram formuladas três questões de pesquisa: a primeira, direcionada à identificação e análise dos elementos (sociais, políticos e naturais) convergentes e/ou divergentes que têm afetado o extrativismo do babaçu; a segunda, no entendimento da interação dos diferentes atores na formação dessa rede; e a terceira, na busca dos desdobramentos dessa interação na reprodução social das famílias agroextrativistas do babaçu e nas dinâmicas das relações sociedade-natureza. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada no segundo semestre de 2009 e no primeiro semestre de 2010, na qual se adotou como referencial teórico-metodológico a Teoria do Ator-Rede (ANT), que parte do pressuposto epistemológico da necessidade de rompimento da dicotomia sociedade-natureza. Após análise dos dados primários levantados por meio de uma pesquisa etnográfica concluiu-se que as mudanças e permanências sofridas no contexto da região do Bico do Papagaio, que as estratégias de reprodução social adotadas pelos agroextrativistas, têm produzido efeitos transformadores, em vários níveis e intensidades, nas dinâmicas de relações sociedade-natureza no sentido de serem produtoras de resultados menos nocivos ao ambiente. Por outro lado, as atividades agropecuárias (criação de gado e monocultivos) e a produção silvícola, contribuem para a produção de efeitos negativos ao ambiente natural com a diminuição da biodiversidade e a ameaça às formas de exploração agroextrativista. Conclui-se, então, que o estabelecimento da rede sociotécnica do babaçu no Bico do Papagaio - TO, iniciada com a luta pela posse da terra, pelo acesso livre e preservação do babaçu, está inteiramente atrelada a categorias culturais nucleantes, centrais para o agroextrativismo, como a terra, o babaçu, a família e o trabalho. A terra e o babaçu organizam a vida das famílias rurais do Bico do Papagaio, porém elas resignificaram a luta iniciada pelo direito à posse da terra. Atualmente, essa luta baseia-se nas mobilizações em torno do acesso livre ao babaçu, preservação da palmeira, contra a expropriação e em busca de agregação de valor ao fruto. / The central focus of this thesis is the configuration that takes the sociotechnical network of babassu in the Bico do Papagaio-TO region, constructed by the association of humans and nonhumans, and the interface they establish with the strategies of social reproduction and the relations between society and nature. This research attempts to highlight the forms of social reproduction of the babassu’s havesting as a product of this sociotechnical network and the current dynamics of the nature-society relations derived from these strategies. As a starting point, there were formulated three research questions: the first, targeted on the identification and analysis of the social, political and natural convergent and/or divergent elements that have affected the babassu’s harvesting; the second, in the understanding of the interaction of the different actors in the network formation; and the third, in the search of the implication of this interaction within the social reproduction of the families that harvest babassu palm, and in the dynamics of the nature-society relations. The field research was conducted in the second half of 2009 and the first half of 2010. Actor-Network Theory (ANT) was adopted as a theoretical and methodological reference, which assumes the need for an epistemological rupture in the nature-society dichotomy. After analyzing the primary data obtained through ethnographic research, the conclusion is that the changes and continuities occurred in the context of the Bico do Papagaio region, and the social reproductive strategies adopted by the social agroextractivists had produced transformative effects at various levels and intensities, especially in the dynamics of nature-society relations in the sense of producing less harmful results to the environment. On the other hand, agricultural activities (cattle and monocultures) and the silviculture production contribute to produce negative impacts to the natural environment by reducing the threat to the biodiversity and the ways of harvesting babassu. In conclusion, the establishment of the sociotechnical network of babassu in Bico do Papagaio-TO, which began with the fight over land ownership, access and preservation of babassu palm, is entirely tied to cultural nuclear categories key to the extractivism such as land, babassu palm, family and work. The land and babassu palms organize the lives of rural families in Bico do Pagagaio, but they reframe the fight over the right to land ownership. Currently, this fight is based on the mobilizations around the free access to babassu palm coconut, preservation of its palm, and against expropriation and the search of adding value to the fruit.

Este trabalho descreve as contribuições da Educação a Distância para a elaboração e efetivação de projetos de educação ambiental, a partir da análise das concepções de meio ambiente e saúde de estudantes dos cursos semipresenciais de formação de professores do Consórcio CEDERJ, no Polo de Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. Foi realizada pesquisa qualitativa do tipo etnográfica utilizando-se observação participante, análise documental e entrevista semi-estruturada na coleta de dados. O conceito de rede sociotécnica, tal qual proposto por Bruno Latour, fertilizou a análise dos dados de campo e permitiu olhar a Educação Ambiental e a Educação a Distância sob um prisma que questiona a relação sujeito-objeto e o estatuto da ciência como saber hierarquicamente superior. A utilização do aporte teórico da antropologia das ciências e das técnicas evidenciou a indissociabilidade entre atividade cognitiva e fatores sociais e a reunião de elementos de todos os tempos na composição da rede de Educação a Distância brasileira, na qual atuantes humanos e não humanos estão entrelaçados nas ações de ensinar-aprender, constituindo-se num híbrido de naturezas-culturas. / This work describes the contributions of distance education for the development and execution of environmental education projects. It is based on the analysis of the concepts of environment and health of students of teachers training at the Consortium CEDERJ, in the Pole of Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. Data was collect by means of an ethnographic qualitative study which used participant observation, documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews. The concept of socio-technical network, such as that proposed by Bruno Latour, was used to the analysis of field data. It allowed to look at Environmental Education and at Distance Education in a way that questions the subject-object relation and the status of science as a hierarchically superior knowledge. The use of the anthropology science theory and techniques revealed the inseparability between cognitive activity and social factors. It also revealed the meeting of all times elements in the composition of the Brazilian network of Distance Education, in which human and non-human actors are interwoven with the activities of teaching-learning, being a hybrid of natures-cultures.

Essa dissertação é formada por três artigos que versam sobre o Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência – SAMU, da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. O primeiro artigo analisa a extensão na qual o SAMU opera como um sistema sociotécnico, considerando os 19 princípios propostos por Clegg (2000), tendo ficado claro que o sistema atende a 4, parcialmente a 3 e não atende a 12 deles. O segundo artigo foca o sistema de regulação do SAMU à luz dos quatro subsistemas do sistema sociotécnico: o pessoal, do projeto de trabalho, o tecnológico e do ambiente externo. O método utilizado para análise foi a Análise Macroergonômica do Trabalho – AMT (GUIMARÃES, 2010), que viabilizou a identificação de demanda ergonômica dos envolvidos no sistema, a partir de entrevistas e/ou questionários com 118 pessoas, sendo 41 trabalhadores da regulação e 77 das bases.Os resultados mostraram que os ítens de maior impacto para o desenvolvimento do serviço advém do ambiente externo, principalmente o despreparo da população para o uso do serviço (os trotes chegam a 69% das chamadas) e o risco de omissão de socorro. O terceiro artigo avalia o SAMU como um sistema complexo sob a ótica da Engenharia de Sistemas Cognitivos (ESC), que considera os fatores de coordenação, resiliência e “affordance” que emergem nas interações entre tecnologia e pessoas que compõem um sistema de trabalho. Concluiu-se que o SAMU possui diversas características de um sistema sociotécnico complexo, e que o sistema é descoordenado e clumssy, pois não possui artefatos e procedimentos de trabalho que agilizem o processo de trabalho. As características de resiliência são pró ativas e emergentes, pois os agentes diretos estão em constante adaptação para contornar os obstáculos encontrados no sistema de trabalho. Foram feitas algumas sugestões para melhoria do serviço, que poderão ser efetivadas a longo prazo, tendo em vista as dificuldades impostas pelo ambiente externo (legislação e questões políticas e sócio-culturais). / This dissertation consists of three articles that focus on the Mobile Emergency Service – SAMU of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre. The first article examines the extent to which the SAMU operates as a sociotechnical system, considering the 19 principles proposed by Clegg (2000), it was clear that the system meets the 4, 3 and partially does not meet 12 of them. The second article focuses on the system of regulation of SAMU in the light of the four subsystems of the socio-technical system: staffing, project work, the technological and the external environment. The method of analysis was the Macroergonomic Work Analysis - MWA (GUIMARÃES, 2010), which enabled the identification of ergonomic demands of those involved in the system, based on interviews and / or questionnaires to 118 people, including 41 employees of regulation and 77 bases. The results showed that the items of greatest impact on service development comes from the external environment, especially the unpreparedness of the population using the service (hazing reach 69% of calls) and the risk of failure to save. The third article assesses the SAMU as a complex system from the perspective of Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE), which considers the factors of coordination, resilience and "affordance" that emerge in the interactions between technology and people that make a system work. It was concluded that the SAMU has several characteristics of a complex socio-technical system and the system is patchy and clumssy as it has no artifacts and work processes that streamline the work process. The characteristics of resilience are clear, as the direct agents are constantly adapting to bypass the obstacles encountered in the work. There have been some suggestions for improving the service, which could take effect in the long term, in view of the difficulties imposed by the external environment (legislation and policy issues and socio-cultural).

O Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) é o responsável pelo atendimento préhospitalar (APH) realizado no Brasil que é aquele que se desloca para atender as vítimas em casos de urgência-emergência, funciona através de uma rede telefônica e pode ser caracterizado como um sistema complexo por envolver as centrais de regulação e as bases com as ambulâncias. Essa dissertação é formada por dois artigos que versam sobre o SAMU. No primeiro deles o objetivo foi mapear as influências do ambiente externo do SAMU metropolitano de Porto Alegre sob a ótica dos sistemas sociotécnicos. Para tal foi utilizada a análise macroergonômica do trabalho – AMT (GUIMARÃES, 2010) que tornou possível o entendimento da influência do ambiente externo no atendimento da população. Foi destacada na pesquisa a falta de conhecimento da população quanto ao funcionamento do SAMU, o elevado número de trotes, a falta de integração entre os serviços públicos, entre outros. Além disso, dentro da macroergonomia, a percepção dos fatores de riscos a que estão submetidos os trabalhadores é fundamental para que durante o atendimento realizado à população não haja dúvida quanto aos procedimentos seguros a serem adotados, para se evitar que possa ocorrer algum acidente. No segundo artigo foi realizada uma pesquisa identificando a percepção dos trabalhadores quanto aos fatores de risco. Identificou-se que os fatores de riscos como levantamento de peso, esforço físico intenso, calor e contaminação biológica por fluidos corpóreos dos pacientes foram os mais significativos na percepção dos trabalhadores do SAMU. / The Mobile Emergency Service (SAMU) is the responsible for the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in Brazil. The EMS system is that move to take care of the victims in urgencyemergency cases, it works through a telephonic net and can be characterized by a complex system that involving the central offices of regulation and the bases with the ambulances. This dissertation consists of two articles that focus on the SAMU. In the first article, the objective of the study was to analyze the influences of the external environment of the SAMU of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre under the optics of the sociotechnical systems. In this study the method of analysis was the Macroergonomic Work Analysis – MWA (GUIMARÂES, 2010) that it made possible to understand the influence of the external environment in the attendance of the population. It was identified in the research: the lack of knowledge of the population on the functioning of the SAMU, the raised number of hoax, the lack of integration between the public services, among others. Besides, in the macroergonomics, the perception of the hazards for the workers is fundamental. Since during the emergency medical service for the population it must not have doubt on the safe procedures to be adopted, to prevent that some accident can occur. Therefore in the second article, a research was carried out to identify the perception of the workers on the hazards. It was identified that the hazards as weight lift, intense physical effort, heat and biological contamination for corporeal fluids of the patients had been those most significant in the perception of the workers of the SAMU.

abstract: This dissertation explores the megamachine, a prominent metaphor in American humanist and philosopher of technology, Lewis Mumford's Myth of the Machine series. The term refers critically to dynamic, regimented human capacities that drive scientific and technical innovation in society. Mumford's view of the nature of collectives focuses on qualities and patterns that emerge from the behavior of groups, societies, systems, and ecologies. It is my aim to reenergize key concepts about collective capacities drawn from Lewis Mumford's critique of historical and modern sociotechnical arrangements. I investigate the possibility of accessing those capacities through improved design for Technology Assessment (TA), formal practices that engage experts and lay citizens in the evaluation of complex scientific and technical issues. I analyze the components of Mumford's megamachine and align key concerns in two pivotal works that characterize the impact of collective capacities on society: Bruno Latour's Pasteurization of France (1988) and Elias Canetti's Crowds and Power (1962). As I create a model of collective capacities in the sociotechnical according to the parameters of Mumford's megamachine, I rehabilitate two established ideas about the behavior of crowds and about the undue influence of technological systems on human behavior. I depart from Mumford's tactics and those of Canetti and Latour and propose a novel focus for STS on "sociotechnical crowds" as a meaningful unit of social measure. I make clear that Mumford's critique of the sociotechnical status quo still informs the conditions for innovation today. Using mixed mode qualitative methods in two types of empirical field studies, I then investigate how a focus on the characteristics and components of collective human capacities in sociotechnical systems can affect the design and performance of TA. I propose a new model of TA, Emergent Technology Assessment (ETA), which includes greater public participation and recognizes the interrelationship among experience, affect and the material in mediating the innovation process. The resulting model -- the "soft" megamachine --introduces new strategies to build capacity for responsible innovation in society. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Human and Social Dimensions of Science and Technology 2014

abstract: This dissertation examines the nexus of three trends in electricity systems transformations underway worldwide—the scale-up of renewable energy, regionalization, and liberalization. Interdependent electricity systems are being envisioned that require partnership and integration across power disparities. This research explores how actors in the Mediterranean region envisioned a massive scale-up of renewable energy within a single electricity system and market across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. It asks: How are regional sociotechnical systems envisioned? What are the anticipated consequences of a system for a region with broad disparities and deep sociopolitical differences? What can be learned about energy justice by examining this vision at multiple scales? A sociotechnical systems framework is used to analyze energy transformations, interweaving the technical aspects with politics, societal effects, and political development issues. This research utilized mixed qualitative methods to analyze Mediterranean electricity transformations at multiple scales, including fieldwork in Morocco and Germany, document analysis, and event ethnography. Each scale—from a global history of concentrating solar power technologies to a small village in Morocco—provides a different lens on the sociotechnical system and its implications for justice. This study updates Thomas Hughes’ Networks of Power, the canonical history of the sociotechnical development of electricity systems, by adding new aspects to sociotechnical electricity systems theory. First, a visioning process now plays a crucial role in guiding innovation and has a lasting influence on the justice outcomes. Second, rather than simply providing people with heat and light, electrical power systems in the 21st century are called upon to address complex integrated solutions. Furthermore, building a sustainable energy system is now a retrofitting agenda, as system builders must graft new infrastructure on top of old systems. Third, the spatial and temporal aspects of sociotechnical energy systems should be amended to account for constructed geography and temporal complexity. Fourth, transnational electricity systems pose new challenges for politics and political development. Finally, this dissertation presents a normative framework for conceptualizing and evaluating energy justice. Multi-scalar, systems-level justice requires collating diverse ideas about energy justice, expanding upon them based on the empirical material, and evaluating them with this framework. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Science and Technology Policy 2015

abstract: The resilience of infrastructure essential to public health, safety, and well-being remains a priority among Federal agencies and institutions. National policies and guidelines enacted by these entities call for a holistic approach to resilience and effectively acknowledge the complex, multi-organizational, and socio-technical integration of critical infrastructure. However, the concept of holism is seldom discussed in literature. As a result, resilience knowledge among disciplines resides in near isolation, inhibiting opportunities for collaboration and offering partial solutions to complex problems. Furthermore, there is limited knowledge about how human resilience and the capacity to develop and comprehend increasing levels of complexity can influence, or be influenced by, the resilience of complex systems like infrastructure. The above gaps are addressed in this thesis by 1) applying an Integral map as a holistic framework for organizing resilience knowledge across disciplines and applications, 2) examining the relationships between human and technical system resilience capacities via four socio-technical processes: sensing, anticipating, adapting, and learning (SAAL), and 3) identifying an ontological framework for anticipating human resilience and adaptive capacity by applying a developmental perspective to the dynamic relationships between humans interacting with infrastructure. The results of applying an Integral heuristic suggest the importance of factors representing the social interior like organizational values and group intentionality may be under appreciated in the resilience literature from a holistic perspective. The analysis indicates that many of the human and technical resilience capacities reviewed are interconnected, interrelated, and interdependent in relation to the SAAL socio-technical processes. This work contributes a socio-technical perspective that incorporates the affective dimension of human resilience. This work presents an ontological approach to critical infrastructure resilience that draws upon the human resilience, human psychological development, and resilience engineering literatures with an integrated model to guide future research. Human mean-making offers a dimensional perspective of resilient socio-technical systems by identifying how and why the SAAL processes change across stages of development. This research suggest that knowledge of resilient human development can improve technical system resilience by aligning roles and responsibilities with the developmental capacities of individuals and groups responsible for the design, operation and management of critical infrastructures. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Engineering 2017

abstract: This dissertation explores the functional purpose of imagination as it is enacted in the context of shaping large transitions in sociotechnical systems. Large sociotechnical systems undergoing profound transitions embody instantiations where societies experience profound changes in the ‘rules of the game’ that underpin the conduct of daily life. The forms of imagination that guide these transformations, known in the political theory literature as ‘imaginaries,’ play a profound yet undertheorized role in transition of sociotechnical systems from one configuration to another. Expanding on this relationship, the study draws on three case studies of energy systems change in the United States during 20th and 21st century. Each case study explores unique element of how actors at a variety of levels – transnational governance, regional electrification, and in-home energy marketing – define and the possibilities for ideal human and technological action and interaction through a transition. These actors defining the parameters of a new form of systems operation and configuration are as equally focused on defining how these new configurations shape fundamental ideas that underpin American democratic sensibility. Moreover, in the process of articulating a new configuration of energy and society – be that in terms of managing global resource flows or the automation of energy use in a residential home – questions of what makes an ideal member of a society are interlinked with new contractual relationships between energy producers and energy users. Transitions research could and should pay greater attention to the normative commitments emergent systems actors – as it is in these commitments we can chart pathways to redefine the parameters that underpin emergent transitions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Human and Social Dimensions of Science and Technology 2018

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Business Information Systems in the Faculty of Business and Management Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / The aim of this study was to understand the factors that affect knowledge sharing among higher education academics. The main research objective was to identify factors to contribute to a framework to guide the implementation of knowledge sharing strategies for the higher education context. To achieve this objective, four research questions were explored in order to reveal factors affecting the formation, growth, stability and institutionalisation of knowledge sharing in a network of aligned interest. Knowledge sharing is not institutionalised in higher education in South Africa and therefore knowledge in higher education is not always captured nor systematically organised. This leads to a lack of retention of valuable institutional know-how, inefficient work processes and reinventing the wheel. The actor-network theory (ANT) underpinned the research to tease out factors influencing knowledge sharing. This was a qualitative study, employing an interpretive case study methodology. Interviews were conducted with eighteen academic staff members from a University of Technology (UoT) in South Africa. The population comprised all academic staff members from the selected UoT who are actively participating in teaching and learning activities. The population was limited to academics appointed at a level of junior lecturer, lecturer and senior lecturer and excluded Associate Professors and Professors. Semistructured interviews enabled the factors to be explored inductively. Social, process and technology factors continue to pervade knowledge sharing in the higher education context. Process factors receive significant focus before human and technology factors. The organisational culture and management support emerged as the most important human factors. The culture of the institution has determined its entrenched behaviour. Management are tasked to embody the leadership skills that are required for the gradual assimilation of the principles of knowledge sharing in the institution. Practical recommendations are made in light of these factors, and the general framework, for implementation by managers on an institutional, faculty and departmental level.

A tese tem como foco central a configuração que assume a rede sociotécnica do babaçu no Bico do Papagaio – TO, construída pela associação de seres humanos e não humanos e a interface que estes estabelecem com as estratégias de reprodução social e as relações sociedade-natureza. O que se busca destacar na pesquisa são as formas de reprodução social do agroextrativismo do babaçu como produto dessa rede sociotécnica e as dinâmicas atuais das relações sociedade-natureza decorrentes dessas estratégias. Como ponto de partida foram formuladas três questões de pesquisa: a primeira, direcionada à identificação e análise dos elementos (sociais, políticos e naturais) convergentes e/ou divergentes que têm afetado o extrativismo do babaçu; a segunda, no entendimento da interação dos diferentes atores na formação dessa rede; e a terceira, na busca dos desdobramentos dessa interação na reprodução social das famílias agroextrativistas do babaçu e nas dinâmicas das relações sociedade-natureza. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada no segundo semestre de 2009 e no primeiro semestre de 2010, na qual se adotou como referencial teórico-metodológico a Teoria do Ator-Rede (ANT), que parte do pressuposto epistemológico da necessidade de rompimento da dicotomia sociedade-natureza. Após análise dos dados primários levantados por meio de uma pesquisa etnográfica concluiu-se que as mudanças e permanências sofridas no contexto da região do Bico do Papagaio, que as estratégias de reprodução social adotadas pelos agroextrativistas, têm produzido efeitos transformadores, em vários níveis e intensidades, nas dinâmicas de relações sociedade-natureza no sentido de serem produtoras de resultados menos nocivos ao ambiente. Por outro lado, as atividades agropecuárias (criação de gado e monocultivos) e a produção silvícola, contribuem para a produção de efeitos negativos ao ambiente natural com a diminuição da biodiversidade e a ameaça às formas de exploração agroextrativista. Conclui-se, então, que o estabelecimento da rede sociotécnica do babaçu no Bico do Papagaio - TO, iniciada com a luta pela posse da terra, pelo acesso livre e preservação do babaçu, está inteiramente atrelada a categorias culturais nucleantes, centrais para o agroextrativismo, como a terra, o babaçu, a família e o trabalho. A terra e o babaçu organizam a vida das famílias rurais do Bico do Papagaio, porém elas resignificaram a luta iniciada pelo direito à posse da terra. Atualmente, essa luta baseia-se nas mobilizações em torno do acesso livre ao babaçu, preservação da palmeira, contra a expropriação e em busca de agregação de valor ao fruto. / The central focus of this thesis is the configuration that takes the sociotechnical network of babassu in the Bico do Papagaio-TO region, constructed by the association of humans and nonhumans, and the interface they establish with the strategies of social reproduction and the relations between society and nature. This research attempts to highlight the forms of social reproduction of the babassu’s havesting as a product of this sociotechnical network and the current dynamics of the nature-society relations derived from these strategies. As a starting point, there were formulated three research questions: the first, targeted on the identification and analysis of the social, political and natural convergent and/or divergent elements that have affected the babassu’s harvesting; the second, in the understanding of the interaction of the different actors in the network formation; and the third, in the search of the implication of this interaction within the social reproduction of the families that harvest babassu palm, and in the dynamics of the nature-society relations. The field research was conducted in the second half of 2009 and the first half of 2010. Actor-Network Theory (ANT) was adopted as a theoretical and methodological reference, which assumes the need for an epistemological rupture in the nature-society dichotomy. After analyzing the primary data obtained through ethnographic research, the conclusion is that the changes and continuities occurred in the context of the Bico do Papagaio region, and the social reproductive strategies adopted by the social agroextractivists had produced transformative effects at various levels and intensities, especially in the dynamics of nature-society relations in the sense of producing less harmful results to the environment. On the other hand, agricultural activities (cattle and monocultures) and the silviculture production contribute to produce negative impacts to the natural environment by reducing the threat to the biodiversity and the ways of harvesting babassu. In conclusion, the establishment of the sociotechnical network of babassu in Bico do Papagaio-TO, which began with the fight over land ownership, access and preservation of babassu palm, is entirely tied to cultural nuclear categories key to the extractivism such as land, babassu palm, family and work. The land and babassu palms organize the lives of rural families in Bico do Pagagaio, but they reframe the fight over the right to land ownership. Currently, this fight is based on the mobilizations around the free access to babassu palm coconut, preservation of its palm, and against expropriation and the search of adding value to the fruit.