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No description available.

Les modèles murins de la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique (SLA) ont permis des avancées dans la compréhension des mécanismes pouvant conduire à la mort sélective et progressive des motoneurones (Mns) mais ils présentent des disparités dans la sévérité et le décours temporel de la maladie. Parmi les hypothèses avancées figurent des modifications des propriétés intrinsèques des motoneurones conduisant à des modifications de l’excitabilité et de l’homéostasie du calcium intracellulaire et à la mort du motoneurone.Nous avons donc étudié les propriétés électrophysiologiques des Mns lombaires de souris SOD1G85R et SOD1G93A, deux modèles à faible nombre de copies du gène humain muté, durant les deux premières semaines postnatales afin d’identifier d’éventuelles anomalies pré-symptomatiques précoces. Nos travaux ont été réalisés sur deux préparations in vitro de moelle entière isolée et de tranches de moelle épinière. Les Mns mutants présentent, sur les deux types de préparations, une altération des propriétés du potentiel d’action se traduisant par un allongement de la durée associée à une diminution des vitesses maximales de dépolarisation et repolarisation et une réduction d’amplitude. Ces altérations apparaissent entre P2-P5 dans les Mns SOD1G85R et entre P6-P10 dans les Mns SOD1G93A et suggèrent une diminution de la densité des canaux sodiques et potassiques associés au potentiel d’action. Nous avons aussi observé sur des tranches de moelle épinière entre P6-P10 que le gain de fréquence des Mns SOD1G85R diminue et celui des SOD1G93A augmente sans aucune modification des densités des courants entrants persistants sodiques et calciques. On note également que, sur tranches de moelle épinière, les Mns SOD1G93A présentent un potentiel de repos diminué. En présence d’une surcharge calcique extracellulaire, les propriétés membranaires des Mns SOD1G85R entre P6-P10 sont moins affectées que celles des Mns témoins. Les effets différentiels de cette surcharge peuvent être dus à des modifications différentes de la dépendance au voltage des canaux voltage-dépendants et/ou à la modulation de certains types de canaux activés par le calcium extracellulaire. Une arborisation dendritique plus ramifiée que celle de Mns témoins, comparable à celle précédemment décrite dans les Mns SOD1G85R, a été observée dans les Mns SOD1G93A à P8-P9 avec des altérations du potentiel d’action citées plus haut et une réduction de la rhéobase. Ces altérations morphologiques et électriques pourraient indiquer des modifications de cinétiques et/ou de densités de canaux sur des sites différents dans ces Mns. Nos travaux montrent donc, d’une part que les mutations SOD1G85R et SOD1G93A induisent dans ces deux modèles murins des altérations des propriétés des Mns lombaires comparables mais décalées dans le temps et d’autre part que certaines altérations semblent être spécifiques à une mutation SOD1 donnée. / The SOD1 murine models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) allowed major progress in the understanding of mechanisms which could lead to a selective loss of motoneurons (Mns), but these models display differences in the severity and time course of the disease. Changes in intrinsic properties of motoneurons may induce changes in excitability and intracellular calcium homeostasis leading to motoneuron death.Therefore, we studied electrophysiological properties of lumbar Mns from SOD1G85R and SOD1G93A mice, low expressor lines, during the first two postnatal weeks in order to identify possible early presymptomatic abnormalities. Our studies were carried out on two in vitro preparations: the whole isolated spinal cord and acute spinal cord slices. Mutant Mns display, in the two preparations, a modified action potential characterized by an increased duration due to a decrease of the maximal speeds of depolarisation and repolarisation and a reduction of the spike amplitude. These alterations appeared between P2-P5 in SOD1G85R Mns and between P6-P10 in SOD1G93A Mns and suggest a decrease of the density of sodium and potassium channels related to action potential. We also showed on spinal cord slices between P6-P10 that the gain of frequency decreases for SOD1G85R Mns and increases for SOD1G93A Mns without any change in the density of persistent inward sodium or calcium currents in these different mutant Mns. We observed also that the resting membrane potential of SOD1G93A Mns on spinal cord slices is decreased. The membrane properties of SOD1G85R Mns between P6-P10 were less susceptible to changes in presence of an extracellular calcium overload. Differential effects of this extracellular calcium overload on membrane properties of WT and SOD1G85R Mns could be due to different alterations of the potential dependence of voltage-gated channels and/or to the modulation of some types of channels sensitive to extracellular calcium. An over-branching of dendritic arborization, similar to that previously described in SOD1G85R Mns, was observed in SOD1G93A at P8-P9 with the above-mentioned action potential alterations and a weak rheobasic current. These morphogical and electrical changes could indicate together alterations of kinetics and/or density of channels on different sites on these Mns. In conclusion, our work shows on one hand that SOD1G85R and SOD1G93A mutations induce similar alterations of lumbar Mns properties but time-shifted in these two murine models and on the other hand that some alterations seem to be specific to a given SOD1 mutation.

Cerca de 20 % dos casos familiares de esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELAf) são causados por mutações na enzima Cu,Zn-superóxido dismutase (SOD1). Inicialmente se supôs que as enzimas mutantes teriam a atividade SOD comprometida, entretanto isto não foi comprovado. Atualmente, considera-se que as enzimas mutantes adquiram propriedades tóxicas. Quais seriam estas propriedades e como levariam à degeneração do neurônio motor são questões ainda não respondidas. Neste trabalho, comparamos neuroblastomas humanos transfectados com SOD1 G93A associada à ELAf (SH-SY5YG93A), e SOD1 selvagem (SH-SY5YWT) com células parentais (SH-SY5Y) em relação ao crescimento, viabilidade, produção basal de oxidantes, atividades SOD e peroxidásica e modificações estruturais da SOD. As células transfectadas apresentaram aumento na taxa de crescimento e na produção basal de oxidantes. As células SH-SY5YWT e SH-SY5YG93A mantiveram a expressão de SOD1 e atividade consistente com o aumento esperado de duas vezes, em estágios iniciais de cultura. A atividade peroxidásica do homogenato da célula SH-SY5YG93A foi maior. Após quatro semanas, a linhagem SH-SY5YG93A manteve a expressão de SOD1, mas as atividades dismutásica e peroxidásica diminuíram. A expressão de SOD1 aumentou a proporção de formas alteradas de SOD1, como enzima reduzida, multímeros formados por ponte dissulfeto e formas insolúveis em detergente, particularmente na linhagem SH-SY5YG93A. Entre estas formas insolúveis, identificamos um dímero covalente de SOD. Estas formas alteradas provavelmente são responsáveis pela ativação do proteassomo e estresse do retículo endoplasmático, verificados nas células transfectadas. Concluindo, a superexpressão da SOD1 foi suficiente para elevar as formas imaturas e oligomerizadas de SOD1 e a oxidação basal, e a mutação G93A ressaltou estes processos. / Some familial ALS (fALS) are caused by mutations in the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD1). It was thought that the mutated enzymes would have impaired SOD activity, but this has not been corroborated so far. Presently, it is more accepted that the mutated enzymes acquire a new toxic function. What this new toxic function is and how it relates to the degeneration of motor neurons remains debatable. Here, we compared human neuroblastoma cells transfected with fALS mutant G93A (SH-SY5YG93A) or wild-type SOD1 (SH-SY5YWT) with parent cells (SH-SY5Y) in regard to growth, viability, basal oxidant production, SOD and peroxidase activities, and SOD forms. Transfected cells presented increased growth rate and basal oxidant production. SH-SY5YWT and SH-SY5YG93A cells in early culture stage showed SOD expression and activity consistent with the expected two-fold increase; SH-SY5YWT homogenates showed increased peroxidase activity. After four weeks, SH-SY5YG93A maintained SOD1 expression levels but peroxidase and dismutase activities were lower. SOD1 expression increased the levels of altered SOD1 forms such as the reduced enzyme, disulfide multimers and detergent-insoluble forms, particularly in SH-SY5YG93A cells. Among the insoluble forms a covalent SOD dimer was identified. These altered SOD forms are probably responsible for proteasome activation and endoplasmatic reticulum stress response verified in transfected cells. In conclusion, SOD1 over-expression was sufficient to increase intracellular immature and oligomerized SOD1 forms and basal oxidation and the G93A mutation enhanced these processes.

Hintergrund: Die Versorgung von Immunzellen mit Energie in Form von ATP ist Grundlage eines funktionstüchtigen Immunsystems. Diese wird durch die mitochondriale OXPHOS oder durch die zytosolische Glykolyse gewährleistet. Sauerstoff und Glukose stellen die Hauptsubstrate dieser Stoffwechselprozesse dar. Fragestellung: Unter pathologischen Bedingungen wie sie in Entzündungsgebieten herrschen, konnte ein relativer Sauerstoffmangel experimentell nachgewiesen werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es herauszufinden, in welcher Weise die Funktionen einer definierten Lymphozytenpopulation (CD4+) durch Sauerstoffmangel beeinflusst werden. Methoden: Nach Isolation von CD4+ Zellen aus peripherem Blut gesunder Spender, wurden definierte Zellmengen stimuliert und in einem mit einer Sauerstoffelektrode ausgestatteten Gefäß unter Luftabschluß inkubiert. Zu definierten Zeitpunkten wurden Proben zur ATP-Messung entnommen, sowie Protein- und RNA-Lysate hergestellt. Die Vitalität zu Anfang und zum Ende der Inkubation wurde mittels Propidium-Jodid-Färbung im FACS bestimmt. Aus gesammelten Überständen wurden mittels Multiplex-ELISA die Konzentrationen von IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha und MCAF gemessen. Als Kontrollen dienten unter Normoxie inkubierte Aliquots der Zellsuspensionen. HIF-1alpha wurde mit Immunoblotting nachgewiesen. Transkriptionsänderungen von SOD1 und HK1 wurden durch SYBR-Green Real-Time-PCR quantifiziert. Ergebnisse: Stimulierte CD4+-Zellen von Normalspendern schütten unter dem Einfluss von Hypoxie vermehrt proinflammatorische und chemotaktisch wirksame Zytokine, sowie zur Differenzierung notwendige antiinflammatorische Zytokine aus. Die Verfügbarkeit von Glukose hat hierauf einen verstärkenden Effekt. Eine hypoxische Umgebung sorgt in Abhängigkeit von der Versorgung mit Glukose für eine Anpassung der zellulären Atmungsrate. Glukose ist für die Aufrechterhaltung eines konstanten ATP-Levels verantwortlich. Die glykolytische Energiegewinnung unter Hypoxie kompensiert den Ausfall der OXPHOS. Hypoxie führt bei stimulierten CD4+-Zellen bei freier Glukoseverfügbarkeit zu einer vermehrten Transkription des Hexokinase1-Gens. Glukosemangel bewirkt dagegen in hypoxischer Umgebung eine Transkriptionssteigerung des SOD1-Gens. / Background: The energy supply of immune cells in form of ATP is the cornerstone of a functional immune system. This supply is realized by either mitochondrial OXPHOS or cytosolic glycolysis. Oxygen and glucose present the main substrates in these metabolic processes. Objective: Relative shortness of oxygen could be determined experimentally under pathological conditions present in inflamed tissues. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of hypoxic influence on the cellular function of CD4+ lymphocytes. Methods: Human CD4+ cells were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy blood donors by MACS sorting. Following a defined protocol cells were stimulated and incubated in a sealed container with a Clark type electrode. Samples were taken for measurements of ATP content. RNA- and Protein lysates were made to quantify the transcription of SOD1 and HK1 by SYBR green RT-PCR and look for the presence of HIF-1alpha by immunoblot analysis respectively. Supernatants were used to measure the expression of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha and MCAF using a multiplex ELISA assay. Aliquots of cell supspensions incubated under normoxic conditions served as controls. Results / Conclusion: Under the influence of hypoxia stimulated CD4+ lymphocytes of healthy blood donors express proinflammatory and chemotactically active as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines important for cell differentiation. The availability of glucose leads to an increase of this effect. An hypoxic environment dependant on the availability of glucose leads to an adaptation of cellular respiration. Glucose deficiency provokes an increase in cellular oxygen utilization. The availability of glucose is responsible for a constant intracellular ATP level. This proves that in CD4+ lymphocytes glycolysis is capable of compensating for hypoxically impaired oxidative phosphorylation thus providing enough ATP to enable cellular function. Hypoxia under glucose provision leads to an increase in mRNA expression for HK1, a key enzyme of glycolysis. Lack of glucose under hypoxic conditions results in an increase in mRNA expression for SOD1. Glucose therefore serves in CD4+ cells as an agent of constant energy supply that leads to cell survival and an upkeep of a proinflammatory environment through cytokine expression.

Os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio moderado sobre a viabilidade celular e a GSIS das ilhotas pancreáticas foram investigados em camundongos C57BL/6 alimentados com dieta rica em lipídios (60%) e sacarose (20%) (HFDS). Os grupos foram: HFDS, dieta controle (C), HFDS treinado (HFDSTR), controle treinado (CTR). Após 8 semanas, houve aumentada massa corporal e adiposidade e diminuída tolerância à glicose e sensibilidade à insulina no HFDS; tais efeitos foram atenuados em HFDSTR. Houve menor percentual de células viáveis e prejudicada GSIS no HFDS do que no HFDSTR e C. As expressões do GLUT2 e da CuZn superóxido dismutase-1 (SOD1) foram diminuídas em HFDS, mas não no HFDSTR. As respostas observadas nas ilhotas do grupo HFDSTR foram semelhantes ao grupo C. O treinamento aeróbio de 8 semanas preveniu os efeitos deletérios da HFDS sobre a sensibilidade à insulina, viabilidade celular e GSIS e manteve o conteúdo enzimático antioxidante endógeno, sugerindo que o treinamento aeróbio possa ser benéfico na prevenção dos efeitos deletérios de uma HFDS. / This study investigated the aerobic training effects on GSIS and pancreatic islet cellular viability in C57BL/6 mice fed a high fat (60%) and sucrose (20%) diet (HFDS). The groups were: HFDS, control diet (C), HFDS + training (HFDSTR) and control trained (CTR). After 8 weeks the HFDS significantly increased body mass and adiposity, decreased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and impaired GSIS and cellular viability; these effects were attenuated in HFDSTR. There were less viable pancreatic islets cells and impaired GSIS in HFDS than in HFDSTR and C. The decreased GLUT 2 and CuZn-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) protein expression in HFDS were increased in HFDSTR. Most pancreatic islet responses were similar between HFDSTR and C. Eight weeks aerobic training prevented deleterious effects of HFDS on insulin sensitivity, cellular viability and GSIS, and maintained endogenous antioxidant enzyme content, thus suggesting that aerobic training may be beneficial to prevent adverse metabolic effects associated with westernized diet consuming.

As peroxirredoxinas constituem uma família de tiol-proteínas, que reduzem peróxido de hidrogênio, peróxidos orgânicos e peroxinitrito a água, álcool e nitrito, respectivamente, utilizando equivalentes redutores fornecidos pela tiorredoxina, tiorredoxina redutase e NADPH. As peroxirredoxinas são enzimas abundantes (constituem aproximadamente 0,7 % do total de proteínas solúveis presentes em leveduras) e foram identificadas em diversas espécies de animais, plantas e bactérias, porém seu papel fisiológico ainda é discutido. Até recentemente, as peroxirredoxinas eram consideradas pouco eficientes para detoxificar peróxidos, em comparação às catalases e heme-peroxidases. De fato, as constantes de segunda ordem determinadas para as reações de peroxirredoxinas com peróxido de hidrogênio eram da ordem de 104-105 M-1 s-1, valores muito menores que os de hemeproteínas (~107 M-1 s-1). Neste trabalho, um método de cinética competitiva foi desenvolvido para re-determinar essas constantes de velocidade, utilizando a peroxidase de raiz forte como competidora das peroxirredoxinas de S. cerevisiae, Tsa1 e Tsa2. Este método foi validado e as constantes de velocidade determinadas para Tsa1 e Tsa2 foram da ordem de k~ 107 M-1 s-1 para a reação com peróxido de hidrogênio e da ordem de k~10105 M-1 s-1 para a reação com peroxinitrito. Utilizando a mesma metodologia, foi possível ainda determinar o pKa da cisteína peroxidásica da Tsa1 e Tsa2 (Cys47), como sendo 5,4 e 6,3, respectivamente. Paralelamente, o papel fisiológico das peroxirredoxinas foi examinado em linhagens de S. cerevisiae com deleção de Tsa1, Tsa2 ou de ambas isoformas. Os estudos foram realizados sob condições fermentativas e a linhagem tsa1Δtsa2Δ se mostrou mais resistente ao peróxido de hidrogênio (1 mM) e o consumiu mais rapidamente que a WT. Além disso, a linhagem tsa1Δtsa2Δ produziu quantidades mais altas do radical 1-hidroxietila, produto da oxidação do etanol, que é o principal metabólito da levedura em anaerobiose. O mecanismo de formação do radical 1-hidroxietila foi examinado e a quantificação da concentração de ferro quelatável, ferro total e cobre mostrou que a reação de Fenton não era sua principal fonte. Outro mecanismo investigado foi a formação do radical através da atividade peroxidásica da Sod1, cuja expressão e atividade se mostraram aumentadas cerca de 5 e 2 vezes, respectivamente, na linhagem tsa1Δtsa2Δ. Na linhagem mutante ainda foi observado que o tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio aumentou a concentração de radicais derivados e adutos do DNA, detectados por imuno-spin trapping e incorporação de 14C derivado da glicose. Em conjunto, os resultados deste trabalho reforçam a importância das peroxirredoxinas na defesa antioxidante e mostram que as respostas compensatórias empregadas pela levedura para contornar as deleções de Tsa1 e Tsa2 podem ser deletérias longo prazo. / Peroxiredoxins constitute a family of cysteine-based peroxidases that are able to reduce hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides and peroxinitrite to water, alcohol and nitrite, respectively, through the use of reducing equivalents provided by thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and NADPH. Peroxiredoxins are abundant enzymes (correspond to approximately 0.7% of total soluble protein in yeasts) and have been identified in several species ranging from animals, plants and bacteria, but their physiological role remains under scrutiny. Peoxiredoxins were regarded as less eficient enzymes in comparison with catalases and heme-peroxidases for detoxification of peroxides. Second-order rate constants determined for the reaction of peroxiredoxins with hydrogen peroxide were in the range of 104-105 M-1 s-1, which is quite low, as compared with those of heme-proteins (~107 M-1 s-1). In the present work, a competitive kinetic approach with horseradish peroxidase was developed in order to determine the second order rate constant of the reaction of peroxiredoxins with peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide. This method was validated and permitted for the determination of the second order rate constant value of the reaction of Tsa1 and Tsa2 with peroxynitrite (k~105 M-1 s-1) and hydrogen peroxide (k~ 107 M-1 s-1) at pH 7.4, 25 °C. It also permitted the determination of the pKa of the peroxidatic cysteine of Tsa1 and Tsa2 (Cys47) as 5.4 and 6.3, respectively. In parallel, the physiological role of peroxiredoxins was examined in S. cerevisiae strains with deletion of Tsa1, Tsa2 or of both isoforms. Under fermentative conditions, tsa1Δtsa2Δ cells were more resistant to 1 mM hydrogen peroxide than WT cells, and consumed it faster. In addition, tsa1tsa2 cells produced higher yields of the 1- hydroxyethyl radical from the oxidation of the glucose metabolite ethanol, as shown by spintrapping experiments. A major role for Fenton chemistry in radical formation was excluded by comparing WT and tsa1Δtsa2Δ cells with respect to their levels of chelatable iron ions, total iron and copper ions, and of 1-hydroxyethyl radical produced in the presence of metal ion chelators. The main route for 1-hydroxyethyl radical formation was ascribed to the peroxidase activity of Sod1, whose expression and activity increased about five- and twofold, respectively, in tsa1Δtsa2Δ compared to WT cells. Relevantly, tsa1Δtsa2Δ cells challenged with hydrogen peroxide contained higher levels of DNA-derived radicals and adducts as monitored by immuno-spin trapping and incorporation of 14C from glucose into DNA, respectively. Taken together, our results reinforce the importance of peroxiredoxins in the antioxidant defense show that the compensatory responses employed by yeast to counterbalance the deletions of Tsa1 and Tsa2 may be deleterious in the long time range.

Cerca de 20 % dos casos familiares de esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELAf) são causados por mutações na enzima Cu,Zn-superóxido dismutase (SOD1). Inicialmente se supôs que as enzimas mutantes teriam a atividade SOD comprometida, entretanto isto não foi comprovado. Atualmente, considera-se que as enzimas mutantes adquiram propriedades tóxicas. Quais seriam estas propriedades e como levariam à degeneração do neurônio motor são questões ainda não respondidas. Neste trabalho, comparamos neuroblastomas humanos transfectados com SOD1 G93A associada à ELAf (SH-SY5YG93A), e SOD1 selvagem (SH-SY5YWT) com células parentais (SH-SY5Y) em relação ao crescimento, viabilidade, produção basal de oxidantes, atividades SOD e peroxidásica e modificações estruturais da SOD. As células transfectadas apresentaram aumento na taxa de crescimento e na produção basal de oxidantes. As células SH-SY5YWT e SH-SY5YG93A mantiveram a expressão de SOD1 e atividade consistente com o aumento esperado de duas vezes, em estágios iniciais de cultura. A atividade peroxidásica do homogenato da célula SH-SY5YG93A foi maior. Após quatro semanas, a linhagem SH-SY5YG93A manteve a expressão de SOD1, mas as atividades dismutásica e peroxidásica diminuíram. A expressão de SOD1 aumentou a proporção de formas alteradas de SOD1, como enzima reduzida, multímeros formados por ponte dissulfeto e formas insolúveis em detergente, particularmente na linhagem SH-SY5YG93A. Entre estas formas insolúveis, identificamos um dímero covalente de SOD. Estas formas alteradas provavelmente são responsáveis pela ativação do proteassomo e estresse do retículo endoplasmático, verificados nas células transfectadas. Concluindo, a superexpressão da SOD1 foi suficiente para elevar as formas imaturas e oligomerizadas de SOD1 e a oxidação basal, e a mutação G93A ressaltou estes processos. / Some familial ALS (fALS) are caused by mutations in the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD1). It was thought that the mutated enzymes would have impaired SOD activity, but this has not been corroborated so far. Presently, it is more accepted that the mutated enzymes acquire a new toxic function. What this new toxic function is and how it relates to the degeneration of motor neurons remains debatable. Here, we compared human neuroblastoma cells transfected with fALS mutant G93A (SH-SY5YG93A) or wild-type SOD1 (SH-SY5YWT) with parent cells (SH-SY5Y) in regard to growth, viability, basal oxidant production, SOD and peroxidase activities, and SOD forms. Transfected cells presented increased growth rate and basal oxidant production. SH-SY5YWT and SH-SY5YG93A cells in early culture stage showed SOD expression and activity consistent with the expected two-fold increase; SH-SY5YWT homogenates showed increased peroxidase activity. After four weeks, SH-SY5YG93A maintained SOD1 expression levels but peroxidase and dismutase activities were lower. SOD1 expression increased the levels of altered SOD1 forms such as the reduced enzyme, disulfide multimers and detergent-insoluble forms, particularly in SH-SY5YG93A cells. Among the insoluble forms a covalent SOD dimer was identified. These altered SOD forms are probably responsible for proteasome activation and endoplasmatic reticulum stress response verified in transfected cells. In conclusion, SOD1 over-expression was sufficient to increase intracellular immature and oligomerized SOD1 forms and basal oxidation and the G93A mutation enhanced these processes.

As peroxirredoxinas constituem uma família de tiol-proteínas, que reduzem peróxido de hidrogênio, peróxidos orgânicos e peroxinitrito a água, álcool e nitrito, respectivamente, utilizando equivalentes redutores fornecidos pela tiorredoxina, tiorredoxina redutase e NADPH. As peroxirredoxinas são enzimas abundantes (constituem aproximadamente 0,7 % do total de proteínas solúveis presentes em leveduras) e foram identificadas em diversas espécies de animais, plantas e bactérias, porém seu papel fisiológico ainda é discutido. Até recentemente, as peroxirredoxinas eram consideradas pouco eficientes para detoxificar peróxidos, em comparação às catalases e heme-peroxidases. De fato, as constantes de segunda ordem determinadas para as reações de peroxirredoxinas com peróxido de hidrogênio eram da ordem de 104-105 M-1 s-1, valores muito menores que os de hemeproteínas (~107 M-1 s-1). Neste trabalho, um método de cinética competitiva foi desenvolvido para re-determinar essas constantes de velocidade, utilizando a peroxidase de raiz forte como competidora das peroxirredoxinas de S. cerevisiae, Tsa1 e Tsa2. Este método foi validado e as constantes de velocidade determinadas para Tsa1 e Tsa2 foram da ordem de k~ 107 M-1 s-1 para a reação com peróxido de hidrogênio e da ordem de k~10105 M-1 s-1 para a reação com peroxinitrito. Utilizando a mesma metodologia, foi possível ainda determinar o pKa da cisteína peroxidásica da Tsa1 e Tsa2 (Cys47), como sendo 5,4 e 6,3, respectivamente. Paralelamente, o papel fisiológico das peroxirredoxinas foi examinado em linhagens de S. cerevisiae com deleção de Tsa1, Tsa2 ou de ambas isoformas. Os estudos foram realizados sob condições fermentativas e a linhagem tsa1Δtsa2Δ se mostrou mais resistente ao peróxido de hidrogênio (1 mM) e o consumiu mais rapidamente que a WT. Além disso, a linhagem tsa1Δtsa2Δ produziu quantidades mais altas do radical 1-hidroxietila, produto da oxidação do etanol, que é o principal metabólito da levedura em anaerobiose. O mecanismo de formação do radical 1-hidroxietila foi examinado e a quantificação da concentração de ferro quelatável, ferro total e cobre mostrou que a reação de Fenton não era sua principal fonte. Outro mecanismo investigado foi a formação do radical através da atividade peroxidásica da Sod1, cuja expressão e atividade se mostraram aumentadas cerca de 5 e 2 vezes, respectivamente, na linhagem tsa1Δtsa2Δ. Na linhagem mutante ainda foi observado que o tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio aumentou a concentração de radicais derivados e adutos do DNA, detectados por imuno-spin trapping e incorporação de 14C derivado da glicose. Em conjunto, os resultados deste trabalho reforçam a importância das peroxirredoxinas na defesa antioxidante e mostram que as respostas compensatórias empregadas pela levedura para contornar as deleções de Tsa1 e Tsa2 podem ser deletérias longo prazo. / Peroxiredoxins constitute a family of cysteine-based peroxidases that are able to reduce hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides and peroxinitrite to water, alcohol and nitrite, respectively, through the use of reducing equivalents provided by thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and NADPH. Peroxiredoxins are abundant enzymes (correspond to approximately 0.7% of total soluble protein in yeasts) and have been identified in several species ranging from animals, plants and bacteria, but their physiological role remains under scrutiny. Peoxiredoxins were regarded as less eficient enzymes in comparison with catalases and heme-peroxidases for detoxification of peroxides. Second-order rate constants determined for the reaction of peroxiredoxins with hydrogen peroxide were in the range of 104-105 M-1 s-1, which is quite low, as compared with those of heme-proteins (~107 M-1 s-1). In the present work, a competitive kinetic approach with horseradish peroxidase was developed in order to determine the second order rate constant of the reaction of peroxiredoxins with peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide. This method was validated and permitted for the determination of the second order rate constant value of the reaction of Tsa1 and Tsa2 with peroxynitrite (k~105 M-1 s-1) and hydrogen peroxide (k~ 107 M-1 s-1) at pH 7.4, 25 °C. It also permitted the determination of the pKa of the peroxidatic cysteine of Tsa1 and Tsa2 (Cys47) as 5.4 and 6.3, respectively. In parallel, the physiological role of peroxiredoxins was examined in S. cerevisiae strains with deletion of Tsa1, Tsa2 or of both isoforms. Under fermentative conditions, tsa1Δtsa2Δ cells were more resistant to 1 mM hydrogen peroxide than WT cells, and consumed it faster. In addition, tsa1tsa2 cells produced higher yields of the 1- hydroxyethyl radical from the oxidation of the glucose metabolite ethanol, as shown by spintrapping experiments. A major role for Fenton chemistry in radical formation was excluded by comparing WT and tsa1Δtsa2Δ cells with respect to their levels of chelatable iron ions, total iron and copper ions, and of 1-hydroxyethyl radical produced in the presence of metal ion chelators. The main route for 1-hydroxyethyl radical formation was ascribed to the peroxidase activity of Sod1, whose expression and activity increased about five- and twofold, respectively, in tsa1Δtsa2Δ compared to WT cells. Relevantly, tsa1Δtsa2Δ cells challenged with hydrogen peroxide contained higher levels of DNA-derived radicals and adducts as monitored by immuno-spin trapping and incorporation of 14C from glucose into DNA, respectively. Taken together, our results reinforce the importance of peroxiredoxins in the antioxidant defense show that the compensatory responses employed by yeast to counterbalance the deletions of Tsa1 and Tsa2 may be deleterious in the long time range.

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