Software Defined Networking (SDN) provides centralized control by separating the control plane from the data plane on network devices. Subareas of networking such as Quality of Service (QoS) can greatly benefit from this separation as QoS policies can be provided globally for the network. One way of providing QoS is to reserve and monitor network resources to guarantee a specific data rate for a requested transmission end-to-end. The presented thesis looks into possible ways of controlling the wireless medium using SDN to provide QoS. A method for providing QoS in a multihop SDN network supporting wired and wireless communication was implemented. The method was evaluated using network performance metrics such as throughput and packet jitter. The results of the experiments showed that the implemented method could limit bandwidth utilization and prioritize bandwidth usage for higher priority nodes. The performance of the network was concluded to have severe issues with dropped packets and irregular packet jitter spikes.

Les travaux de cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le contexte général des réseaux logiciels, dits "Software-Defined Networking" (SDN). Ce paradigme récent est l'une des initiatives les plus notables pour rendre les réseaux actuels programmables ou, en d'autres termes, plus simple à configurer, à tester, à corriger et à faire évoluer. Dans un écosystème SDN, l'interface nord (Northbound API) est utilisée par l'administrateur réseaux pour définir ses politiques et programmer le plan de contrôle, elle représente donc un enjeu majeur. Idéalement, cette interface nord devrait permettre aux administrateurs de décrire, le plus simplement possible, des services réseaux et leurs interactions, plutôt que de spécifier comment et sur quels équipements physiques ils doivent être déployés. Des travaux existants montrent que cela peut être notamment réalisé grâce à des solutions de virtualisation de réseaux et des langages de programmation dédiés de haut niveau. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de proposer une nouvelle interface nord qui, d'une part, exploiterait la virtualisation de réseau et, d'autre part, exposerait ses services sous la forme d'un langage de programmation dédié. Actuellement, plusieurs langages intégrant des solutions de virtualisation de réseau existent. Néanmoins, nous pensons que les modèles d'abstraction qu'ils utilisent pour construire des réseaux virtuels restent inappropriés pour assurer des critères de simplicité, modularité et flexibilité des topologies virtuelles et des programmes de contrôle. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons un nouveau langage de contrôle de réseaux nommé AirNet. Ce dernier intègre un modèle d'abstraction dont la principale caractéristique est d'offrir une séparation nette entre les équipements de bordure (Edge) et de cœur de réseau (Fabric). Cette idée est bien connue et acceptée dans le domaine des architectures réseaux. L'originalité de notre contribution étant de faire remonter ce concept au niveau du plan de contrôle virtuel et non de le restreindre au seul plan physique. Ainsi, des frontières logiques entre les différents types de politiques existeront (fonctions de contrôle et de données vs. fonctions de transport), garantissant ainsi la modularité et la réutilisabilité de tout ou partie du programme de contrôle. De plus, dans l'approche proposée, la définition du réseau virtuel et des politiques peut être totalement dissociée de l'infrastructure physique cible, favorisant ainsi la portabilité des applications de contrôle. Une implémentation du langage AirNet a également été réalisée. Ce prototype inclut en particulier une bibliothèque des primitives et opérateurs du langage, ainsi qu'un hyperviseur qui assure la composition des politiques de contrôle sur un réseau virtuel, et leur transposition (mapping) sur l'infrastructure physique. Afin de s'appuyer sur des contrôleurs SDN existants, l'hyperviseur inclut des modules d'intégration des contrôleurs POX et RYU. Une validation expérimentale a été menée sur différents cas d'étude (filtrage, répartition de charge, authentification dynamique, limitation de bande passante, etc.) dont les résultats attestent de la faisabilité de la solution. Enfin, des mesures de performances ont montré que le surcoût apporté par cette nouvelle couche d'abstraction est parfaitement acceptable. / The work of this thesis falls within the general context of software-defined networking (SDN). This new paradigm is one of the most significant initiatives to enable networks programmability or, in other words, to make current networks easier to configure, test, debug and evolve. Within an SDN ecosystem, the Northbound interface is used by network administrators to define policies and to program the control plane, it thus represents a major challenge. Ideally, this northbound interface should allow administrators to describe, as simply as possible, network services and their interactions, rather than specifying how and on what physical device they need to be deployed. Current related works show that this can be partly achieved through virtualization solutions and high-level domain specific languages (DSL). The objective of this thesis is to propose a new Northbound interface which will, on the one hand, rely on network virtualization and, on the other hand, expose its services as a domain specific programming language. Currently, several languages that include network virtualization solutions exist. Nevertheless, we believe that the abstract models they are using to build virtual networks remain inadequate to ensure simplicity, modularity and flexibility of virtual topologies and control programs. In this context, we propose a new network control language named AirNet. Our language is built on top of an abstraction model whose main feature is to provide a clear separation between edge and core network devices. This concept is a well-known and accepted idea within the network designer community. The originality of our contribution is to lift up this concept at the virtual control plane, not limiting it solely at the physical plane. Thus, logical boundaries between different types of policies will exist (control and data functions vs. transport functions), ensuring modularity and reusability of the control program. Moreover, in the proposed approach, the definition of the virtual network and policies is totally dissociated from the target physical infrastructure, promoting the portability of control applications. An implementation of the AirNet language has also been done. This prototype includes in particular a library that implements the primitives and operators of the language, and a hypervisor that achieves the composition of the control policies on the virtual network, and their mapping on the physical infrastructure. In order to rely on existing SDN controllers, the hypervisor includes integration modules for the POX and RYU controllers. An experimental validation has been also conducted on different use cases (filtering, load balancing, dynamic authentication, bandwidth throttling, etc.), whose results demonstrate the feasibility of our solution. Finally, performance measurements have shown that the additional cost brought by this new abstraction layer is perfectly acceptable.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:07:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VIDAL_Allan_2015.pdf: 1070441 bytes, checksum: fc9fafb0854ce0973a039837066393af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-08 / Redes-definidas por software (SDN) introduzem um paradigma de controle de redes que é centralizado em um software controlador, que se comunica com dispositivos de rede através de protocolos padronizados para configurar suas políticas de encaminhamento. Implementações existentes de protocolos SDN (como OpenFlow) são geralmente construídas para uma plataforma de controlador ou dispositivo de rede e restringem escolhas como linguagem de programação, versões do protocolo a serem usadas e características suportadas. Uma arquitetura de software que permita controladores e dispositivos de rede usarem o protocolo OpenFlow (em versões existentes e futuras) pode beneficiar desenvolvedores de aplicações de redes e fabricantes, reduzindo o esforço de de desenvolvimento. Para este fim, apresentamos libfluid: um arcabouço leve (simples e minimalista) para adicionar suporte a OpenFlow onde ele for necessário. Construímos uma única base de código para implementar suporte ao protocolo de maneira portável, rápida e fácil de usar, um desafio que envolve escolhas de tecnologia, decisões arquiteturais e a definição de uma API mínimalística. A implementação foi testada com sucesso em todos os cenários propostos e contribui com o estado da arte através de alguns novos paradigmas para arcabouços OpenFlow. / Software-defined networking (SDN) introduces a network control paradigm that is centered in controller software that communicates with networking devices via standardized protocols in order to configure their forwarding behavior. Current SDN control protocol implementations (such as OpenFlow) are usually built for one controller or networking device platform, and restrict choices regarding programming languages, protocol versions and feature. A single software architecture that enables controllers and networking devices to use the OpenFlow protocol (for existing and future protocol versions) can benefit network application developers and manufacturers, reducing development effort. Towards this goal, we present libfluid: a lightweight (simple and minimalistic) framework for adding OpenFlow support wherever it is needed. We built a single code base for implementing protocol support in a portable, fast and easy to use manner, a challenge that involved technology choices, architectural decisions and the definition of a minimal API. The implementation was shown to work in all proposed scenarios and contributes to the state-of-the-art with a few novel paradigms for OpenFlow frameworks.

L’utilisation de matrice de portes logiques reconfigurables (FPGA) est une des seules solutionspour traiter des flux de plusieurs 100 MÉchantillons/seconde en temps-réel. Toutefois, ce typede composant présente une grande difficulté de mise en oeuvre : au delà d’un type langage spécifique,c’est tout un environnement matériel et une certaine expérience qui sont requis pourobtenir les traitements les plus efficaces. Afin de contourner cette difficulté, de nombreux travauxont été réalisés dans le but de proposer des solutions qui, partant d’un code écrit dans unlangage de haut-niveau, vont produire un code dans un langage dédié aux FPGAs. Nos travaux,suivant l’approche d’assemblage de blocs et en suivant la méthode du skeleton, ont visé à mettreen place un logiciel, nommé CoGen, permettant, à partir de codes déjà développés et validés,de construire des chaînes de traitements en tenant compte des caractéristiques du FPGA cible,du débit entrant et sortant de chaque bloc pour garantir l’obtention d’une solution la plus adaptéepossible aux besoins et contraintes. Les implémentations des blocs de traitements sont soitgénérés automatiquement soit manuellement. Les entrées-sorties de chaque bloc doivent respecterune norme pour être exploitable dans l’outil. Le développeur doit fournir une descriptionconcernant les ressources nécessaires et les limitations du débit de données pouvant être traitées.CoGen fournit à l’utilisateur moins expérimenté une méthode d’assemblage de ces blocsgarantissant le synchronisme et cohérence des flux de données ainsi que la capacité à synthétiserle code sur les ressources matérielles accessibles. Cette méthodologie de travail est appliquéeà des traitements sur des flux vidéos (seuillage, détection de contours et analyse des modespropres d’un diapason) et sur des flux radio-fréquences (interrogation d’un capteur sans-fils parméthode RADAR, réception d’un flux modulé en fréquence, et finalement implémentation deblocs de bases pour déporter le maximum de traitements en numérique). / Using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) is one of the very few solution for real time processingdata flows of several hundreds of Msamples/second. However, using such componentsis technically challenging beyond the need to become familiar with a new kind of dedicateddescription language and ways of describing algorithms, understanding the hardware behaviouris mandatory for implementing efficient processing solutions. In order to circumvent these difficulties,past researches have focused on providing solutions which, starting from a description ofan algorithm in a high-abstraction level language, generetes a description appropriate for FPGAconfiguration. Our contribution, following the strategy of block assembly based on the skeletonmethod, aimed at providing a software environment called CoGen for assembling various implementationsof readily available and validated processing blocks. The resulting processing chainis optimized by including FPGA hardware characteristics, and input and output bandwidths ofeach block in order to provide solution fitting best the requirements and constraints. Each processingblock implementation is either generated automatically or manually, but must complywith some constraints in order to be usable by our tool. In addition, each block developer mustprovide a standardized description of the block including required resources and data processingbandwidth limitations. CoGen then provides to the less experienced user the means to assemblethese blocks ensuring synchronism and consistency of data flow as well as the ability to synthesizethe processing chain in the available hardware resources. This working method has beenapplied to video data flow processing (threshold, contour detection and tuning fork eigenmodesanalysis) and on radiofrequency data flow (wireless interrogation of sensors through a RADARsystem, software processing of a frequency modulated stream, software defined radio).

Denna studie fokuserar på att samla information om Software Defined Networking, dess protokoll och dess kontroller. Det som jag har lärt mig under arbetet kommer att användas för att utvärdera två olika kontroller, POX och ONOS. Ett traditionellt nätverks kommer att sättas upp fysiskt och användas som en grund för att jämföra kontrollerna. Den traditionella lösningen använder två routrar och fyra switchar, och egenskaper som testas är bland annat lager 2 och lager 3 samt deras protokoll för redundans. Kontrollerna kommer sedan att användas för att se om de lever upp till samma krav. Resultaten av denna studie visar att varken POX eller ONOS kunde användas för varje testat scenario, inte med de moduler som kontrollerna kommer förinstallerade med. Det visade också att de egenskaper som de levde upp till var en hel del lättare att konfigurera och övervaka jämfört med dess traditionella motsvarigheter. Detta visar vikten av att lista ut vad som behövs och förväntas från nätverket innan man försöker hitta en passande lösning för att utföra detta. All information som samlats i denna studie används också för att skapa en laboration som ska introducera andra till koncepten kring SDN. Den undersöker hur Mininet kan användas för att virtualisera ett nätverk, hur flöden kan installeras med OpenFlow samt hur en kontroller kan användas för att förenkla administration av ett nätverk. / This study focuses on gathering information about Software Defined Networking, it's protocols ans it's controllers. What I have learned doing this will be used to evaluate two different controllers, POX and ONOS. A traditional network setup will be set up physically and serve as a base when it comes to comparing the controllers. The traditional setup includes two routers and four switches, and among the tested characteristics are layer 2 and 3 and it's redundancy protocols. The controllers will then be used to try and live up to the same characteristics. The result of this study shows that neither POX nor ONOS could be used for every scenario tested, not with the basic modules the controllers comes with. It also showed that the characteristics they did manage was a fair bit easier to setup and monitor compared to it's traditional counterparts, thus showing the importance of figuring out what is needed from a network before trying to find a fitting solution to how it needs to be set up. All the information gathered in this study is also used to create a lab instruction meant to introduce others to the concepts of SDN. It explores how to use Mininet to virtualise a network environment, how to install flows using OpenFlow and how to use a controller to simplify the management of the network.

With the deployment of Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, mobile networks will become an important infrastructure component in the cloud ecosystem.  However, in the cloud computing era, traditional routing and switching platforms do not meet the requirements of this new trend, especially in a mobile network environment. With the recent advances in software switches and efficient virtualization using commodity servers, Software Defined Networking (SDN) has emerged as a powerful technology to meet the new requirements for supporting a new generation of cloud service. This thesis describers an experimental investigation of cloud computing, SDN, and a mobile network’s packet core. The design of a mobile network exploiting the evolution of SDN is also presented. The actual implementation consists of a GTP enabled Open vSwitch together with the transparent mode of mobile network SDN evolution. Open vSwitch is a SDN product designed for computer networks. The implementation extends Open vSwitch with an implementation of the GTP protocol. This extension enables Open vSwitch to be an excellent SDN component for mobile networks. In transparent mode, a cloud data center is deployed without making any modification to the existing mobile networks.  In the practical evaluation of the GTP-U tunnel protocol implementation, the measured metrics are UDP and TCP throughput, end-to-end latency and jitter.  Two experiments have been conducted and described in the evaluation chapter. Cloud computing has become one of the hottest Internet topics. It is attractive for the mobile network to adopt cloud computing technology in order to enjoy the benefits of cloud computing. For example, to reduce network construction cost, make the network deployment more flexible, etc. This thesis presents an potential direction for mobile network cloud computing. Since this thesis relies on open source projects, readers may use the results to explore a feasible direction for mobile network cloud computing evolution. / Med utbyggnaden av långa (LTE) Term Evolution nätverk, mobila nätverk kommer blivit en viktig infrastruktur komponent i molnet ekosystemet. Men i cloud computing eran, uppfyller traditionella routing och switching plattformar inte kraven i denna nya trend, särskilt i ett mobilnät miljö. Med de senaste framstegen i programvara växlar och effektiv virtualisering påråvaror servrar, programvarustyrd Nätverk (SDN) har utvecklats till en kraftfull teknik för att möta de nya kraven för att stödja en ny generation av molntjänst. Denna avhandling beskrivarna en försöksverksamhet inriktad undersökning av cloud computing, SDN och ett mobilnät är Packet Core. Utformningen av ett mobilnät utnyttja SDN utveckling presenteras också. Det faktiska genomförandet består av en GTP aktiverad Open Vswitch tillsammans med transparent läge av mobilnätet SDN evolution. Öppna Vswitch är en SDN-produkt avsedd för datornätverk. Genomförandet utökar Open Vswitch med en implementering av GTP-protokollet. Denna uppgradering gör Open Vswitch vara som en utmärkt SDN komponent för mobila nätverk. I transparent läge är ett moln datacenter utplacerade utan göra eventuella ändringar till befintliga mobilnät. I den praktiska utvärderingen av GTP-U tunnel protokollimplementering, de uppmätta mått är UDP och TCP genomströmning, end-to-end-latens, jitter och paketförluster.  Tvåexperiment har utförts i utvärderingen kapitlet. Cloud computing har blivit en av de hetaste av Internet. Således kan framtiden för det mobila nätet ocksåanta teknik cloud computing och dra nytta av cloud computing. Till exempel minska kostnaderna nätbyggnad, gör nätverket distribuera mer flexibla, etc. .. Denna avhandling presenterar en möjlig inriktning för mobilnät cloud computing. Eftersom denna avhandling bygger påopen source-projekt, läsarna använda resultatet av den att utforska möjliga riktning mobilnät cloud computing utveckling.

Thesis( M. A. (Computer Science)) -- University of Limpopo , 2021 / In Software Defined Cognitive Radio Network (SDCRN), network security is a significant issue. This issue arises when Software Defined Network (SDN) architecture integrates with the Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) technology. SDN is designed to improve network resource management, while CRN technology is meant at improving spectrum management. These technologies are vulnerable to several malicious attacks. These attacks include Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) and Primary User Emulation (PUE). Both the DDoS and PUE can be disrupt services in the SDCRN. To curb these attacks, schemes which hardens the security of SDCRN need to be designed. Thus, in this study we propose a security mechanism called Extreme_Controller_Mechanism (XCM) that reduce the effects of DDoS and PUE. The proposed XCM scheme was designed and evaluated in three simulation environment, the OMNeT++, Octave, and MATLAB simulators. The SDCRN data set was generated using the Neural Network back propagation algorithms. The data set was then used in Matlab to evaluate the effectiveness of the prosed XCM scheme. XCM proved to be effective and efficient at detection and prevention of DDoS and PUE attacks in SDCRN. In terms of memory and processor utilisation, XCM proved to the best when compared to other schemes such as the Advanced Support Vector Machine (ASVM) and deep learning convolution network (CDLN). But in terms of detection time, the ASVM was found to be the best performing scheme. Regarding our test for detection rate, false positive and false negative, the XCM, ASVM and CDLM performed the same. The results of the XCM were therefore the best and superior to the ASVM and CDLM. This can be attributed to the fact that the XCM scheme is optimised for DDoS and PUE attacks. We can therefore conclude that our XCM scheme is the best performing scheme compared to the ASVM and CDLN schemes.

The exponential growth of research and deployment of 5G networks has led to an increased interest in massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), as we are on the quest to connect all devices. This can be attributed to the constant development of long-distance and low-powered Internet-of- Things (IoT) technologies, or, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies such as Long-Range (LoRa) and Narrow Band- IoT (NB-IoT). These technologies are gaining prominence in the IoT domain as the number of LPWAN connected devices has doubled from 2018 to 2019. This increase in devices warrants a proportional number of gateways to push the data to the Internet for further analytics. The traditional LPWAN architectures do not provide dynamic scaling of resources or energy-efficient solutions. Thus, a Cloud-Native (CN) split architecture based on the functional characteristics of the components is a necessity. In this work, a software-based implementation of the LoRa stack on GNU Radio is designed and implemented using Software-Defined Radio (SDR). The LoRa gateway is implemented in software completely, replicating the functions of the hardware for communicating with any LoRa Network Server. Several experiments with different setups have been performed on the testbed to measure the resource utilization and packet delay of the LoRa Physical (PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers. Also, the testbed has been moved into Docker containers to emulate a cloud-based platform and make the transition faster. Higher throughput and lower delay (Improvement in the range of 1.3x - 6.7x) were recorded upon splitting the testbed into Radio Head (RH) and Edge containers. Finally, three potential functional split architectures including the gateway have been discussed while providing a fair trade-off between pooling gain and consumed bandwidth for a CN split architecture. / Den exponentiella tillväxten av forskning och distribution av 5G-nät har lett till ett ökat intresse för massive Machine Type Communicationsn (mMTC) eftersom vi är på jakt att ansluta alla enheter. Detta kan tillskrivas den ständiga utvecklingen av långdistans- och lågdrivna Internet-of-Things-teknologier (IoT) -teknologier, eller, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) tekniker som Long-Range (LoRa) och Narrow Band- IoT (NB-IoT). Dessa teknologier blir framträdande inom IoT-domänen eftersom antalet LPWAN-anslutna enheter har fördubblats från 2018 till 2019. Denna ökning av enheterna motiverar ett proportionellt antal portar för att driva data till Internet för ytterligare analys. De traditionella LPWAN-arkitekturerna ger inte dynamisk skalning av resurser eller energieffektiva lösningar. Således är en moln-infödd delad arkitektur baserad på funktionernas egenskaper hos komponenterna en nödvändighet. I detta arbete designas och implementeras en programvarubaserad implementering av LoRa-stacken på GNU Radio med hjälp av Software- Defined Radio (SDR). LoRa-gatewayen implementeras i mjukvara fullständigt, vilket replikerar maskinvarans funktioner för att kommunicera med någon LoRaNetwork Server. Flera experiment med olika inställningar har utförts på testbädden för att mäta resursutnyttjandet och paketfördröjningen för LoRa Physical (PHY) och Medium Access Control (MAC) -skikten. Testbädden har också flyttats in i Docker-behållare för att emulera en molnbaserad plattform och göra övergången snabbare. Högre genomströmning och lägre fördröjning (Förbättring inom intervallet 1,3x - 6,7x) registrerades vid uppdelning av testbädden i Radio Head (RH) och Edge containrar. Slutligen har tre potentiella funktionella splitarkitekturer inklusive gateway diskuterats samtidigt som det ger en rättvis avvägning mellan pooling av vinst och förbrukad bandbredd.

Layer 4-7 network functions (NF), such as Firewall or NAPT, have traditionally been implemented in specialized hardware with little to no programmability and extensibility. The scientific community has focused on realizing this functionality in software running on commodity servers instead. Despite the many advancements over the years (e.g., network I/O accelerations), software-based NFs are still unable to guarantee some key service-level objectives (e.g., bounded latency) for the customer due to their reactive approach to workload changes. This thesis argues that Machine Learning techniques can be utilized to forecast how traffic patterns change over time. A network orchestrator can then use this information to allocate resources (network, compute, memory) in a timely fashion and more precisely. To this end, we have developed Mantis, a control plane network application which (i) monitors all forwarding devices (e.g., Firewalls) to generate performance-related metrics and (ii) applies predictors (moving average, autoregression, wavelets, etc.) to predict future values for these metrics. Choosing the appropriate forecasting technique for each traffic workload is a challenging task. This is why we developed several different predictors. Moreover, each predictor has several configuration parameters which can all be set by the administrator during runtime. In order to evaluate the predictive capabilities of Mantis, we set up a test-bed, consisting of the state-of-the-art network controller Metron [16], a NAPT NF realized in FastClick [6] and two hosts. While the source host was replaying real-world internet traces (provided by CAIDA [33]), our Mantis application was performing predictions in real time, using a rolling window for training. Visual inspection of the results indicates that all our predictors have good accuracy, excluding (i) the beginning of the trace where models are still being initialized and (ii) instances of abrupt change. Moreover, applying the discrete wavelet transform before we perform predictions can improve the accuracy further. / Nätverksfunktioner i lager 4-7 som t.ex. brandväggar eller NAPT har traditionellt implementeras på specialdesignad hårdvara med väldigt få programeringsegenskaper. Forskning inom datakomunikation har fokuserat på att istället möjliggöra dessa funktioner i mjukvara på standardhårdvara. Trots att många framsteg har gjorts inom området under de senaste åren (t.ex. nätverks I/O accelerering), kan inte mjukvarubaserade nätverksfunktioner garantera önskad tjänstenivå för kunderna (t.ex. begränsade latensvärden) p.g.a. det reaktiva tillvägagångsättet när arbetslasten ändras. Den här avhandlingen visar att med hjälp av maskininlärning så går det att förutse hur trafikflöden ändras över tid. Nätverksorkestrering kan sedan användas för att allokera resurser (bandbredd, beräkning, minne) i förväg samt mer precist. För detta ändamål har vi utvecklat Mantis, en nätverksapplikation i kontrolplanet som övervakar alla nätverksenheter för att generera prestandabaserade mätvärden och använder matematiska prediktorer (moving average, autoregression, wavelets, o.s.v.) för att förutse kommande ändringar i dessa värden. Det är en utmaning att välja rätt metod för att skapa prognosen för varje resurs. Därför har vi utvecklat flera olika prediktorer. Dessutom har varje prediktor flera konfigurationsvärden som kan ändras av administratören. För att utvärdera Mantis prognoser har vi satt upp ett testnätverk med en av marknadens ledande nätverkskontrollers, Metron [16], en NAPT nätverksfunktion implementerad med FastClick [6] och två testnoder. Den ena noden skickar data hämtad från verklig Internettrafik (erhållen från CAIDA [33]) samtidigt som vår applikation, Mantis, skapar prognoser i realtid. Manuell inspektion av resultaten tyder på att alla våra prediktorer har god precision, förutom början av en spårning då modellerna byggs upp eller vid abrupt ändring. Dessutom kan precisionen ökas ytterligare genom att använda diskret wavelet transformering av värdena innan prognosen görs.

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