• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 32
  • 23
  • 13
  • 3
  • 2
  • Tagged with
  • 88
  • 80
  • 17
  • 15
  • 14
  • 13
  • 11
  • 11
  • 10
  • 10
  • 8
  • 8
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Evaluación del gen que codifica la enzima β - Hidroxipalmitato metil éster hidrolasa (βHPMEH) para la inhibición de la marchitez bacteriana causada por Ralstonia solanacearum por expresión en Solanum tuberosum “papa”

Fernandez Huaytalla, Elizabeth January 2016 (has links)
Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / La marchitez bacteriana causada por Ralstonia solanacearum E.F. Smith es la más importante enfermedad bacteriana que ataca a cultivos agrícolas como papa, tomate, banana, etc. causando grandes pérdidas en la producción. Desafortunadamente, su control ha sido difícil por su amplio rango de hospederos alternativos, por su supervivencia en el suelo, por su variación biológica y genética, por su poca fuente de resistencia natural y por no contar con métodos químicos apropiados. La búsqueda de métodos que confieran resistencia en una variedad de importancia alimenticia y económica sería una ventaja muy significativa. Sin embargo, es necesario primero conocer cómo el patógeno logra desarrollar la enfermedad en su hospedero, como se comunica y que estrategia usa para ser virulento y causar daño en la planta. Ralstonia solanacearum posee un sistema quorum sensing para la regulación de la expresión de genes de virulencia, la molécula 3-OH-PAME es el autoregulador de esta señal. Adicionalmente se conoce que la molécula ΒHPMEH hidroliza a 3-OH-PAME anulando así la señal de virulencia y por tanto la comunicación quorum sensing en R. solanacearum. Con este objetivo se realizó la evaluación del gen βhpmeh. Para ello, se diseñaron dos vectores que expresen este gen los cuales fueron verificados por análisis de restricción y secuenciamiento para posteriormente, mediante técnicas de Agroinfiltración, observar su expresión y su efecto frente a R. solanacearum en hojas de papa Solanum tuberosum. Los resultados de la expresión transitoria muestran que el gen βhpmeh retrasó la aparición de síntomas de la marchitez bacteriana y por lo tanto es un candidato para la transformación genética de S. tuberosum. / Tesis
82

Óleos essenciais e silício para controle da murcha bacteriana do tomateiro

LIMA, Meridiana Araújo Gonçalves 29 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-29T13:11:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Meridiana Araujo Goncalves Lima.pdf: 1167108 bytes, checksum: 93203a05064b2dbacc9e7b72b0813a60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-29T13:11:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meridiana Araujo Goncalves Lima.pdf: 1167108 bytes, checksum: 93203a05064b2dbacc9e7b72b0813a60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) is one of the most important tomato diseases in Brazil. The effectiveness of ginger and melaleuca at 1%, rosemary at 0.50% and bergamot, lemongrass, clove, citronella, eucalyptus, sweet orange, palmrose and sage at 0.14% (v/v) essential oils was evaluated in vitro and via biofumigation of the soil infested with Rs. It was analyzed the in vitro growth; the population of Rs in soil before and seven days after biofumigation; and the components of resistance to disease and the growth of tomato plants cv. TY 2006, 15 days after transplanting. The clove oil was fractioned and its major chemical component was compared with the essencial oil in relation to the variables already cited. The in vitro growth of Rs was reduced by 100% with rosemary, lemongrass, citronella, clove, eucalyptus and palmrose oils. The population of Rs in soil was reduced by rosemary, clove, lemongrass, ginger, melaleuca and palmrose oils, with emphases for clove oil, which reduced Rs populations by 42.3%. The biofumigation with clove oil reduced the disease incidence, bacterial wilt index (BWI), and area under the disease curve progress (AUDPC) by 90.2, 97 and 98.8%, respectively and elevated the latent period by 10 days compared as the control with tween 20. The eugenol was the major constituent (87%) of the clove oil showing the same reduction effects of the components of disease resistance. The clove oil and the eugenol acetate did not reduce the height, and the fresh and dry biomass of plants. In asecond experiment, it was also evaluated the effect of silicon (Si) supplementation on the production of tomato transplants cultivars (cvs.) Santa Clara, TY 2006 and Yoshimatsu 4-11. The transplants were produced in substrate without Si (-Si) or with 3 g of calcium silicate de calcium/kg of substrate (+Si) and transplanted to Rs infected soil. After 15 days of growing it was evaluated the resistance components; the plant growth by measuring height, and the fresh and dry biomass of plants; the chlorophyll index; the Si content in plant tissues; the Rs population in stem base; and the enzymatic activity of phenylalanine amonia-lyases (PAL), β-1,3 glucanases (GLU) and peroxidases (POX). The Si supplementation on cvs. Santa Clara and TY 2006 reduced severity (33.2 and 42%), AUDPC (23.1 and 19.2%) and BWI (21.7 and 10%), respectively. The Si supplementation in the substrate did not affect plant growth, the chlorophyll index; the Si content in plant tissues and the Rs population in stem. Higher activities of PAL and GLU were evidenced on +Si plants. Therefore, the soil biofumigation with clove oil at 0.14% and the production of tomato transplants in substrate with Si have the potential to be integrated in the bacterial wilt management. / A murcha bacteriana causada por Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) é uma das doenças economicamente mais importantes em tomateiro. Os óleos essenciais de gengibre e melaleuca a 1%, alecrim a 0,50% e bergamota, capim limão, cravo, citronela, eucalipto, laranja doce palmarosa e sálvia a 0,14% (v/v) foram testados in vitro e pela biofumigação do solo infestado com Rs. Foram avaliados o crescimento in vitro, a população de Rs no solo antes e sete dias depois da biofumigação, os componentes de resistência à doença e o crescimento das plantas em tomateiros da cv. TY 2006, aos 15 dias após o transplantio. O óleo de cravo foi fracionado e seu constituinte químico majoritário foi comparado com o óleo essencial quanto a redução da doença e demais variáveis citadas anteriormente. No ensaio in vitro, os óleos de alecrim, capim limão, citronela, cravo, eucalipto e palmarosa inibiram completamente o crescimento de Rs. A população de Rs no solo foi reduzida pelos óleos de alecrim, cravo, capim limão, gengibre, melaleuca e palmarosa, destacando-se o cravo com redução de 42,3%. A biofumigação com o óleo de cravo reduziu a incidência, o índice de murcha bacteriana (IMB) e a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD) em 90,2; 97 e 98,8%, respectivamente e elevou o período de latência - PL50 em 10 dias com relação a testemunha com Tween 20. Este óleo apresentou o eugenol como constituinte majoritário (87%), com os mesmos efeitos na redução dos componentes de resistência da doença. O óleo de cravo e o acetato de eugenol não reduziram a altura, biomassa fresca e seca das plantas. Em um segundo experimento, foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação do silício (Si) na produção de mudas de tomateiro das cultivares (cvs.) Santa Clara, TY 2006 e Yoshimatsu 4-11. As mudas foram produzidas em substrato sem silício (-Si) ou com 3 g de silicato de cálcio/kg de substrato (+Si) e transplantadas para solo com Rs. Aos 15 dias de cultivo, foram avaliados os componentes de resistência à doença; o crescimento das plantas, medindo-se a altura e o peso da biomassa fresca e seca, o índice reativo de clorofila; o conteúdo de Si na planta; a população de Rs no caule; e as atividades enzimáticas de fenilalanina amônia-liases (FAL), β-1,3 glucanases (GLU) e peroxidases (POX). A suplementação com Si nas cvs. Santa Clara e TY 2006 promoveu redução da doença avaliada pela severidade (33,2 e 42%), AACPD (23,1 e 19,2%) e IMB (21,7 e 10%), respectivamente. A suplementação com Si no substrato não afetou de forma significativa o crescimento das plantas, o índice reativo de clorofila, o acúmulo de Si nos tecidos das plantas e a população de Rs nos tecidos do caule. Foi evidenciada maior atividade enzimática de FAL e GLU nas plantas tratadas (+Si). Desta forma, a biofumigação do solo com o óleo de cravo a 0,14 % e a produção de mudas em substrato tratado com Si têm potencial como medidas a serem utilizadas no manejo da murcha bacteriana em tomateiro.
83

Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum: detection, characterization, new hosts and epidemiology in Spain

Ribeiro Teresani, Gabriela 11 December 2015 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ is a α-Proteo bacteria, Gram-negative, restricted to plant phloem and to the haemolymph of psyllids that act as vectors. This emerging bacterium has been associated with different diseases in different hosts and associated with carrot (Daucus carota) in Spain. Vegetative disorders of unknown etiology have also been observed in celery (Apium graveolens) since 2008. A real-time PCR protocol specific to ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ detection, using TaqMan probe and direct sample preparation methods have been developed. This technology has been validated in an intra-laboratory study (sensitivity 1, specificity 1 and accuracy 100%) and is available commercially as a complete kit. It has been demonstrated that ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ is associated with the observed syndrome in celery and a new bacterium haplotype (E) has been identified. With these results it is concluded that celery is a new host of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ (Teresani et al., 2014a). Using the newly developed real-time PCR protocol ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ has been detected in 42,6% of the carrot seeds lots tested and in individual seeds. The number of cells/seeds has been estimated in 4.8±3.3 to 210±6.7, which only 5% were viable. After 150 days post-germination, 12% of seedlings showed symptoms and tested positive for ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’. Liberibacter-like cells were observed in the phloem sieve elements of the seed coat and in the phloem of carrot leaf midrib from seedlings. These results demonstrated that ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ is transmitted by carrot seeds (Bertolini et al., 2014b). The collected arthropods were classified into families, and the superfamily Psylloidea was identified to the species level resulting Bactericera trigonica, B. tremblayi and B. nigricornis the main identified species. The population dynamics of different psyllids species visiting carrot, celery and potato has been determined, concluding that the highest populations are captured during summer. The bacterium has been detected in the different Bactericera species previous cited additionally to Bactericera sp. The psyllid species carrying the bacteria can be considered as possible vectors of the bacterium (Teresani et al. 2014b). Electrical Penetration Graphs showed that B. trigonica was able to feed in the phloem of carrot, celery and potato but not in the phloem of tomato plants. Experimental transmission showed that B. trigonica transmitted ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ from carrot to carrot, celery, potato and tomato. More efficient transmission occurred with ten individuals, and the transmission rates were 100% in celery, 80% in carrot and 10% in potato and tomato. The experimental transmission to potatoes threatens this crop (Teresani et al., 2014c). These combined results have built a scientific foundation of the biological and epidemiological aspects of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ contributing to new scientific information that is key in cultivation of celery and carrot to establish bacteria control strategies. The use of bacteria-free carrot seed lots will definitely contribute to mitigate damage and reduce risks of transmission to solanaceous crops. / Ribeiro Teresani, G. (2014). Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum: detection, characterization, new hosts and epidemiology in Spain [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48459 / Compendio
84

PLANT HORMONE PATHWAYS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN SOLANUM SPP. INTERACTIONS WITH THE SOIL ENVIRONMENT

Elizabeth A. French (5929676) 17 January 2019 (has links)
Plants regulate responses to their environment through complex hormone signaling; these hormones can be categorized broadly into two categories: growth and defense, though many have roles in both. Much remains to be understood about the complexity of hormone signaling in relation to environmental responses, especially species- and genotype-specific differences. Unraveling this complexity of hormone signaling will lead to the development of resilient crops that are able to respond appropriately to their environment. In this dissertation, I hypothesize novel roles for growth and defense hormones in <i>Solanum </i>spp. responses to 1) biochar, a black carbon soil amendment (Chapter 2), 2) infection with<i> Ralstonia solanacearum</i>, an economically important soilborne pathogen causing bacterial wilt (Chapter 3), and 3) endophytic colonization by the soil bacterial community (Chapter 4). In Chapter 2, I showed that biochar upregulates GA signaling and affects GA-related traits in a species- and cultivar-specific manner. Biochar amendment also downregulates defense signaling. In Chapter 3, I demonstrated a novel role for auxin in resistance against <i>R. solanacearum, </i>including differential expression of auxin signaling genes in resistant genotype H7996 compared to susceptible WV in response to <i>R. solanacearum</i> infection. In addition, I observed stronger and faster upregulation of defense hormone marker genes for SA and ET in H7996 compared to WV. In Chapter 4, I showed that SA and ET are required for normal tomato root microbial community assembly, affecting the colonization of a few key taxa in order to promote alpha diversity. H7996 and WV root communities differ in alpha diversity, and a panel of H7996 x WV RILs showed quantitative variation in alpha diversity that correlated negatively with the abundance of these key taxa. In conclusion, I elucidated novel roles for hormones in responses to the soil environment, pathogen infection, and root community colonization. These findings are important for developing resilient, sustainable crops.
85

Diversité de Ralstonia Solanacearum au Cameroun et bases génétiques de la résistance chez le piment (Capsicum Annuum) et les Solanacées

Mahbou-Somo-Toukam, Gabriel 02 March 2010 (has links) (PDF)
La connaissance de la diversité génétique de R. solanacearum autant que la connaissance du déterminisme génétique de la résistance sont importantes pour établir une stratégie de lutte contre cette bactérie ubiquiste. Elles permettent de choisir et d'orienter des méthodes de lutte et le développement d'outils de contrôle de quarantaine adaptés. Dans un contexte scientifique de plus en plus tourné en génétique par l'approche plante modèle et dans lequel les Solanacées occupent la place de plante pionnière d'une part, et d'autre part par l'émergence de contournement des résistances liées à la grande diversité génotypique et phénotypique de R. solanacearum (au point où on parle ici de complexe d'espèce), l'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à établir les bases d'un programme d'amélioration des Solanacées contre cette phytobactériose majeure au Cameroun. En recourant à une approche moléculaire, notamment la méthode de caractérisation phylophasique qui décrit la diversité génétique des souches de R. solanacearum en quatre phylotypes et séquevars, nous avons révélé l'existence de trois phylotypes dans ce pays d'Afrique dont la diversité agro-climatique lui vaut le surnom d'" Afrique en miniature ". Ces phylotopes sont le I (Asiaticum), II (Americanum) et III (Africanum). Les souches du phylotype III du Cameroun se sont révélées génétiquement distinctes des souches africaines de référence originaires du Zimbabwe et de l'Océan Indien. Les souches isolées sur pomme de terre dans les hauts plateaux de l'Ouest du Cameroun se classent dans les deux phylotypes, à savoir le II (r3-bv2) et le III. Ces souches du phylotype II et III des hauts plateaux de l'Ouest infectent aussi bien la pomme de terre que la tomate, et pourraient constituer une menace économique pour ces cultures dans cette région. Dans cette étude, les souches du phylotype I émergent en zone forestière humide comme une contrainte majeure à la culture des Solanacées. Ce constat a orienté le choix d'une souche de ce phylotype (CMR143) dans les travaux de la cartographie génétique de la résistance chez le piment. Pour ce faire, deux géniteurs de résistance différents CM334 et PM687 ont été considérés. Ces études génétiques ont montré une forte héritabilité de la résistance au flétrissement bactérien chez le piment. La détection de QTL par analyse de variance (ANOVA), par cartographie d'intervalle, simple (SIM) et composite (CIM), ont révélé l'existence de 3 à 6 QTLs et d'interactions digéniques dans le contrôle de la résistance du piment au flétrissement bactérien. Ces résultats confirment le caractère oligogénique de la résistance du piment au flétrissement bactérien. En mettant ensemble ces QTLs et ces interactions digéniques, 47 à 64 % de la variance phénotypique sont expliqués selon le caractère de résistance considéré. Par ailleurs, il est montré que la résistance du piment au flétrissement bactérien est fortement associée à la limitation de l'envahissement de la tige par la bactérie. De plus, cette étude a mis en évidence le caractère phylotype-spécifique de la résistance, car seulement 33% de facteurs génétiques contribuent au contrôle du flétrissement bactérien lors de tests avec le phylotype 2. La localisation de ces derniers permet de conclure en validant partiellement l'hypothèse de synténie entre la tomate et le piment.
86

Functional characterization of AWR affector proteins from the phytopathogen "R. solanacearum" (Caracterització funcional de les proteïnes efectores AWR del fitopatogen "R. solanacearum")

Solé Castellví, Montserrat 25 November 2011 (has links)
"R. solanacearum" is a devastating bacterial pathogen that infects "Solanaceae" spp. such as tomato, eggplant or banana. A functional T3SS is required for virulence and more than 70 putative effectors have been described, although only few have been studied. This thesis focuses on a five-member gene family of effectors named "awr". We demonstrated that awr gene family is extremely conserved among R. solanacearum strains but also present in other plant pathogens such as Acidovorax or Burkholderia spp. and even present in the human pathogen B. pseudomallei. Virulence of a Ralstonia mutant strain devoid of all awr genes was tested on tomato, eggplant and Aradidopsis. Plant growth of quintuple mutant strain was considerably reduced in natural hosts, indicating a role in virulence, but remained unchanged in Arabidopsis. Col-0 infection with Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 heterologously expressing each AWR was also performed. While presence of some AWRs in Pseudomonas did not have an effect on plant growth, others (like AWR5) dramatically reduced the pathogen multiplication, pointing out a possible plant detection. In order to unravel the functions of AWR proteins, they were transiently expressed by means of Agrobacterium in non-host Nicotiana spp. Upon AWR expression, necroses took place to different extents on the plant leaves. AWR5 induced the strongest necrosis, resembling an HR phenotype which was later confirmed by TB/DAB staining and by RT-PCR of specific HR marker genes. Furthermore, a strong reduction in yeast cells was experimented upon several AWR protein expressions which indicate that the mechanisms that might be altered by these effector proteins is conserved among eukaryotes and hence reinforces their role in virulence. AWR4 appeared not to be toxic in this model organism and for that reason we sought to decipher some of the plant targets of this AWR protein as a start point. Out of more than 60 interacting clones were sequenced after a yeast-two hybrid screening with Arabidopsis root cDNA from R. solanacearum challenged plants. Among them, several defense-related proteins were found: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, MPK6, DMR6 or KIN10. In order to find other key genes for AWR activity, the AWRs that displayed a strong yeast toxicity were heterologously produced in both E. coli and R. solanacearum to be ready to be employed as a bait for plant protein complexes that will be analysed by mass spectrometry. In summary, AWR are highly conserved effectors that play an important role in both pathogenesis and plant recognition as they reduce P. syringae virulence and trigger an HR-like phenotype in non-host plants. Deciphering effector function will open promising avenues towards the design of new strategies to control R. solanacearum. / R. solanacearum és un patogen bacterià capaç d’infectar diferents solanàcies com ara la tomaquera, la patatera, l’alberginiera o el plataner. Aquest fitopatogen injecta més de 70 proteïnes efectores en la cèl•lula vegetal hoste, tot i que només algunes han sigut ja estudiades. Aquesta tesi es centra en una família multigènica d’efectors: els AWRs. Els estudis científics duts a terme durant aquesta tesi van demostrar que la família de AWR no només estava altament conservada en el llinatge de R. solanacearum sinó que també es trobava present en altres fitopatògens o inclús en el patogen humà Burkholderia pseudomallei. A més a més, diferents assajos de patogenicitat en tomaquera i alberginiera van provar que els gens awr presentaven un paper clar en virulència per aquests hostes. Contràriament, la presència d’aquestes proteïnes en la planta model Arabidopsis thaliana produïen una disminució en la capacitat infectiva/multiplicativa. Això indicaria una dualitat dels efectors AWR depenent del context que ens trobem, ja sigui contribuint a la patogenicitat del bacteri o bé éssent reconeguts per la planta i així disminuint la patogenicitat bacteriana. Per tal de desentranyar les funcions de les proteïnes AWR, es van expressar de forma transitòria a la planta model no-hoste Nicotiana spp. L’expressió d’algunes proteïnes AWR va provocar una forta necrosi de les fulles que s’assemblaria a una resposta hipersensible. Mitjançant diferents tincions i assajos de PCR en temps real es va corroborar que l’AWR5 presentava aquest tipus de mort cel•lular programada. L’elevada toxicitat d’algunes AWRs es va demostrar també en llevat. En el transcurs d’aquesta tesi també s’ha realitzat un crivellatge en doble híbrid per tal de buscar proteïnes dianes de la planta per a l’AWR4 (la menys tòxica). A més a més, es va posar a punt l’expressió dels AWRs a E. coli o bé a R. solanacearum per tal d’abordar altres tècniques que permetin una millor cerca d’interactors en el futur.
87

Biology of Ralstonia Solanacearum Phylotype II in Host and Non-Host Environments

Álvarez Ortega, María Belén 30 January 2023 (has links)
[ES] El complejo de especies de Ralstonia solanacearum es el responsable de la marchitez bacteriana, una enfermedad que afecta en todo el mundo a cultivos y plantas ornamentales de gran importancia económica. El filotipo (ft) II raza 3 biovar (bv) 2 produce la podredumbre parda de la patata y la marchitez bacteriana de las solanáceas en climas templados, y se ha introducido recientemente en algunas áreas de la Unión Europea y de Estados Unidos, donde este patógeno se considera un organismo de cuarentena. La presencia de R. solanacearum ft II raza 3 bv 2 en estas zonas ha hecho surgir ciertos interrogantes sobre la biología y la patogenicidad de esta bacteria, algunos de los cuales se han abordado en este trabajo. De esta manera, se han evaluado aspectos del comportamiento, la capacidad de supervivencia y la capacidad para la inducción de la enfermedad, de cepas de R. solanacearum ft II raza 3 bv 2 de origen europeo en diferentes especies vegetales y diversas muestras de agua medioambiental. El comportamiento en cuanto a la colonización de R. solanacearum ft II raza 3 bv 2 in planta ha permitido realizar una clasificación en huéspedes susceptibles o tolerantes y en no huéspedes, en base a la localización histológica del patógeno y su aislamiento. Se ha observado que los huéspedes susceptibles y tolerantes eran intensamente invadidos a nivel del xilema de las raíces, pero densamente o bien débilmente colonizados, respectivamente, a nivel del xilema del tallo. Ninguno de ellos debe ser considerado como candidato para la rotación de cultivos en suelos contaminados. Por otra parte, se ha observado que en los no huéspedes no se producía la invasión a nivel del xilema de la planta, aunque podría haber presencia esporádica del patógeno en el córtex de las raíces o en la superficie y, por lo tanto, algunos podrían actuar como reservorios. Los no huéspedes podrían seleccionarse para los sistemas de rotación tras su evaluación en condiciones de campo. La capacidad de supervivencia de R. solanacearum ft II raza 3 bv 2 en microcosmos de agua medioambiental se ha visto influida por factores tanto abióticos como bióticos. El patógeno ha mostrado una resistencia considerable frente a la exposición a la oligotrofía como único factor de stress. Así, desarrolló varias estrategias que le permitieron sobrevivir en microcosmos de agua medioambiental durante cuatro años bajo condiciones de limitación de nutrientes, manteniendo la capacidad de inducir la enfermedad en el huésped incluso a través de riego. Las estrategias adaptativas para superar la oligotrofía observadas durante este largo periodo han sido la respuesta de supervivencia frente a la privación de nutrientes, la entrada en el estado viable no cultivable, una transformación progresiva de las formas bacilares típicas en cocoides de reducido tamaño, los fenómenos de filamentación y gemación, y la agregación. El patógeno también ha mostrado estrategias eficientes cuando ha sido expuesto a diferentes temperaturas simultaneamente a las condiciones de escasez de nutrientes. De esta manera, a 4°C el frío indujo la entrada en un estado viable no cultivable que fue dependiente del contenido en nutrientes del agua, mientras que a 14°C y 24°C las respuestas de supervivencia frente a la privación de nutrientes, aunque aparentemente similares, revelaron un efecto de la temperatura en la formación de los cocoides. Por otra parte, la persistencia del patógeno se redujo de manera significativa en microcosmos de agua medioambiental por la actividad predadora, competitiva o lítica de los protozoos, las bacterias y/o los bacteriófagos presentes en el agua. Entre todos ellos, se demostró que los fagos líticos fueron los responsables principales del descenso en las poblaciones de R. solanacearum, si bien los protozoos y las otras bacterias contribuyeron en cierta medida. El efecto fue más apreciable a 24°C que a 14°C debido a que las interacciones bióticas fueron más lentas a la temperatura más baja. Esta bacteria ha mostrado una gran capacidad de adaptación, consiguiendo sobrevivir y mantener su poder patógeno en prácticamente todas las condiciones ensayadas. La finalidad de este trabajo ha sido contribuir al progreso del conocimiento de las interacciones entre R. solanacearum ft II raza 3 bv 2 y sus ambientes naturales, para mejorar las estrategias preventivas tanto de la diseminación del patógeno como de la propagación de la marchitez bacteriana en dichos hábitats. / [EN] The Ralstonia solanacearum species complex causes bacterial wilt, a plant disease affecting economically important crops and ornamentals worldwide. The phylotype (ph) II race 3 biovar (bv) 2 produces potato brown rot and bacterial wilt in solanaceous plants in temperate climates and has recently been introduced to several areas of the European Union and the USA, where the pathogen has a quarantine status. Presence of R. solanacearum ph II race 3 bv 2 in these zones raised questions on biological and phytopathological aspects of this bacterium, some of them being addressed in this work. Thus behaviour, ability for survival and disease inducing capacity of European R. solanacearum ph II race 3 bv 2 have been assessed in a range of different plant species and diverse surface run-off water samples. Behaviour of R. solanacearum ph II race 3 bv 2 in planta has led to a classification in susceptible or tolerant hosts and non-hosts, based on the pathogen histological localization and isolation. Susceptible and tolerant hosts were highly invaded in root xylem but, heavily or weakly colonized respectively in stem xylem. They are to be avoided as candidates for crop rotation. Non-hosts were not invaded in plant xylem but, occasional presence of the pathogen in root cortex or on surface might occur and so, some of them might act as reservoirs. They could be selected for crop rotation systems after being carefully tested in open field conditions. Ability for survival of R. solanacearum ph II race 3 bv 2 in environmental water microcosms has been influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. When faced to oligotrophy as the only stressing factor the pathogen displayed a considerable endurance. It resorted to a number of survival strategies which enabled it to survive in environmental water microcosms over four years under starvation, retaining disease inducing capacity in the host even by watering. Adaptations to overcome nutrient limitation during the long period were starvation-survival responses, the entrance into a viable but non-culturable state, progressive transformation from the typical bacillar shape into coccoid forms reduced in size, filamentation and budding phenomena and aggregation. Survival strategies were also successfully exhibited by the pathogen when exposed to environmental temperatures simultaneously to nutrient scarcity conditions. Thus, at 4°C a viable but non-culturable state dependent on water nutrient contents was cold-induced, whilst at 14°C and 24°C apparently similar starvation-survival responses revealed a distinct effect of temperature on coccoid formation. On the other hand, indigenous freshwater protozoa, bacteria and/or phages with predatory, competitive or lytic activity reduced significantly pathogen persistence. Among them, lytic bacteriophages were the main responsible for the decrease in R. solanacearum populations, although protozoa and other bacteria also contributed. The effect was more appreciable at 24°C than at 14°C because of slower biotic interactions at the lower temperature. The pathogen was able to adapt itself, succeeding in surviving and keeping pathogenic in almost all condition. This work intends to contribute to the progress in the knowledge of the interactions between R. solanacearum ph II race 3 bv 2 and natural environments, which may allow to improve the strategies to prevent pathogen dissemination and bacterial wilt spread in natural settings. / [FR] Le complexe d'espèces de Ralstonia solanacearum est l'agent causal du flétrissement bactérien, une maladie qui affecte des cultures et des plantes ornementales de grande importance économique dans le monde entier. Le phylotype (phyl) II race 3 biovar (bv) 2 produit la pourriture brune de la pomme de terre et d’une manière générale le flétrissement bactérien des Solanacées dans les climats tempérés. Ce phylotype II a récemment été introduit dans des certaines régions de l'Union Européenne et des États-Unis, où cette bactérie est considérée comme un pathogène de quarantaine. La présence de R. solanacearum phyl II race 3 bv 2 dans ces régions a soulevé quelques questions au sujet de sa biologie et de son pouvoir pathogène, questions qui ont été abordées dans ce travail. Nous avons notamment évalué, chez R. solanacearum phyl II race 3 bv 2 d'origine européenne, l'aptitude à survivre dans divers échantillons de l'eau environnementale de surface et la capacité à induire la maladie dans des différentes espèces de plantes cultivées. Notre étude de la capacité de colonisation de R. solanacearum phyl II race 3 bv 2 in planta a permis une classification en hôtes sensibles ou tolérants et non hôtes sur la base de la localisation histologique de l'agent pathogène et de son isolement in planta. Il a été noté que les hôtes sensibles et tolérants sont intensément envahis à niveau du xylème des racines, mais fortement ou faiblement colonisés à niveau du xylème de la tige chez les plantes sensibles ou tolérantes respectivement. Aucune de ces plantes ne doit être recommandée comme candidat dans une rotation culturale. En outre, nous avons noté que le xylème des plantes non hôtes n’est pas envahi, bien que l’on puisse noter la présence sporadique de l'agent pathogène dans le cortex des racines ou sur la surface racinaire. Cela signifie que certaines plantes non hôtes pourraient potentiellement être des réservoirs d’inoculum latent. En conséquence les plantes non hôtes qui pourraient être recommandées dans des systèmes de rotation culturale doivent être évaluées non seulement au laboratoire mais aussi au champ dans des conditions naturelles. Nous avons montré que la capacité de survie de R. solanacearum phyl II race 3 bv 2 dans des microcosmes de l'eau environnementale, préalablement filtrée ou autoclavée, est influencée par des facteurs abiotiques et biotiques. L'agent pathogène fait preuve d'une résistance considérable quand il est exposé à l'oligotrophie comme seul facteur de stress. Nous avons mis en évidence différentes stratégies utilisées par cette bactérie pour survivre plus de quatre ans dans des conditions de limitation des éléments nutritifs dans des microcosmes de l'eau environnementale tout en maintenant sa capacité d'induction de la maladie chez un hôte sensible à la suite de sa dissémination par irrigation. Les adaptations utilisées par cette bactérie pour surmonter l'oligotrophie au cours de cette longue période ont été l'entrée dans l'état viable non cultivable, une transformation progressive des typiques formes bacillaires vers des formes coccoïdes de petite taille, des phénomènes de filamentation et de bourgeonnement et d'agrégation. L'agent pathogène a également utilisé des stratégies efficaces quand il a été exposé à des différentes températures de l'environnement en même temps qu'à des conditions de limitation des éléments nutritifs. Ainsi à 4°C le froid a entraîné un état viable non cultivable qui a été dépendant de la teneur en éléments nutritifs de l'eau. Par contre à 14°C et 24°C les réponses de survie face à la privation des éléments nutritifs ont induit la formation de formes coccoïdes. En outre, la persistance de l'agent pathogène a été considérablement réduite dans des microcosmes de l'eau environnementale par l'activité prédatrice, compétitive ou lytique des protozoaires, des bactéries et/ou des bactériophages qui étaient contenus dans de l'eau. Notamment, il a été constaté que les phages lytiques sont les principaux responsables de la baisse des populations de R. solanacearum, bien que les protozoaires et d'autres bactéries aient également contribués dans une certaine mesure. L'effet a été plus sensible à 24°C qu'à 14°C en raison d'interactions biotiques plus lentes aux températures plus basses. En conclusion cette bactérie a démontré une grande capacité pour s'adapter, survivre et de maintenir son pouvoir pathogène dans pratiquement toutes les conditions couramment rencontrées dans les conditions naturelles. Le but de ce travail a été de contribuer à l'avancement de la connaissance des interactions entre R. solanacearum phyl II race 3 bv 2 et les milieux aquatiques naturels ou les plantes hôtes potentielles, dans l’espoir de développer les meilleures stratégies pour empêcher la propagation de l'agent pathogène et donc du flétrissement bactérien dans ces environnements. / [CA] El complex d'espècies de Ralstonia solanacearum és l'agent causal del pansiment bacterià, una malaltia vegetal que afecta a tot el món a cultius i plantes ornamentals de gran importància econòmica. El filotipo (fil) II raça 3 biovar (bv) 2 produeix la podridura marró de la patata i el pansiment bacterià en plantes solanàcies de climes temperats, i s'ha introduït recentment en algunes àrees de la Unió Europea i dels Estats Units, on aquest patogen es considera de quarantena. La presència de R. solanacearum fil II raça 3 bv 2 en aquestes zones ha fet sorgir certs interrogants sobre qüestions biològiques i fitopatològiques d'aquest bacteri, algunes de les quals s'han abordat en aquest treball. D'aquesta manera s'han valorat aspectes del comportament, la capacitat de supervivència i la capacitat per a la inducció de la malaltia, de R. solanacearum fil II raça 3 bv 2 de procedència europea en diferents espècies vegetals i diverses mostres d'aigua d'escorrentia superficial. El comportament pel que fa a la colonització de R. solanacearum fil II raça 3 bv 2 in planta ha proporcionat una classificació en hostes susceptibles o tolerants i en no hostes, en base a la localització histològica del patogen i el seu aïllament. S'observà que els hostes susceptibles i tolerants eren intensament envaïts a nivell del xilema de les arrels, però densament o bé feblement colonitzats respectivament a nivell del xilema de la tija. Cap d'ells ha de ser considerat com a candidat per a la rotació cultural. D'altra banda, es va observar que els no hostes no eren envaïts en el xilema de la planta, encara que podria haver presència esporàdica del patogen en el còrtex de les arrels o a la surperfície i, per tant, alguns podrien actuar com a reservoris. Els no hostes podrien ser seleccionats per als sistemes de rotació cultural després d'haver estat avaluats en condicions de camp. La capacitat de supervivència de R. solanacearum fil II raça 3 bv 2 en microcosmos d'aigua mediambiental s'ha vist influïda per factors abiòtics i biòtics. El patogen ha mostrat una resistència considerable quan ha estat exposat a l'oligotrofia com a únic factor d'estrès. Així, va recórrer a diverses estratègies que li van permetre sobreviure en microcosmos d'aigua mediambiental durant quatre anys sota condicions de limitació de nutrients, mantenint la capacitat per a la inducció de la malaltia en l'hoste fins i tot a través de reg. Les adaptacions per superar l'oligotrofia que s'han observat durant aquest llarg període han estat respostes de supervivència front a la privació de nutrients, l'entrada en l'estat viable no cultivable, una transformació progressiva de les típiques formes bacilars a cocoids de reduït tamany, els fenòmens de filamentació i gemmació, i l'agregació. El patogen també ha mostrat estratègies eficients quan ha estat exposat a diferents temperatures mediambientals simultàneament a les condicions d'escassetat de nutrients. D'aquesta manera, a 4°C el fred va induir un estat viable no cultivable que va ser dependent del contingut en nutrients de l'aigua, mentre que a 14°C i 24°C les respostes de supervivència front a la privació de nutrients, encara que aparentment similars, van revelar un efecte de la temperatura a la formació dels cocoids. D'altra banda, la persistència del patogen s'ha vist significativament reduïda en microcosmos d'aigua mediambiental per l'activitat predadora, competitiva o lítica dels protozous, els bacteris i/o els bacteriòfags que contenia l'aigua. Entre tots ells, es va determinar que els fags lítics eren els responsables principals del descens en les poblacions de R. solanacearum, si bé els protozous i els altres bacteris van contribuir en certa mesura. L'efecte va ser més apreciable a 24°C que a 14°C degut a que les interaccions biòtiques van ser més lentes a la temperatura més baixa. Aquest bacteri ha mostrat una gran capacitat d'adaptació, aconseguint sobreviure i mantenir el seu poder patogènic en pràcticament totes les condicions. La finalitat d'aquest treball és contribuir al progrés del coneixement de les interaccions entre R. solanacearum fil II raça 3 bv 2 i els seus ambients naturals, el que pot desenvolupar una millora de les estratègies per a la prevenció tant de la disseminació del patogen com de la propagació del pansiment bacterià en aquests ambients. / B. Álvarez specially thanks the Marie Curie Foundation for a Marie Curie Fellowship at the IFR40 in Toulouse (France) and the Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias for a predoctoral grant. This work has been funded by the European contract QLK3-CT-2000-01598 acronym “Potatocontrol” and FAIR 5-CT97-3632 of the European Union, FD 1997-2279 of the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia of Spain and GV05/214 of the Generalitat Valenciana. / Álvarez Ortega, MB. (2009). Biology of Ralstonia Solanacearum Phylotype II in Host and Non-Host Environments [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191532
88

EXPLORING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF ROOT-MEDIATED RESPONSES TO <i>RALSTONIA</i>

Katherine Rivera-Zuluaga (17552421) 06 December 2023 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">Bacterial Wilt, caused by <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>, is among the most devastating plant diseases in the world. This pathogen causes significant loss in crops such as tobacco, potato, and tomato. <i>R. solanacearum</i> root infection and xylem colonization determine disease outcome. To date, little is known about the defense mechanism mediated by roots to prevent <i>R. solanacearum</i> vascular colonization during the initial infection stages. Plant early responses are important since they may impact disease outcomes<i>.</i><i> </i>Here, we report the formation of root hairs and primary root growth inhibition in tomato seedlings as <i>Ralstonia</i>-induced phenotypes that depend on tomato genotype and <i>Ralstonia</i> species. The <i>Ralstonia</i>-induced root phenotypes are independent of a functional type III secretion system and exopolysaccharide production (EPS). We also found that <i>R. solanacearum</i><i> </i>K60 infection increased auxin levels throughout the root meristem in wilt-susceptible tomato roots. Our data suggest proper auxin signaling and transport are important for susceptibility to <i>R. solanacearum</i> K60. Blocking auxin transport pharmacologically or genetically led to fewer wilting symptoms, suggesting that auxin is important during early infection stages and disease outcomes in tomato. We previously found that a tomato mutant defective in auxin transport and signaling, known as <i>diageotropica</i> (<i>dgt</i>), has enhanced resistance to <i>R. solanacearum</i> K60. We characterized the resistant response in the <i>dgt</i> mutant, and we found that the resistant response in the <i>dgt</i> mutant may be due to increased lignin content preventing pathogen vasculature colonization. <i>DGT</i> encodes a cyclophilin protein that regulates auxin transport and signaling. Mutations in the cyclophilin DGT promote resistance to <i>R. solanacearum</i> K60. DGT has been reported to regulate auxin transport and signaling. However, the molecular mechanism regarding how DGT mediates these processes is still unknown. We used Yeast Two-Hybrid to identify candidate protein interactors, and we found that SlbZIP1/SlbZIP29, Sl14-3-3, and SlMYB110 may interact with DGT to regulate both development and defense responses. Understanding the role of DGT, auxin, and lignin in defense responses to <i>R. solanacearum</i> K60 in tomato is necessary for Solanaceae crop improvement.</p>

Page generated in 0.0656 seconds