Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-07-05T14:11:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Final.pdf: 2449316 bytes, checksum: 3ddf1827ab91a2c84692f64d9ae89d4b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-07-11T20:58:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Final.pdf: 2449316 bytes, checksum: 3ddf1827ab91a2c84692f64d9ae89d4b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T20:58:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Final.pdf: 2449316 bytes, checksum: 3ddf1827ab91a2c84692f64d9ae89d4b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-21 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Os minitomates têm conquistado espaço no mercado devido a sua aptidão para o consumo in natura. No entanto, estudos acerca da melhor forma de condução das plantas, sistemas de cultivo, práticas de manejo e seus efeitos sobre a produtividade, necessidades climáticas, e normas de classificação dos frutos são assuntos a serem esclarecidos. A adoção de técnicas de cultivo de baixo custo e baixo impacto ambiental são preconizadas, e os sistemas de cultivo sem solo com recirculação da solução nutritiva drenada são os mais adequados. Diante disto dois experimentos foram conduzidos em estufa, no Campo Didático do Departamento de Fitotecnia, da Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, nos anos de 2015 e 2016. O primeiro experimento teve como objetivos avaliar o crescimento, o comportamento produtivo e a qualidade de frutos de minitomates dos tipos Grape e Cereja cultivados em dois sistemas fechados de cultivo (vasos e calhas), em substrato de casca de arroz in natura sob diferentes intensidades de desfolha (sem desfolha, uma e duas folhas removidas por simpódio). Também foi realizada a classificação dos frutos por tamanho, empregando-se um grupo de cinco peneiras com perfurações específicas para cada cultivar. O segundo experimento objetivou definir a influência da temperatura e da radiação solar sobre o crescimento das plantas de minitomateiro em estufa em ciclo de outono-inverno, bem como, encontrar o menor valor de radiação solar em que houvesse acúmulo significativo de massa seca pelas plantas. A cultivar Cereja apresentou maior crescimento com acúmulo de massa seca total entre 958 e 1623 g planta-1 , produção entre 7 e 11 kg planta-1 , e tamanho médio de frutos entre 9,7 e 12,0 g. A cultivar Grape acumulou entre 728 e 1015 g planta-1 de massa seca total, teve produção entre 4,62 e 5,84 kg planta-1 , e entre 6 e 7 g fruto-1 de peso médio. Os valores variaram conforme o nível de desfolha. A cultivar Grape apresenta frutos com maior concentração de açúcares, e a retirada de uma folha do simpódio não afeta as respostas produtivas. Entretanto, para cultivar Cereja é necessária a manutenção do simpódio completo. O sistema de cultivo em calhas melhora o crescimento e eleva as respostas produtivas, enquanto que o sistema de vasos aumenta a concentração de açúcares dos frutos. A desfolha diminui a quantidade de frutos classificados como grandes para ambas as cultivares. O sistema de calhas favorece a produção de frutos da cultivar Grape classificados como grandes. As peneiras 1, 2 e 3 são adequadas para a classificação de frutos. É possível classificar frutos de minitomates com o uso de peneiras específicas para cada tipo de fruto. As cultivares apresentam respostas semelhantes à variação da radiação solar e da temperatura. Porém, a cultivar Cereja apresenta maior área foliar e crescimento. A temperatura apresenta influência indireta sobre o metabolismo das plantas, enquanto a radiação solar exerce influência direta sobre todas as variáveis de crescimento. O limiar de radiação solar para as cultivares Cereja e Grape de minitomateiro é de aproximadamente 3,63 MJ m-2 d-1. / Mini tomatoes have gained space in the market due to their flavor for in natura consumption. However, studies on the best way of conducting plants, cropping systems, management practices and their effects on yield, climatic requirements, and fruit grading standards are matters to be clarified. The adoptions of low cost and low environmental impact techniques are recommended, and soilless cropping systems with recirculation of the nutrient solution drained are the most appropriate. Before this, two experiments were conducted in greenhouse, at the Campo Didático do Departamento de Fitotecnia, of Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, in Universidade Federal de Pelotas during 2015 and 2016. The first experiment had as objectives to evaluate the growth, productive behavior and fruit quality of Grape and Cherry mini tomatoes cultivated in two closed growing systems (pots and troughs), in substrate of raw rice husk under different intensities of defoliation (without defoliation, removal of one and two leaves of the sympodium). The classification of fruits by size was also performed, using a group of five sieves with specific drilling for each cultivar. The second experiment aimed to define the influence of temperature and solar radiation on the growth of mini tomato plants in a greenhouse in autumn-winter cycle, as well as to find the lowest value of solar radiation in which there is a significant accumulation of dry matter by the plants. Cherry cultivar presented the highest growth with total dry matter accumulation between 958 and 1623 g plant-1 , production between 7 and 11 kg plant-1 , and mean fruit size between 9.7 and 12.0 g. Grape cultivar accumulated between 728 and 1015 g plant-1 of total dry matter, had production between 4.62 and 5.84 kg plant-1 , and between 6 and 7 g fruit-1 of mean weight. Values varied according to the level of defoliation. Grape cultivar presented fruits with higher sugar concentration, and the removal of one leaf of the sympodium did not affect the productive responses. However, for Cherry cultivar it is necessary to maintain the complete sympodium. The troughs system improved growth and increased productive responses, while the pots growing system increased the sugar concentration of the fruits. Defoliation decreases the amount of fruits grading as large for both cultivars. Troughs system favored the production of Grape cultivars grading as large. Sieves 1, 2 and 3 are suitable for the grading of fruits. It is possible to grading fruits of mini tomatoes with the use of specific sieves for each type of fruit. Cultivars presented responses similar to the variation of solar radiation and temperature. However, Cherry cultivar presented greater leaf area and growth. The temperature had an indirect influence on the plant metabolism, while the solar radiation exerted a direct influence on all the growth variables. The solar radiation threshold for cultivars Cherry and Grape of mini tomato plant is around 3.63 MJ m-2 d-1.

Dans un contexte de limitation de l'utilisation des pesticides, une voie de recherche prometteuse porte sur le déterminisme environnemental actionnant les mécanismes de défense de la plante, entre autres, la production de métabolites secondaires. L'objectif de mon travail de thèse a été d'étudier le compromis entre croissance et défense (métabolisme primaire vs. secondaire) dans les tissus de la plante saine ou attaquée par différents bioagresseurs, sous différentes conditions de disponibilité en ressources. Pour cela, nous avons mesuré différents paramètres de croissance, les ratios C/N des tissus, les concentrations en principaux métabolites primaires (glucides simples, amidon) et en composés de défense (acide chlorogénique, rutine, kaempferol-rutinoside et tomatine) dans différents organes de tomate en culture hydroponique en serre ou phytotron. Nous avons observé que les variations des ratios C/N total et de ressources sont positivement corrélées à celles de nombreux composés de défense quelle que soit leur composition en N et C. De plus, nous avons montré qu'en présence d'un bioagresseur, les concentrations des composés primaires et secondaires ne suivent pas la même évolution selon leur nature. La synthèse de caffeoyl putrescine est fortement induite lors de l'attaque par P. syringae alors que la concentration en acide chlorogénique est diminuée. L'inoculation de P. syringae réduit les concentrations en glucose et fructose alors que P. corrugata stimule leur synthèse. Enfin, nous avons observé qu'une faible disponibilité en azote altère le développement de P. syringae, P. corrugata et Tuta absoluta mais favorise le développement de Botrytis cinerea. Nos résultats ont montré que le ratio C/N est un indicateur fiable du compromis croissance/défense dans le cas d'une plante saine. Dans le cas d'une plante attaquée, la répartition des ressources entre les différents métabolites varie en fonction du bioagresseur. Et chaque bioagresseur réagit de façon différente aux variations de disponibilité en azote de la plante. La maîtrise des conditions de culture apparaît comme un levier agronomique pertinent pour raisonner la lutte contre les bioagresseurs même s'il est difficile d'appliquer des règles générales sur l'interaction plante/environnement/bioagresseurs / Nowadays, limiting the use of pesticides is mandatory. A promising way for research deals with the environmental determinism of plant defence mechanisms, among others, production of secondary metabolites. The aim of my PhD work was to study the trade-off between growth and defence (primary vs. secondary metabolism) in healthy plant tissues or attacked by different pests, under different conditions of resources availabilities. We measured different growth parameters, C:N ratios of tissue, concentrations of main primary metabolites (simple carbohydrates, starch) and defence metabolites (chlorogenic acid, rutin, kaempferol-rutinoside and tomatine) on healthy or attacked tomato plant grown in hydroponic culture in greenhouse or phytotron. We observed that variations of total and resources C:N ratios were positively correlated to that of several defence compounds whatever their composition in carbon and nitrogen. Moreover, we showed that, during pests attack, concentrations of primary and secondary metabolites did not follow the same evolution, depending on their nature. Caffeoyl putrescine synthesis was strongly induced by P. syringae inoculation whereas chlorogenic acid concentration decreased. Inoculation of P. syringae induced a strong decrease of concentration of glucose and fructose whereas inoculation of P. corrugata enhanced their synthesis. We observed that a low N availability alters the development of P. syringae, P. corrugata and Tuta absoluta but promotes the development of B. cinerea. Our results showed that C:N ratio is a reliable indicator of the trade-off between growth and defence in the case of healthy plant. In attacked plant, the resources allocation between different metabolites varies with pests. And each pests reacts specifically to changes of N availability for the plant. Control of culture conditions appears to be a relevant agronomic tool to monitor the control of pests even if it is difficult to apply general rules to the interaction plant/environment/pests

A Solanum lycocarpum é uma planta encontrada em quase todos os estados do Brasil, podendo ser ingerida por animais em idade fértil e em condições naturais. Os frutos desta planta possuem glicoalcalóides esteroidais com propriedades semelhantes aos esteróides. Neste estudo investigou-se os efeitos na esfera reprodutiva causados pela ingestão de S. lycocarpum durante a puberdade de ratos. Os frutos secos foram administrados na ração (10%) desde o desmame até a idade adulta (70dias). Foram avaliados o peso corpóreo e de órgãos, o comportamento e a orientação sexual, os níveis de hormônios sexuais nas fezes, a bioquímica sérica, os níveis de neurotransmissores centrais e os achados anatomopatológico, tanto de ratos machos como de fêmeas. Observou-se os seguintes resultados: 1) Redução no peso corpóreo dos machos e das fêmeas; 2) Em machos, o peso relativo aumentou nos epidídimos, vesícula seminal e testículos; 3) Não houve diferenças no hemograma entre os grupos controle e experimental de ambos os sexos; 4) Alterações na bioquímica sangüínea sugerem leve toxicidade em células musculares e hepática; 5) Em fêmeas, não constatou-se nenhuma alteração no ciclo estral e no comportamento sexual; enquanto nos machos houve melhora do comportamento sexual e 6) Os níveis de neurotransmissores do estriado foi modificado mas não os do hipotálamo. Esses achados indicam que a exposição a S. lycocarpum durante a puberdade prejudicou parâmetros da esfera reprodutiva, em particular, dos machos. / Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil, a toxic plant common in almost all states of Brazil, may be consumed by animals in fertile age and in natural condition. The fruits of this plant contain steroidal glycoalkaloids with steroid-like properties. Presently the reproductive effects of S. lycocarpum fruit ingestion during puberty were investigated. The dried fruits were administered in the diet (10%) from the weaning up to adult age (70 days). The body and organs weights, sexual behavior as well as sexual orientation, the feces hormonal levels, hemogram and biochemical blood evaluations, hypothalamic and striatal neurotransmitter levels, and anatomopathological studies of male and female rats were performed. The results showed: 1) a reduced body weight in male and female; 2) in male, an increased epydidimis, seminal vesicle and testis relative weights; 3) no differences of controls and experimental groups of both sex in the hemogram; 4) blood biochemical alterations meaning slight toxicity in muscular and hepatic cells; 5) in female, no interference was detected in estrous cycle and sexual behavior; an improvement of male sexual behavior was observed; 6) that striatal neurotransmitter levels were modified but not in the hypothalamus. These results indicate that exposure to S. lycocarpum during puberty prejudiced the reproductive system, particularly in male rats.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-23T14:27:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Jos? Ant?nio Monte.pdf: 1144390 bytes, checksum: 831746c40c4d98b1c97c23c831d74f7c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T14:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Jos? Ant?nio Monte.pdf: 1144390 bytes, checksum: 831746c40c4d98b1c97c23c831d74f7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The irrigation regime for ?in natura? tomato cultivation was studied at the experimental area of the Horticulture sector of the Crop Science Department of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, located at Serop?dica-RJ. The first experiment was realized to evaluate the effect of the water lamina (40, 60, 80, 100 e 120% of ETc) on biomass and foliar area accumulation, to obtain growth parameters for a growth analysis and production of the culture, for Debora plus hybrid, a long life type. In the second essay, the influence of the irrigation schedules (TR0 every day; TR1 every two days; TR2 every three days; and TR3 every four days) was investigated, by the growth analysis and production of the same hybrid. In the third experiment, the growth and production was studied for three genotypes (Debora plus hybrid, a long life type; Carmem hybrid; and the variety Santa Clara), all for in natura use, all under the same irrigation regime. The results obtained in the first experiment demonstrated that the maximal biomass accumulation occurs between 70 and 80 days after transplanting, for all treatments. The quantity of water applied above 80% of ETc resulted in higher vegetative growth and general production, but with the same commercial production as for the others treatments. Above 80% of th Etc, there was an augmentation of defective fruits, with a higher input for the culture, using more water and energy, without an augmentation of commercial fruits of tomato. In the second essay, there was no difference among the irrigation schedules and, therefore, the longer schedule of every four days had the same fruit quality as the others schedules. The third experiment showed differences for the growth pattern and water and nutrient requirements of the genotypes. The quantity of water used by the Carmem hybrid was lower than for Debora hybrid, which indicated the necessity of detailed studies with different irrigation strategies for each genotype of tomato. Therefore, for an optimization of inputs use for the ?regulated deficit irrigation?, the irrigation management needs to be adequate to the different requirement, during the cycle, of each genotype / Estudou-se o manejo de irriga??o na cultura do tomateiro para mesa, na ?rea experimental pertencente ao Setor de Horticultura, do Departamento de Fitotecnia na Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, localizada no Munic?pio de Serop?dica-RJ, em tr?s experimentos de campo com o objetivo de foi estudar o desenvolvimento da cultura do tomateiro em rela??o ? capacidade de produ??o de fitomassa e a de frutos, em diferentes formas de aplica??o de ?gua atrav?s da irriga??o. Buscando maior efici?ncia no uso da de ?gua de irriga??o, com produ??o de tomate de qualidade vi?vel economicamente para o produtor e sustent?vel para o meio ambiente. O primeiro experimento foi realizado para avaliar a influ?ncia da l?mina de irriga??o 40, 60, 80, 100 e 120% da evapotranspira??o (ETc) da cultura na do tomateiro na acumula??o de fitomassa e ?rea foliar, e obten??o de ?ndices fisiol?gicos, para uma an?lise de crescimento da cultura e produ??o de frutos, do tomateiro h?brido D?bora plus, tipo longa vida. O segundo experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a influ?ncia do turno de rega (TR1 turno de rega di?rio; TR2 turno de rega de dois dias; TR3 turno de rega de tr?s dias; e TR4 turno de rega de quaro dias) no crescimento e na produ??o de frutos, do mesmo tomateiro. E, no terceiro experimento, avaliou-se tamb?m o crescimento e a produ??o de frutos de tr?s gen?tipos (os h?bridos, longa vida, D?bora Plus e o Carmem e a variedade Santa Clara), todos para mesa, sob o mesmo regime de irriga??o. Com base nos resultados obtidos, no primeiro experimento, foi poss?vel constatar que o m?ximo de ac?mulo de fitomassa ocorreu entre 70 e 80 dias ap?s o transplante, em todos os tratamentos. O aumento na quantidade de ?gua aplicada acima de 80 % da ETc resultou em maior crescimento vegetativo do tomateiro e incremento na produ??o total de frutos, por?m, com a mesma produ??o comercial de frutos das l?minas menores. Nas irriga??es acima de 80% da ETc, houve um aumento na produ??o de frutos defeituosos de tomate, tornando a cultura mais onerosa, com maior gasto de energia e ?gua, sem aumentar a produ??o comercial de frutos do tomateiro. No segundo experimento, observou-se que n?o houve diferen?a entre os tratamentos, e por isso o turno de rega mais longo, de tr?s dias, produz a mesma qualidade de frutos de tomate dos turnos de regas mais freq?entes, mas com maior potencial de economia de ?gua e energia. O terceiro experimento mostrou que existem grandes diferen?as quanto ao padr?o de crescimento e ?s exig?ncias, tanto h?drica quanto nutricional, dos diferentes gen?tipos de tomateiros. A quantidade de ?gua exigida pelo h?brido Carmem ? inferior a quantidade de ?gua exigida pelo h?brido D?bora, indicando a necessidade de estudos mais detalhados com estrat?gias de irriga??o nos diferentes gen?tipos de tomateiro. Portanto, para haver uma otimiza??o dos recursos aplicados o manejo da irriga??o, usando a ?irriga??o sob d?ficit controlado?, essa dever? atender as diferentes exig?ncias, ao longo do ciclo, de cada gen?tipo.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erica das Gracas Carvalho Nasu.pdf: 620647 bytes, checksum: 4225cd19a1f151776cb1c9ac1db4498f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The tomato crop is strongly affected by the root Knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. This nematode species is widespread in the Western region of Paraná State, Brazil. The strategies currently adopted on the control of this nematode emphasize the search for alternative methods specially those that contributes to the environmental preservation. Manipueira is a waste liquid residue produced by the cassava industry and found in large amounts at Western Paraná. The aim of this work was to study the chemical composition of the manipueira produced in Western Paraná and its nematicide effect on M. incognita, parasite of tomato crop. The chemical analyses were performed with homemade manipueira and industrial manipueira. The industrial manipueira were collected from three cassava industries in the Western Paraná. The homemade manipueira were extracted from four cassava cultivars. The chemical analysis showed presence of nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn in different concentrations from samples of different sources. The pH of the samples ranged from 6.0 to 6.6, DBO from 1.600 to 1.986 mg L-1 and free cyanide (CN-) from 25 to 40 ppm. The nematicide effect of manipueira on M. incognita was tested in vitro, in pots and in the field. in vitro tests followed the completely randomized statistical design with 12 replications. The treatments were manipueira 100%, and manipueira diluted in water at 75%, 50%, 25%, 15%, 10%, 8%, 6%, 4% and 2%, besides water as the negative control and the nematicide Carbofuran 50 mg L-1 as the positive control. Each replication was composed of one eppendorf containing 1 ml of each solution and 500 second stase juvenile stages (J2). After 24 hours, the living and dead nematodes were counted and inoculated on tomato plants cv. Santa Cruz Kada. In total, it was inoculated 1.500 J2/pot in four replications per treatment. The evaluation 45 days after inoculation was based on the number of galls formed per tomato. The in vitro tests showed that the manipueira treatments until 10% dilution had 100% mortality, being statistically different from the other solutions. The nematicide had a better performance than the negative water control. The essay developed in pots was carried out with the treatments manipueira 10%, 25%, 50%, water control and Carbofuran 2 g per pot. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 replications. Tomato plants were inoculated with 5.000 J2 and rested for 60 days before starting the treatments. After adding the solutions into the pots the tomato plants were cut at the soil level, being replaced by new ones. Variables such as plant height, dry mass, root length, number of galls and eggs per root and the reproduction factor (RF) were analyzed. The results showed that the manipueira treatments had a better performance than the others considering the most of features studied. The best treatments from the pot test were manipueira 10 and 25%. However, manipueira 50% was superior to the others as a nutritional source. The field experiment with tomato plants cv. Santa Cruz Kada,was performed from May to August 2007 in an area infested with M. incognita. The experimental design was completely randomized containing 4 treatments and 4 replications. The assessed variables were plant height, dry and fresh shoot weight, number of galls and eggs per root and fruit yield (g). The best treatments against M. incognita, in the field experiment, were manipueira 10 and 25%. The treatment manipueira 50% was also the most effective in field conditions as a nutritional source. In terms of crop yield, no statistical difference was detected among the manipueira treatments, which were statistically different from the water control and the nematicide. The results suggest that manipueira at 10 or 25% should be alternated with manipueira 50% in order to maximize its effect on M. incognita / A cultura do tomateiro é fortemente afetada por Meloidogyne incognita. As dificuldades de controle deste nematóide enfatizam a necessidade de obtenção de métodos alternativos de controle, os quais contribuam para a preservação do meio ambiente. Manipueira é um resíduo líquido gerado pela indústria da mandioca e encontrada em grande quantidade no Oeste do Paraná. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho estudar a composição química da manipueira produzida na região Oeste do Paraná, bem como o seu efeito nematicida sobre M. incognita, parasita do tomateiro nesta região. As análises químicas foram realizadas com manipueira caseira e industrial. As amostras de manipueira industrial foram coletadas em três fecularias do Oeste Paranaense e as de manipueira caseira foram extraídas de quatro cultivares de mandioca brava. As análises químicas revelaram teores variados de macro e micronutrientes como N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe e Mn nas amostras analisadas. O pH das amostras variou de 6,0 a 6,6, a DBO de 1.600 a 1.986 mg L-1 e o teor de CN- de 25 a 40 mg L-1. A ação nematicida da manipueira sobre M. incognita foi testada em ensaios in vitro, em vasos em casa de vegetação e a campo. Ensaios in vitro seguiram o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 12 repetições. Os tratamentos foram manipueira industrial 100%, e diluições em água a 75%, 50%, 25%, 15%, 10%, 8%, 6%, 4% e 2%, além da testemunha com água e o nematicida Carbofuran a 50 mg L-1. Cada repetição foi constituída por um tubo eppendorf contendo 1 ml das respectivas soluções e 500 formas infestantes J2 de M. incognita raça 3. Após 24 h da montagem do experimento, procedeu-se à contagem de nematóides vivos e mortos e a inoculação em vasos contendo duas plantas de tomate Santa Cruz Kada para os tratamentos até 25% de diluição. Foram inoculados 1.500 J2/vaso em quatro repetições. As avaliações em vaso ocorreram 45 dias após a inoculação, tendo-se contado o número total de galhas por sistema radicular de tomateiro. Os resultados demonstraram que os tratamentos com manipueira até 10% de diluição foram superiores aos demais, não diferindo estatisticamente ente si e apresentando 100% de mortalidade in vitro. A suspensão nematicida mostrou-se superior à testemunha com água. Os ensaios em vasos, contendo plantas de tomate Sta Cruz Kada, previamente inoculadas com M. incognita, foram realizados com os tratamentos manipueira a 10%, 25% e 50%, além da testemunha com água e o nematicida Carbofuran 2 g por vaso. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado com 4 repetições. Foram analisadas variáveis como altura de plantas, massa seca da parte aérea, comprimento de raízes, número de galhas e de ovos por raiz e o fator de reprodução (FR) em vasos. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos com manipueira foram superiores aos demais para a maioria das variáveis avaliadas. Os melhores tratamentos em vaso para o controle de M. incognita foram manipueira a 10 e 25%. No entanto, manipueira a 50% foi superior aos demais como fonte nutricional. O ensaio a campo foi realizado no período de maio a agosto de 2007 em área infestada com M. incognita e cultivada com tomateiro cv. Sta Cruz Kada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições. As variáveis avaliadas a campo foram altura de plantas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, número galhas e ovos por raiz e peso de frutos (g). Os melhores tratamentos a campo no controle de M. incognita foram manipueira a 10 e 25%. O tratamento manipueira 50% foi o mais relevante como fonte nutricional. Em termos de produtividade a campo, não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos com manipueira, mas sim dos mesmos em relação à testemunha com água. Os resultados sugerem que em futuros ensaios sejam intercaladas aplicações de manipueira a 10 ou 25% com manipueira mais concentrada a 50%, com o objetivo de maximizar o efeito da mesma no controle de M. incognita em tomateiro

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana_de_Jesus_Silva_Davi.pdf: 2712919 bytes, checksum: 9af947f2bdd1f277be5274ffa0e2819e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of four plant spacing, associated with four systems of tip pruning, yield and quality of tomato fruit in the system of organic production in protected environment. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment, in the Sector of Organic Culture of the Experimental Station Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos dos Santos Pessoa of the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), in the city of Marechal Cândido Rondon-PR, in the period November of 2008 until April of 2009. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block, in project of parcels split-split plot design in the space, with four repetitions. The treatments had been constituted by the combination of four plant spacing (0,2, 0,3, 0,4 and 0,5 m), in the plot, with four tip pruning (3, 4, 5 and 6 clusters for plant), in split plot , and six clusters (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 clusters in the plant), in split-split plot. The seedlings of the hybrid of tomato Alambra were transplanted on the 26th day after the sowing (DAS). The harvest began at 64 th days after transplanting (DAT) and finished on 119 th DAT. The following parameters were evaluated: fruit mass marketable and total for plant, fruit number marketable and total for plant, fruit individual mass marketable and total, fruit yield marketable and total, longitudinal diameter of normal fruits, transversal diameter of normal fruits, percentage of abnormal fruits, soluble solid text, pH, titratable acidity, height of plants and stem diameter. The data were subjected to analysis of variance of linear models to verify the significance of the effects of plant spacing, tip pruning, cluster and their interactions. Considering the conditions where the experiment was developed it can conclude that the fruits of the first clusters of the plant have a higher mass of fruit, independent of the tip pruning and adopted spacing; the tip pruning after the third cluster reduces marketable yield of tomato fruits, the plant spacing of 0,2 and 0.3 m provide higher total yield, and the tip pruning and planting density have a variable effect on fruit quality of tomato / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o efeito de quatro espaçamentos entre plantas, associados a quatro sistemas de poda apical, na produtividade e qualidade dos frutos de tomateiro, no sistema de produção orgânica, sob cultivo protegido. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, no Setor de Cultivo Orgânico da Estação Experimental Prof. Dr. Antônio Carlos dos Santos Pessoa, da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, no Município de Marechal Cândido Rondon-PR, no período novembro de 2008 a abril de 2009. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas no espaço, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de quatro espaçamentos entre plantas (0,2, 0,3, 0,4 e 0,5 m), na parcela, com quatro podas apicais (3, 4, 5 e 6 cachos por planta), na subparcela, e seis cachos (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 cachos na planta), na subsubparcela. As mudas da cultivar Alambra foram transplantadas aos 26 dias após a semeadura (DAS). A colheita iniciouse aos 64 dias após o transplantio (DAT) e terminou aos 119 DAT. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: massa de fruto comerciável e total por planta, número de fruto comerciável e total por planta, massa individual de fruto comerciável e total, produtividade de fruto comerciável e total, diâmetro longitudinal de frutos normais, diâmetro transversal de frutos normais, porcentagem de frutos anormais, teor de sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável, altura de plantas e diâmetro de caule. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância de modelos lineares para verificação da significância dos efeitos de espaçamento entre plantas, poda apical, cacho e suas respectivas interações. Considerando as condições em que o experimento foi desenvolvido pode se concluir que os frutos dos primeiros cachos da planta apresentam maior massa de frutos, independente da poda apical e espaçamento entre plantas adotado; a poda apical após o terceiro cacho reduz a produtividade comercial de frutos de tomateiro; os espaçamentos de 0,2 e 0,3 m entre plantas proporcionam maior produtividade total, e a poda apical e a densidade de plantio possuem efeito variável sobre a qualidade dos frutos do tomateiro

A Solanum lycocarpum é uma planta encontrada em quase todos os estados do Brasil, podendo ser ingerida por animais em idade fértil e em condições naturais. Os frutos desta planta possuem glicoalcalóides esteroidais com propriedades semelhantes aos esteróides. Neste estudo investigou-se os efeitos na esfera reprodutiva causados pela ingestão de S. lycocarpum durante a puberdade de ratos. Os frutos secos foram administrados na ração (10%) desde o desmame até a idade adulta (70dias). Foram avaliados o peso corpóreo e de órgãos, o comportamento e a orientação sexual, os níveis de hormônios sexuais nas fezes, a bioquímica sérica, os níveis de neurotransmissores centrais e os achados anatomopatológico, tanto de ratos machos como de fêmeas. Observou-se os seguintes resultados: 1) Redução no peso corpóreo dos machos e das fêmeas; 2) Em machos, o peso relativo aumentou nos epidídimos, vesícula seminal e testículos; 3) Não houve diferenças no hemograma entre os grupos controle e experimental de ambos os sexos; 4) Alterações na bioquímica sangüínea sugerem leve toxicidade em células musculares e hepática; 5) Em fêmeas, não constatou-se nenhuma alteração no ciclo estral e no comportamento sexual; enquanto nos machos houve melhora do comportamento sexual e 6) Os níveis de neurotransmissores do estriado foi modificado mas não os do hipotálamo. Esses achados indicam que a exposição a S. lycocarpum durante a puberdade prejudicou parâmetros da esfera reprodutiva, em particular, dos machos. / Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil, a toxic plant common in almost all states of Brazil, may be consumed by animals in fertile age and in natural condition. The fruits of this plant contain steroidal glycoalkaloids with steroid-like properties. Presently the reproductive effects of S. lycocarpum fruit ingestion during puberty were investigated. The dried fruits were administered in the diet (10%) from the weaning up to adult age (70 days). The body and organs weights, sexual behavior as well as sexual orientation, the feces hormonal levels, hemogram and biochemical blood evaluations, hypothalamic and striatal neurotransmitter levels, and anatomopathological studies of male and female rats were performed. The results showed: 1) a reduced body weight in male and female; 2) in male, an increased epydidimis, seminal vesicle and testis relative weights; 3) no differences of controls and experimental groups of both sex in the hemogram; 4) blood biochemical alterations meaning slight toxicity in muscular and hepatic cells; 5) in female, no interference was detected in estrous cycle and sexual behavior; an improvement of male sexual behavior was observed; 6) that striatal neurotransmitter levels were modified but not in the hypothalamus. These results indicate that exposure to S. lycocarpum during puberty prejudiced the reproductive system, particularly in male rats.

In dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene Ansätze verfolgt, um das Verständnis des Saccharose-zu-Stärke Stoffwechselweges in sich entwickelnden Kartoffelknollen zu untersuchen. Zunächst wurde ein induzierbares Genexpressions-System aus dem Schimmelpilz Aspergillus nidulans für die Untersuchung des Metabolismus von Kartoffelknollen optimiert. Es wurde herausgefunden, dass dieses sogenannte alc system schneller auf Acetaldehyd reagiert als auf Ethanol, und dass Acetaldehyd weniger Seiteneffekte auf den Metabolismus hat. Die optimalen Induktionsbedingungen wurden dann benutzt um die Effekte einer zeitlich kontrollierten zytosolischen Expression einer Hefe-Invertase auf den Metabolismus der Kartoffelknolle zu untersuchen. Die beobachteten Unterschiede zwischen induzierter und konstitutiver Expression der Invertase führten zu der Feststellung, dass die Glycolyse erst induziert wird nachdem ein ATP-Mangel durch erhöhtes Saccharose-Cycling kreiert wurde. Weiterhin lassen die Ergebnisse darauf schließen, dass Maltose in der Kartoffelknolle eher ein Produkt der Kondensation zweier Glucose-Einheiten ist statt ein Produkt des Stärke-Abbaus zu sein. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass die Expression einer Hefe-Invertase in der Vakuole von Kartoffelknollen ähnliche Effekte auf deren Metabolismus hat wie die Expression des gleichen Enzymes im Apoplasten. Diese Beobachtung ist ein weiterer Beleg für die Präsenz eines Mechanismus, bei dem Saccharose mittels Endozytose in die Vakuole aufgenommen wird anstatt über Transporter direkt ins Zytosol aufgenommen zu werden. Zum Schluß wird ein kinetisches Modell des Saccharose-Abbaus vorgestellt, das in der Lage ist diesen Teil des Stoffwechsels der Kartoffelknolle quantitativ zu simulieren. Weiterhin kann dieses Modell die metabolischen Effekte der Einführung einer Hefe-Invertase in das Zytosol von Kartoffelknollen mit erstaunlicher Präzision vorhersagen. Zusammengefasst zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, dass induzierbare Genexpression sowie Computermodelle von Stoffwechselwegen nützliche Hilfsmittel für eine Verbesserung des Verständnisses des Pflanzenmetabolismus sind. / In this work different approaches are undertaken to improve the understanding of the sucrose-to-starch pathway in developing potato tubers. At first an inducible gene expression system from fungal origin is optimised for the use of studying metabolism in the potato tuber. It is found that the alc system from Aspergillus nidulans responds more rapidly to acetaldehyde than ethanol, and that acetaldehyde has less side-effects on metabolism. The optimal induction conditions then are used to study the effects of temporally controlled cytosolic expression of a yeast invertase on metabolism of potato tubers. The observed differences between induced and constitutive expression of the invertase lead to the conclusion that glycolysis is induced after an ATP demand has been created by an increase in sucrose cycling. Furthermore, the data suggest that in the potato tuber maltose is a product of glucose condensation rather than starch degradation. In the second part of the work it is shown that the expression of a yeast invertase in the vacuole of potato tubers has similar effects on metabolism than the expression of the same enzyme in the apoplast. These observations give further evidence to the presence of a mechanism by which sucrose is taken up via endocytosis to the vacuole rather than via transporters directly to the cytosol. Finally, a kinetic in silico model of sucrose breakdown is presented that is able to simulate this part of potato tuber metabolism on a quantitative level. Furthermore, it can predict the metabolic effects of the introduction of a yeast invertase in the cytosol of potato tubers with an astonishing precision. In summary, these data prove that inducible gene expression and kinetic computer models of metabolic pathways are useful tools to greatly improve the understanding of plant metabolism.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden cDNAs, kodierend für bisher unbekannte stärkeabbauende Enzyme, aus Kartoffel isoliert und funktionell analysiert. Die Isolation der cDNAs erfolgte mit Hilfe eines Systems, welches sich der funktionellen Expression von cDNA-Bibliotheken in E. coli bediente. Die mit diesem System zur Expression gebrachten cDNA-Bibliotheken wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit hergestellt. Zum einen handelte es sich um eine blattspezifische Phagen-cDNA-Bibliothek (Proben wurden während des Tag/Nacht Übergangs genommen), zum anderen um eine knollenspezifische cDNA-Bibliothek aus kaltgelagerten Knollen. Nach der Überführung der Phagen-Bibliotheken in Plasmid-Bibliotheken wurden diese funktionell in dem E. coli Stamm KV832 exprimiert. Der Stamm KV832 wurde aufgrund seiner Fähigkeit, lineare Glucane zu akkumulieren, ausgewählt. Werden Glucan akkumulierende KV832 Kolonien mit Jod bedampft, so zeigen diese eine typische Blaufärbung. Nach der Expression der Plasmid-Bibliotheken in KV832 wurden solche Kolonien weiter untersucht, welche in ihrer Färbung von den blauen Kolonien abwichen. Mittels eines zweiten E. coli Stamms, PGM −, welcher ebenfalls in der Lage ist, lineare Glucane zu akkumulieren, wurden die Ergebnisse für KV832 bestätigt. Die funktionelle Expression der Bibliotheken führte zur Isolation einer Reihe von unbekannten cDNAs. Zwei dieser cDNAs wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit weiterführend untersucht. Zum einen handelte es sich um eine cDNA, die für eine bis dahin unbekannte β-Amylase aus Kartoffel kodierte und deren Homolog aus Arabidopsis (CT-BMY) im Laufe dieser Arbeit von Lao et al. (1999) veröffentlicht wurde, zum anderen um eine cDNA, die für ein unbekanntes Enzym kodierte (DSD10). Das Arabidopsis Homolog zu DSD10 wurde im Zuge der Arabidopsis Genominitiative Ende 2000 publiziert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die isolierte β-Amylase cDNA für eine funktionelle β-Amylase kodiert und dieses Enzym in der Lage ist, neben löslicher auch rohe Stärke anzugreifen. Lokalisationsexperimente zeigten, dass das Enzym in isolierte Erbsenchloroplasten importiert wurde und dass die 100 N-terminalen Aminosäuren für den Import in die Plastiden ausreichten. Die β-Amylase wurde als PCT-BMYI bezeichnet. Die »antisense«-Inhibierung von PCT-BMYI führte zu einem Hochstärke-Phänotyp der Blätter, sowie zu einem Anstieg der Trockenmasse. Der Hochstärke-Phänotyp ist auf eine Reduktion der Stärkemobilisierung und die daraus folgende Akkumulation der Stärke während der Vegetationsperiode zurückzuführen. Damit konnte erstmals die physiologische Bedeutung einer β-Amylase für den Abbau der transitorischen Stärke gezeigt werden. Kein Einfluss zeigte die »antisense« Inhibierung von PCT-BMYI auf den kälteinduzierten Abbau der Speicherstärke in Knollen. Es konnte auch kein Unterschied im Keimverhalten oder der Entwicklung der neuen Pflanze beobachtet werden. Ein Teil der Ergebnisse zu PCT-BMYI wurde bereits publiziert (Scheidig et al., 2002). Die isolierten cDNAs dsd10, sgeI (die Volllängen cDNA zu dsd10) und das Arabidopsis Homolog asgeI kodieren für Enzyme, welche α-Amylase-Aktivität besitzen, aber keine Homologie zu bekannten α-Amylasen aufweisen. Ein mögliches Glucoamylase Motiv erwies sich für die Aktivität des Proteins als essentiell. Lokalisationsexperimente deuteten auf den Import des SGEI Proteins in isolierte Erbsenchloroplasten hin. Die »antisense«-Inhibierung von sgeI führte in den entsprechenden Linien zu einem Hochstärke-Phänotyp in Blättern, einem Anstieg der Trockenmasse in Blättern, sowie zu größeren Stärkekörnern in einer der untersuchten Linien. Ein nicht erwarteter Effekt zeigte sich in Blättern der entsprechenden Linien, welche für längere Zeit dunkel gehalten wurden. Die Blätter der untransformierten Kontrolle waren abgestorben, wohingegen die Blätter der SGEI »antisense« Linien grün und vital erschienen. Die α- und β-Amylase-Aktivität war in Blättern der SGEI »antisense« Linien reduziert, weshalb eine genaue Zuordnung der Funktion von SGEI nicht möglich war. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zu den SGEI »antisense« Linien deuten aber darauf hin, dass der beobachtete Hochstärke-Phänotyp nicht alleine auf die Reduktion der β-Amylase-Aktivität zurückzuführen ist. Ein Einfluss von SGEI auf den kälteinduzierten Abbau der Speicherstärke konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Es konnte auch hier kein Unterschied im Keimverhalten oder der Entwicklung der neuen Pflanze beobachtet werden. / In the presented work, previously unidentified starch metabolic genes from potato were isolated and functionally characterized. Gene isolation proceeded using a cDNA library system that allows the functional expression of potato genes in E. coli. The generated libraries included 1) a phage vector-based, leaf-specific cDNA library generated from mRNA isolated during the day/night transition and 2) a phage vector-based, tuber-specific cDNA library generated from mRNA isolated from potato tubers after cold storage. After in vivo mass Excision of the phage library, the resulting plasmid libraries were functionally expressed in E. coli strain, KV832. This strain was selected for its ability to accumulate linear glucans. Reaction with iodine vapour in glucan-producing KV832 colonies results in a characteristic blue hue. The expression library was thus screened for colonies in which the blue hue was diminished, a potential indicator of the expression of starch degrading enzymes. Library clones from the selected colonies were reconfirmed in PGM−, an alternative E. coli that also accumulates linear glucans. The above expression and screening program allowed isolation of a series of previously uncharacterized cDNA clones. Two such clones were investigated in depth in the remainder of the presented work. The first of these cDNA clones comprised a gene for a hitherto unidentified β-amylase function. The second encoded a functional truncation of a previously unknown enzyme, and was designated DSD10. The full length version of this gene was isolated and designated sgeI. Homologs of both full-length genes have since been identified in Arabidopsis: the former was published as CT-BMY by Lao et al. (1999), while the latter was published in the course of the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative at the end of 2000. Demonstrated in the course of this work is that the first of these isolated amylase cDNAs encodes a functional β-amylase enzyme that hydrolyses raw as well as soluble starch. Enzyme localization experiments showed that the 100 N-terminal amino acids are sufficient to effect import into isolated pea chloroplasts, which is supportive of plastid-targeted localization in potato. This novel β-amylase was designated as PCT-BMYI. Whole-plant antisense inhibition of PCT-BMYI in the potato plant resulted in a high-starch phenotype in the leaf, as well as to an increase in leaf dry weight. The high-starch phenotype was caused by a reduction in starch mobilization and the resulting accumulation of starch during the vegetative phase. This represents the first demonstration of the physiological role of a β-amylase in the metabolism of transitory starch deposits. In contrast to its role in the leaf, antisense inhibition of PCT-BMY1 resulted in no observable alteration in cold-induced metabolism of storage starch in the potato tuber. Additionally, inhibition of PCT-BMY1 resulted in no observable alteration in tuber sprouting, nor in the development of the potato plants. A portion of the results regarding PCT-BMYI have been published (Scheidig et al., 2002). The second isolated gene, sgeI, and its Arabidopsis homolog, asgeI, encode enzymes with α-amylase activity, but neither show homology to known α-amylases. A putative glucoamylase motif, however, was found to be essential for activity of the sgeI gene product, SGEI. As was the case for PCT-BMY1, localization experiments demonstrated import of SGEI into isolated pea chloroplasts, again suggesting plastid localization in potato. Antisense inhibition of sgeI in potato lead to a high-starch phenotype in the leaf and an increase in the leaf dry weight, but also to an increase in starch granule size in one of the studied potato lines. Longer term storage of such lines in the absence of light resulted in an unexpected phenomenon. While the wild type control leaves withered and died within days, the sgeI antisense lines appeared green and healthy for over two weeks. The reason for this may be the metabolism of the stored, hyper-accumulated starch, both due to and despite the initial antisense suppression of sgeI. The exact roll of SGEI in these experiments was complicated by the observed simultaneous suppression of both α- und β-amylase activity in the sgeI antisense lines. The clear quantitative differences in the observed high-starch phenotypes of the sgeI and PCT-BMY1 lines, however, suggest that these phenotypic differences were not due to suppression of β-amylase activity alone. SGEI suppression resulted in no observed differences in sprouting, development of potato plants, or in the metabolism of storage starch in the potato tuber.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objectives of this dissertation were to determine the phyllochron, the final leaf number on the main stem and the duration of developmental stages to characterize leaf growth during the developmental cycle and to determine the tuber yield of tenadvanced potato clones of the Potato Breeding and Genetics Program of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) and two potato cultivars grown in spring and fall conditions in Santa Maria, Depression Central Region of the Rio Grande do Sul State. Two field experiments were conducted during Spring 2010 and Fall 2011 at the experimental field of the, Santa Maria, RS. The advanced potato clones were: SMINIA 00017-6, SMINIA 793101-3, SMINIA 02106-11, SJSM 00211-3, SJSM 03478-37, SJSM 01212-2, SJSM 01274-4, SJSM 04503-9, SJSM 02349 - 1 and SJSM 02317-3. The two potato cultivars were Asterix and Macaca. The planting density was 3.79 hills m-2. The experiment was a complete randomized block design with seven replications. After emergence, four plants in each plot were marked and on these plants the number of leaves on the main stem were counted twice a week and on one of these plants the length of the leaves was measured once a week to determine the green leaf area index. Tuber initiation was determined by collecting four plants of each clone at the border rows. The phyllochron was calculated by the inverse of the slope of the linear regression between leaf number and accumulated thermal time. Power-like nonlinear models were used to relate leaf length and leaf area. For determining tuber yield all the hills were used. The phyllochron varied from 17.0°C to 21.5°C day leaf the in Spring and from 14.8°C to 22.1° C in the Fall. There are differences of the duration of vegetative and tuberization phases and the final leaf number among clones, cultivars and growing seasons. The evolution of leaf area index throughout the developmental cycle was different in the advanced clones and in the cultivars during the two growing seasons. The of advanced clones showed high tuber yield in both Spring and Fall growing seasons. / Os objetivos nesta dissertação foram determinar o filocrono, o número final de folhas na haste principal e a duração das fases de desenvolvimento, caracterizar o crescimento foliar durante o ciclo de desenvolvimento e determinar a produtividade de tubérculos de dez clones avançados do Programa de Genética e Melhoramento de Batata da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) e de duas cultivares de batata em cultivo de primavera e outono em Santa Maria, região da Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos durante a primavera de 2010 e o outono de 2011, na área experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFSM, Santa Maria, RS. Foram utilizados os clones avançados SMINIA 00017-6, SMINIA 793101-3, SMINIA 02106-11, SJSM 00211-3, SJSM 03478-37, SJSM 01212-2, SJSM 01274-4, SJSM 04503-9, SJSM 02349-1 e SJSM 02317-3 selecionadas pelo Programa de Genética e Melhoramento de Batata da UFSM e as cultivares Asterix e Macaca. A densidade de plantio foi de 3,79 covas m-2. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com sete repetições. Após a emergência, quatro plantas em cada parcela foram identificadas com anel colorido e nestas foram contadas, duas vezes por semana, o número de folhas na haste principal e, em uma destas plantas, semanalmente foi medido o comprimento das folhas para determinação do índice de área foliar verde. A data do início da tuberização foi determinada coletando-se a cada dois dias quatro plantas de cada clone nas linhas da bordadura. O filocrono foi calculado pelo inverso do coeficiente angular da regressão linear entre o número de folhas e a soma térmica acumulada. Obtiveram-se modelos não lineares do tipo potência para relacionar o comprimento das folhas com o índice de área foliar. Para determinação da produtividade foram utilizadas todas as covas da parcela. O filocrono variou de 17,0°C a 21,5°C dia folha-1, no cultivo de primavera, e de 14,8°C a 22,1°C dia folha-1, no cultivo de outono. Houve diferença na duração das fases vegetativa e de tuberização e do número final de folhas entre os clones avançados, as cultivares e as épocas de cultivo. A evolução do índice de área foliar foi diferente ao longo do ciclo de desenvolvimento nos clones avançados e nas cultivares nas duas épocas de cultivo. No cultivo de primavera e no cultivo de outono os clones avançados apresentaram elevada produtividade de tubérculos de batata.