Os aproveitamentos de energia solar em aplicações térmicas ou para a produção de energia elétrica são cada vez mais importantes, por se tratarem de fontes de energia. Os estudos acerca dessas fontes estão se intensificando, a fim de melhorar seus desempenhos e suas aplicações para as condições atuais de desenvolvimento pelo mundo. Uma dessas tecnologias que utilizam como fonte a energia solar, desenvolvida nos últimos 30 anos, é o coletor híbrido térmico fotovoltaico. Esse coletor converte a energia proveniente da radiação solar em energia térmica e elétrica, simultaneamente, com a superposição de um módulo fotovoltaico a um coletor solar de placa plana, podendo ser promissor no progresso de novas tecnologias. Um coletor híbrido térmico fotovoltaico tem sua eficiência térmica menor que um coletor térmico convencional, decorrente de uma maior perda de calor para o meio, pois, em geral, o coletor não tem proteção contra o vento, como a cobertura transparente em um coletor convencional. A eficiência elétrica desses coletores híbridos é maior quando comparada a um sistema fotovoltaico convencional, pois há um resfriamento devido à passagem do fluido na parte posterior desses módulos. Para uma avaliação dessas eficiências, no presente trabalho, foram instalados três tipos de tecnologias que utilizam a energia solar como fonte, (um módulo fotovoltaico, um coletor híbrido térmico fotovoltaico e um coletor solar de placa plana) a fim de comparar os resultados de seus rendimentos, separadamente, atribuindo as mesmas condições meteorológicas em todos eles. A eficiência térmica máxima do coletor híbrido térmico fotovoltaico teve seu valor 3 vezes menor que o do coletor de placa plana utilizado. Já a eficiência elétrica de cada módulo teve um aumento de 5,5% comparando a diferença de energia elétrica gerada ao longo de um ano. Com esses resultados, pode-se dizer que melhorias na parte térmica do coletor híbrido térmico fotovoltaico poderiam ser feitas, de forma a aumentar seu desempenho térmico sem comprometer o rendimento das suas células fotovoltaicas. / The use of solar energy for thermal application and production of electric energy is becoming more important, because it is a form of clean and renewable energy. The studies of these sources are intensifying to improve the performance of these technologies and their applications for the current conditions of the development around the world. One of this technologies using as a source solar energy, developed in the last 30 years is the photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector. This collector simultaneously converts the solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy, with the superposition of a photovoltaic module on a flat plate solar collector, may be promising in the progress of new technologies. That a photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector has a lower thermal efficiency than a conventional thermal collector, due a greater loss of heat to the environment, because in general the collector has no protection from the wind, as the transparent cover in a conventional collector. The electrical efficiency of these hybrid collectors is higher compared to a conventional photovoltaic, because their cells are cooled by the water passing in the back of the photovoltaic plate. For an evaluation of efficiencies, it were installed three types of technologies that use solar energy as energy source (a photovoltaic module, a thermal hybrid collector and a flat plate solar collector) to separately compare the results of their performance, exposing them all of the same meteorological conditions. The maximum thermal efficiency of the photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector was determined being three times lower value than the flat plate collector one. The electrical efficiency of each module was increased by 5.5 % comparing the difference of the electrical energy generated over a whole year. These results indicate that improvements in the thermal part of the photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector could be made, increasing the thermal performance without compromise their solar cells efficiency.

In this thesis report for Dalarna University in Borlange and Absolicon company the study of a possibility to add an array of concentrating solar collectors to a Torsång district heating system was done. The whole idea of this work was to make a simulation of this kind of system, trying to get 15-20% of solar fraction, and make an economical evaluation. At the same time, another goal was to make two comparisons: between concentrating and flat-plate collector in the same system, and between two tools for collector analysis – Polysun and Absolicon tool, based on TRNSYS, which was designed to estimate the output of the collector for a certain temperature, without any load. During the study, the analysis of the simulating tools was made and the combination of those two tools was used. Using long iteration cycles, involving changing the field layout, number of collectors and distance between collector rows in flat-plate collector case, both types of collectors were analyzed. The method of the analysis was to get an equal output of the field and see the differences, which appear while using different collector types.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The using of alternatives materials to replace selective surfaces is a natural trend, because it usually looks for improvements on efficiency of surfaces at the same time that it tries to reduce costs. Composites are already used on obtainment of some selective surfaces, however, if the possibility to use residue that would be discarded was associated to these characteristics, providing an added-value, it would brings some benefits like a possible reduction of manufacturing costs. Thus, this thesis proposes the obtainment and study of selective surfaces for flat plate solar collectors for low cost by using residue from granite industry. Three different surfaces was studied, two of them of obtained on the laboratory, one is granite powder made and the other is a surface composed by a mixture of granite powder and CRFO (Cr0,75Fe1,25O3); the third surface is a commercial one, known as TiNOX. To perform the tests of the surfaces it was built an experimental stand, it allows simulating a solar collector conditions. The tests was performed in a stagnation condition, in other words, there wasnât any water flow inside tubes. Through this experimental apparatus it was possible to test the three surfaces simultaneously. The field tests showed that the highest temperatures were reached by granite powder surface, which reached an average temperature of 119 ÂC, while the granite powder and CRFO mixture surface reached an average of 96 ÂC. The TiNOX achieve an average temperature of 101 ÂC. The three surfaces was compared each other through an equation that gives a global heat loss coefficient. The granite powder surface was the one which achieved the lowest global heat loss coefficient. / O uso de materiais alternativos com objetivo de substituir superfÃcies seletivas à uma tendÃncia natural, pois geralmente se busca melhorias na eficiÃncia das superfÃcies ao mesmo tempo em que se tenta diminuir os custos. SubstÃncias compÃsitas jà sÃo utilizadas na obtenÃÃo de algumas superfÃcies seletivas, no entanto, se for associado a estas caracterÃsticas a possibilidade de utilizar resÃduos que iriam ser descartados, conferindo aos mesmos um valor agregado, isso traria alguns benefÃcios, como uma possÃvel reduÃÃo de custos de fabricaÃÃo. Desta forma, o presente trabalho propÃe a obtenÃÃo e o estudo de superfÃcies seletivas para aplicaÃÃes em coletores solares de placa plana de baixo custo originÃrio do resÃduo da indÃstria de granito. Foram estudadas trÃs diferentes superfÃcies, duas delas foram obtidas no laboratÃrio, a superfÃcie a base de pà de granito e a superfÃcie composta pela mistura de pà de granito e CRFO (Cr0,75Fe1,25O3); e a terceira superfÃcie foi uma superfÃcie comercial, conhecida como TiNOX. Para a realizaÃÃo dos testes foi construÃda uma bancada experimental de madeira, de forma que fosse possÃvel simular as condiÃÃes de um coletor solar de placa plana. Os testes foram feitos em condiÃÃo de estagnaÃÃo, ou seja, nÃo havia fluxo de Ãgua atravÃs de tubos no coletor. AtravÃs desse aparato experimental foi possÃvel testar as trÃs superfÃcies seletivas simultaneamente. Os testes de campo mostraram que a superfÃcie composta por pà de granito foi a que atingiu as maiores temperaturas, com uma mÃdia de atà 119 ÂC, enquanto a superfÃcie obtida com uma mistura de pà de granito e CRFO chegou a temperatura mÃdia de 96 ÂC, jà a superfÃcie comercial atingiu uma mÃdia de 101 ÂC. As superfÃcies foram comparadas atravÃs de uma equaÃÃo que fornece o coeficiente global de perda de energia tÃrmica. Os menores coeficientes foram obtidos pela superfÃcie de pà de granito

Orientador: Paulo Henrique de Mello Sant'Ana / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2017. / O mundo contemporâneo tem intensificado esforços para responder e solucionar problemas, que embora identificados no passado, tem se tornado objeto de crescente preocupação para a humanidade. As preocupações cada vez maiores com o aquecimento global e a tendência do aumento da posse de sistemas elétricos para a climatização ambiental fazem com que a utilização de energia limpa para alimentar estes sistemas seja cada vez mais considerada como forma de contribuir para uma sociedade mais sustentável. Para isso a presente tese, diante de uma proposta interdisciplinar, descreve qual é a influência da energia termo solar no planejamento de instalações de chillers solares residenciais no Brasil. A abordagem teórica deste trabalho possibilitou estudar a energia termo solar de maneira isolada na forma de níveis de potenciais. Os resultados obtidos mostram a existência de uso de potenciais de energia termo solar no Brasil, principalmente nas regiões que compõe o cinturão solar. O custo nivelado de geração de energia termo solar obtido é suficientemente competitivo com as tarifas de eletricidade. Vários elementos apresentados no decorrer da tese são inseríveis no Fluxo das Soluções no Modelo de Kingdon e considerados no processo de formulação de políticas públicas. / The contemporary world has intensified its efforts to respond to and solve problems, which, although identified in the past, have become an object of increasing concern to humanity. The growing concern about global warming and the trend of increasing the possession of electrical systems for environmental air conditioning means that the use of clean energy to feed these systems is increasingly considered as contributing to a more sustainable society. For this, the present thesis, in view of an interdisciplinary proposal, describes what is the influence of solar thermal energy in the planning of residential solar chillers installations in Brazil. The theoretical approach of this work made it possible to study solar thermal energy in an isolated manner in the form of potential levels. The results obtained show the existence of solar thermal energy potentials in Brazil, mainly in the regions that make up the solar belt. The leveled cost of generating solar thermal power is sufficiently competitive with electricity rates. Several elements presented in the course of the thesis are insertable in the Solution Flow in the Kingdon Model and considered in the process of public policy formulation.

Orientador: Jose Tomaz Vieira Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T10:01:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Varella_FabianaKarladeOliveiraMartins_M.pdf: 1832499 bytes, checksum: 1908f1a8e922a649668feeb398910006 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: O mercado de aquecimento solar de água vem crescendo desde a década de 90, porém há falta de informações sobre estudos de caso que avaliem a inserção de aquecedores solares de água nos domicílios brasileiros. Visando contribuir para reduzir essa carência o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a inserção de aquecedores solares de água no distrito de Barão Geraldo, Campinas-SP. A avaliação foi efetuada através de um plano amostral aleatório estratificado, pois essa metodologia permite conhecer melhor as características próprias de cada segmento da região estudada. Foi necessária a construção de um cadastro para a população pertencente ao distrito de Barão Geraldo, a realização de uma amostra piloto, e por fim, uma amostra final. Após a elaboração do cadastro foram desenvolvidos três questionários para revendedores autorizados, fabricantes e consumidores. O resultado dos questionários aplicados aos consumidores mostra que 19% (com margem de erro máximo de ±5%) dos domicílios do distrito de Barão Geraldo possuem aquecedor solar, ou seja, 1.800 domicílios. Foi realizada a análise do perfil de consumo de energia elétrica dos domicílios por posse de aquecedor solar de água, no período de 1999 a 2003. Verificou-se que os domicílios com aquecedor solar estão consumindo mais energia elétrica do que aqueles que não o tem. Porém, não foi avaliado se esses domicílios consomem mais energia elétrica após a instalação do aquecedor solar / Abstract: The market of solar water heating is growing since the decade of 1990, however there is a lack of information on case studies that evaluate the insertion of solar water heaters in Brazilian dwellings. In order to supply that lack, the present work aims at evaluating the insertion of solar water heaters in Barão Geraldo, district of Campinas-SP. The evaluation was made through a stratified aleatory sample plan, which allows to know the characteristics of each segment of the studied area. It was necessary to create a database of Barão Geraldo population, to accomplish a pilot sample and a final sample. After the elaboration of the database three questionnaires were developed for resellers, manufacturers and consumers. The result of the applied questionnaires to the consumers shows that 19% (with maximum error margin of ±5%) of the dwellings of Barão Geraldo district possesses solar heaters, i.e. , 1.800 dwellings. The analysis of electric power consumption of the dwellings was realized by ownership of solar water heater, in the period from 1999 to 2003. It was verified that the dwellings with solar heaters consume more electric power than the ones that don't possess it. However, it wasn¿t evaluated if those dwellings consume more electric power after the installation of the solar heaters / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientadores: Luiz Fernando Milanez, Alcides Padilha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T14:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_SantiagodelRio_D.pdf: 2035815 bytes, checksum: 7d72e5c223058fb0ce3675f4600214f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho é fazer uma otimização exergética de um sistema térmico de energia solar. Esse sistema é composto por um coletor solar e por um tanque armazenador de água retangular que contém material de mudança de fase distribuído em um conjunto de barras. Esse estudo leva em consideração ambas transferências de calor por condução e convecção para a água no coletor solar, e também o processo de mudança de fase para o PCM no armazenador térmico. Assim, no coletor solar são determinadas a temperatura ótima de saída e vazão mássica ótima da água em função das condições de radiação solar. Além disso, para o tanque armazenador, são determinadas a temperatura ótima de fusão do PCM e o máximo trabalho que pode ser obtido levando em consideração o processo de mudança de fase. O processo de fusão do PCM é analisado por meio de uma solução analítica aproximada. Finalmente, foram feitas uma análise energética e exergética de cada componente do sistema bem como de todo o sistema e foram calculadas eficiências de primeira e segunda lei da termodinâmica. Resultados numéricos de um estudo de caso são apresentados e discutidos. / Abstract: This work deals with the exergetic optimization of a solar thermal energy system. This consists of a solar collector and a rectangular water storage tank that contains a phase change material distributed in an assembly of slabs. The study takes into account both conduction and convection heat transfer modes for water in the solar collector, and also the phase change process for the PCM in the storage tank. Thus, in the solar collector, optimal output temperature and optimal mass flow rate are determined as a function of solar radiation conditions. Moreover, for the storage tank, optimal melting temperature and the maximum power output taking into account the phase change process are determined. The melting process in a PCM is analyzed by means of an approximated analytical solution. Finally, energetic and exergetic analysis were done for each system component and for the overall system, and efficiencies of first and second law of thermodynamics were calculated. Results of a numerical case study are presented and discussed. / Doutorado / Termica e Fluidos / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Le travail de cette thèse constitue une contribution à l'étude des capteurs solaires thermiques. Ainsi, nous cherchons à comprendre les mécanismes d'écoulement et de transfert en convection naturelle interne, en géométrie tridimensionnelle dans la lame d'air d'un capteur solaire dans le but de trouver la conception optimale qui permet un contrôle thermique adéquat et une performance énergétique.Une partie de cette thèse est donc consacrée à une simulation numérique basée sur la mise au point d'un modèle de la convection naturelle dans la lame d'air de forme parallélépipédique fermée contenant de l'air et inclinée d'un angle α. Les simulations ont été faites afin de déterminer les champs de température et de vitesse sous l'influence de la variation de l'épaisseur de la lame d'air, le flux de chaleur apporté à l'absorbeur et la présence d'obstacles dans la lame d'air. Ces simulations ont été effectuées avec et sans rayonnement dans la lame d'air. Le logiciel de calcul utilisé pour cette étude est le CFD fluent, basé sur la méthode des volumes finis Les résultats obtenus montrent l'influence de l'épaisseur de lame d'air sur le régime d'écoulement ; ce dernier peut être stationnaire stable ou instationnaire. Les valeurs du coefficient du transfert thermique ont été calculées pour tous les cas étudiés et une comparaison de l'écoulement avec et sans rayonnement a été faite. / This thesis aims to study the solar thermal collectors. Thus, we seek to understand the mechanisms of natural convective heat transfer in the air gap of a solar collector, in order to find an optimal design which allows adequate thermal control and energy performance.Part of this thesis is devoted to the numerical simulation using fluent, based on the development of natural convection model in an inclined parallelepiped air gap of solar collector. Fluent CFD software is based on the finite volume method. The simulations were carried out to determine the velocity and temperature fields under the effect of the air gap thicknesses, the heat flux provided to the absorber and the presence of obstacles in the air gap. The results show the effect of the air gap thickness on the flow regime, which can be steady or unsteady. These simulations were performed with and without the coupling of convection-radiation in the air gap. Values of the coefficient of heat transfer was calculated for different cases and a comparison for both cases with and without taking into account radiation was made. The numerical study was followed by an experimental work based on the study of solar collector. To reduce heat losses, experiments were carried out to evaluate the thermal behavior of solar collector under external conditions (sunshine, temperature...etc) and the coolant flow rate for various gap air thicknesses. The results show the effect of the air gap thickness on the thermal performance and the importance of having an optimum thickness for better performance. Similarly, the introduction of barriers also contributes to improve the performance of the solar collector.

One of the traditional approaches to reduce costs of solar energy is to use inexpensive reflectors to focus the light onto highly efficient solar cells. Several research projects have resulted in designs, where the excess heat is used as solar thermal energy. Unlike a solar thermal system, which has a selective surface to reduce the radiant heat loss, a CPV/T (Concentrating PhotoVoltaic/Thermal) system uses a receiver covered with solar cells with high thermal emittance. This project analyzes whether the heat loss from the receiver can be reduced by covering parts of the receiver surface, not already covered with solar cells, with an optically selective coating. Comparing different methods of applying such a coating and the long-term stability of low cost alternatives are also part of the objectives of this project. To calculate the heat loss reductions of the optically selective surface coating a mathematical model was developed, which takes the thermal emittances and the solar absorptances of the different surfaces into account. Furthermore, a full-size experiment was constructed to verify the theoretical predictions. The coating results in a heat loss reduction of approximately 20 % in such a CPV/T system and one of the companies involved in the study is already changing their design to make use of the results.

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Fertigungstechnologien zur kostengünstigen Herstellung eines neuartigen solarthermischen Kollektors entwickelt. Dieser Kollektor soll aus einem profilierten Grundkörper aus Schaumglas bestehen, welcher mit Flachglas abgedeckt ist. Die Herstellung des Schaumkörpers wurde betrachtet von der Auswahl der Rohstoffe, über die Entwicklung geeigneter Verfahrensparameter, bis zur Formgebung. Ein Schaumkörper mit profilierter Oberfläche konnte im Maßstab von 600 x 600 x 130 mm³ hergestellt werden. Zur Kosteneinsparung wurde hierfür ein Reststoff aus der Glas verarbeitenden Industrie verwendet. Um den Kollektor in ein hydraulisches System eingliedern zu können, wurde eine Technologie zur Einbindung von Rohrleitungsanschlüssen entwickelt. Emaillierte Rohrbögen aus Gusseisen konnten im Schäumungsprozess fest in den Schaumkörper integriert werden. Weiterhin wurden zwei Möglichkeiten zur Anbindung der Deckgläser untersucht. Dabei wurden mittels Klebung durch EVA-Folie eine höhere Verbundfestigkeit erreicht als mittels Löten durch Aluminium-Blech.

The first part of diploma thesis describes how to measure the parameters of solar thermal collector and solar thermal system. The computational part analyzes heat consumption in the evaluated building and describes design of the solar thermal system for domestic hot water. Last part focuses on the energy assessment of the designed solar system above and evaluation of the solar system, which is located at the Faculty of Civil Engineering in BUT.