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Solvent Electrostatic Response: From Simple Solutes to ProteinsJanuary 2016 (has links)
abstract: How water behaves at interfaces is relevant to many scientific and technological applications; however, many subtle phenomena are unknown in aqueous solutions. In this work, interfacial structural transition in hydration shells of a polarizable solute at critical polarizabilities is discovered. The transition is manifested in maximum water response, the reorientation of the water dipoles at the interface, and an increase in the density of dangling OH bonds. This work also addresses the role of polarizability of the active site of proteins in biological catalytic reactions. For proteins, the hydration shell becomes very heterogeneous and involves a relatively large number of water molecules. The molecular dynamics simulations show that the polarizability, along with the atomic charge distribution, needs to be a part of the picture describing how enzymes work. Non Gaussian dynamics in time-resolved linear and nonlinear (correlation) 2D spectra are also analyzed.
Additionally, a theoretical formalism is presented to show that when preferential orientations of water dipoles exist at the interface, electrophoretic charges can be produced without free charge carriers, i.e., neutral solutes can move in a constant electric field due to the divergence of polarization at the interface. Furthermore, the concept of interface susceptibility is introduced. It involves the fluctuations of the surface charge density caused by thermal motion and its correlation over the characteristic correlation length with the fluctuations of the solvent charge density. Solvation free energy and interface dielectric constant are formulated accordingly. Unlike previous approaches, the solvation free energy scales quite well in a broad range of ion sizes, namely in the range of 2-14 A° . Interface dielectric constant is defined such that the boundary conditions in the Laplace equation describing a micro- or mesoscopic interface are satisfied. The effective dielectric constant of interfacial water is found to be significantly lower than its bulk value. Molecular dynamics simulation results show that the interface dielectric constant for a TIP3P water model changes from nine to four when the effective solute radius is increased from 5 A° to 18 A° . The small value of the interface dielectric constant of water has potentially dramatic consequences for hydration. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2016
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Mecanismos fisiológicos de cana-de-açúcar sob efeito da interação dos estresses hídrico e ácido no solo /Carlin, Samira Domingues. January 2009 (has links)
Orientadora: Durvalina Maria Mathias dos Santos / Banca: Raffaella Rossetto / Banca: Marcelo de Almeida Silva / Banca: Marcos Omir Marques / Banca: David Ariovaldo Banzatto / Resumo: No presente trabalho foi verificado o ajuste osmótico no crescimento inicial de cana-de-açúcar, cv. IAC91-5155, sob efeito da interação dos estresses hídrico e ácido no solo. Para tanto, foram quantificados os teores de três solutos compatíveis, prolina, glicina betaína e trealose. Também foi estudada a atividade da nitrato redutase e os teores de clorofilas. O estudo de todas estas variáveis teve por objetivo propor a utilização destes compostos como indicadores fisiológicos de aclimatação da cana-deaçúcar sob efeito da interação de ambos os estresses. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação com 29,7±4,3oC e 75±10 UR%. Foram utilizados três tratamentos de disponibilidade hídrica (capacidade de campo, CC): controle (70%), estresse moderado (55%) e estresse severo (40%) e três tratamentos de acidez no solo (saturação por bases, V%): controle (55%), média acidez (33%) e alta acidez (23%). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x3, com quatro repetições. Após 60 dias sob estresses foram determinados os teores dos solutos compatíveis, a atividade da nitrato redutase e os teores das clorofilas. Os resultados mostram que houve acúmulo dos três solutos compatíveis evidenciando que ocorreu ajuste osmótico. Prolina e glicina betaína são indicadores fisiológicos do efeito da interação de ambos os estresses enquanto trealose é indicadora apenas para o estresse hídrico. Também, a atividade da nitrato redutase pode ser utilizada como indicador do estresse hídrico e os teores das clorofilas a, b e total para os estresses hídrico ou ácido. A massa de matéria seca da parte aérea, o número de folhas e a área foliar das plantas jovens de cana-de-açúcar, ajustadas osmoticamente, são reduzidos pelos estresses. Os efeitos interativos de ambos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this present work was verified the osmotic adjustment in the initial plant growth sugarcane cv. IAC91-5155 under interaction effect of water and acid stress in the soil. For this, were quantified three compatible solutes content, as follows: proline, glycine betaine and trehalose. It was verified also the nitrate reductase activity as well the chlorophyll content. The study of all parameters aimed to propose the use components as physiological indicators to acclimation of sugarcane plants under interaction the both stress. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse under 29.7±4.3oC and 75±10%. Three water availability treatments (Field Capacity - FC%): control (70%), moderate stress (55%), and extreme stress (40%) and three soil acidification treatment (Base Saturation - BS%): control (55%), average acidity (33%), and high acidity (23%) were used. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks in a 3x3 factorial scheme and four replicates. After sixty days under stress were determined compatible solutes, nitrate reductase and chlorophyll content. Our results showed that there was the accumulation of three compatible solutes exhibiting osmotic adjustment. Glycine betaine and proline are both physiologic indicators of stresses interaction effect whereas trehalose indicates only water stress. The nitrate reductase activity can be used as water stress indicator and chlorophylls a, b and total are indicators to water or acid stress. The dry mass of shoot part, leaves number and leaf area are significantly reduced by stress in young sugarcane plants adjusted osmotically. The interaction of stresses cause decrease of dry mass while water stress reduces leaves number and leaf area. / Doutor
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Caracteres fisiolÃgicos e bioquÃmicos de Sorghum bicolor E Sorghum sudanense sob condiÃÃes de salinidade. / Physiological and biochemical characters of Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum sudanense under salinity conditionsViviane Pinho de Oliveira 19 July 2011 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar algumas variÃveis fisiolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas de duas espÃcies de sorgo forrageiro submetidas a diferentes condiÃÃes de cultivo e de salinidade. Para isso, foram montados dois experimentos. No primeiro deles estudou-se tais variÃveis em Sorghum bicolor e Sorghum sudanense, em funÃÃo de diferentes nÃveis de estresse salino, enquanto no segundo, as variÃveis foram estudadas em duas fases distintas de desenvolvimento das duas espÃcies de sorgo, visando determinar em qual delas essas espÃcies sÃo mais resistentes aos efeitos deletÃrios da salinidade. No primeiro experimento, os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 à 5, composto por duas espÃcies (S. bicolor e S. sudanense) e cinco tratamentos (NaCl a 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mM). Nesse experimento, os parÃmetros de trocas gasosas foram pouco afetados pela salinidade, em ambas as espÃcies. O crescimento das plantas de ambas as espÃcies reduziu à medida que a salinidade aumentou. O potencial osmÃtico (s) foliar foi fortemente reduzido pela salinidade nessas plantas, a qual aumentou significativamente a concentraÃÃo de solutos orgÃnicos nas duas espÃcies de sorgo. As concentraÃÃes de Na+ e Cl- aumentaram com a salinidade em ambas as espÃcies. S. bicolor e S. sudanense mantiveram o teor relativo de Ãgua sob condiÃÃes salinas igual ao do controle. Nas espÃcies de sorgo estudadas, os carboidratos solÃveis e os Ãons K+ e Cl- foram os que mais contribuÃram para o ajustamento osmÃtico das plantas. Nas folhas de S. bicolor, houve um aumento na atividade das peroxidases do ascorbato (APX) e do guaiacol (GPX) e uma reduÃÃo na atividade da catalase (CAT), enquanto a dismutase do superÃxido (SOD) nÃo foi afetada. Em S. sudanense, à medida que foram elevadas as doses de NaCl, observou-se um aumento na atividade da GPX e da SOD. Nas raÃzes, apenas a SOD apresentou aumento em atividade no S. bicolor. A atividade ribonucleÃsica nas folhas de ambas as espÃcies aumentou com as doses crescentes de NaCl, enquanto que nas raÃzes, ela foi reduzida à medida que o estresse salino intensificou-se. No segundo experimento, os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 à 3 à 2, composto por duas espÃcies (S. bicolor e S. sudanense), trÃs concentraÃÃes de sais na Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo (condutividades elÃtricas de 0,0; 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1) e dois perÃodos de aplicaÃÃo do estresse salino Ãs plantas [desde a semeadura atà 25 dias depois (Fase I) e do 25 ao 50 dia apÃs a semeadura (Fase II)], com cinco repetiÃÃes. As principais alteraÃÃes nas trocas gasosas ocorreram na Fase II do desenvolvimento. O estresse salino reduziu o crescimento das plantas de sorgo em ambas as fases de desenvolvimento, porÃm essa reduÃÃo foi mais acentuada na Fase I. Os teores dos solutos orgÃnicos variaram em funÃÃo das fases de desenvolvimento, da espÃcie e da salinidade. Na Fase I, em ambas as espÃcies de sorgo, houve acrÃscimos nos teores de Na+ e K+ e reduÃÃo nos de Cl- pela salinidade, enquanto que, na Fase II do desenvolvimento, os teores de Na+ e K+ foram reduzidos e os de Cl-, aumentados, tanto em S. bicolor como em S. sudanense. Na Fase I do desenvolvimento, apenas a SOD, em S. bicolor, e a CAT, em S. sudanense, mostraram incrementos de atividade em resposta ao estresse salino. Jà na Fase II, nenhum aumento na atividade do sistema enzimÃtico antioxidativo foi observado em funÃÃo da salinidade, nas duas espÃcies estudadas. Na Fase I, a atividade da RNase, em ambas as espÃcies, foi reduzida com a salinidade, enquanto na Fase II do desenvolvimento, ela foi aumentada. O crescimento das plantas de S. sudanense foi ligeiramente mais afetado que o de S. bicolor. As espÃcies de sorgo forrageiro estudadas neste trabalho foram capazes de reduzir o s foliar em concentraÃÃes elevadas de NaCl, o que pode ter contribuÃdo para um melhor ajustamento osmÃtico. AlÃm disso, nas condiÃÃes empregadas no primeiro experimento, S. bicolor pareceu ter um sistema antioxidante mais eficaz contra os efeitos da salinidade do que S. sudanense. Em relaÃÃo ao segundo experimento, o crescimento das plantas de sorgo forrageiro foi mais afetado quando o estresse salino foi aplicado em estÃdios iniciais do desenvolvimento. O estresse oxidativo causado pela salinidade parece nÃo ter sido suficiente para estimular o sistema de defesa enzimÃtico antioxidativo na Fase II do desenvolvimento, em ambas as espÃcies. AlÃm disso, o aumento na atividade RNÃsica pode indicar o papel desta enzima na proteÃÃo contra os efeitos deletÃrios da salinidade nessas espÃcies de sorgo. De modo geral, nÃo houve diferenÃas marcantes na tolerÃncia das plantas de S. bicolor e S. sudanense à salinidade. / This study aimed to evaluate some physiological and biochemical variables of two species of sorghum subjected to different growing conditions and salinity. For this, two experiments were set up. In the first study, the variables in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum sudanense were evaluated according different levels of salinity stress. In the second, the variables were studied in two distinct phases of development of two species of sorghum, to determine which one of these species are more resistant to the deleterious effects of salinity. In the first experiment, treatments were arranged in a 5 à 2 factorial, consisting of two species (S. bicolor and S. sudanense) and five treatments (NaCl at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM). In this experiment, the gas exchange parameters were little affected by salinity in both species. Plant growth of both species decreased as salinity increased. The osmotic potential (ψs) leaves was strongly reduced by salinity in these plants, which significantly increased the concentration of organic solutes in the two species of sorghum. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl- increased with salinity in both species. S. bicolor and S. sudanense maintained relative water content under saline conditions the same as the control. In sorghum species studied, the soluble carbohydrates and the ions K+ and Cl- were the main contributors to the osmotic adjustment of plants. In leaves of S. bicolor, there was an increase in activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol (GPX) and a reduction in activity of catalase (CAT), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) was not affected. In S. sudanense, the activity of GPX and SOD increased with increasing salinity. In roots, just SOD activity in S. bicolor were increased with salt stress. Ribonuclease activity in the leaves of both species increased with increasing doses of NaCl, whereas in roots it was reduced as the salt stress intensified. In the second experiment, treatments were arranged in a factorial 2 à 3 à 2, composed of two species (S. bicolor and S. sudanense), three concentrations of salts in irrigation water (electrical conductivities of 0.0, 4.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) and two periods of application of salt stress to plants [from sowing until 25 days later (Phase I) and from 25th to 50th day after sowing (Phase II)], with five repetitions. The main changes in gas exchange occurred in Phase II development. The salt stress reduced plant growth of sorghum in both phases of development, but this reduction was more pronounced in Phase I. The levels of organic solutes varied according to the phases of development, species and salinity. In Phase I, in both species of sorghum, there were increases in levels of Na+ and K+ and reduced Cl- by salinity, whereas in Phase II
development, the levels of Na+ and K+ were reduced and Cl- extended, both in S. bicolor as in S. sudanense. In Phase I of development, only SOD in S. bicolor, and CAT in S. sudanense showed activity increases in response to salt stress. In the Phase II, no increase in the activity of antioxidant enzyme system was observed as a function of salinity in both species. In Phase I, the activity of RNase in both species was reduced by salinity, while in Phase II development, it was expanded. Plant growth of S. sudanense was slightly more affected than the S. bicolor. Sorghum species studied in this work were able to reduce the leaf ψs high concentrations of NaCl, which may have contributed to a better osmotic adjustment. In addition, under the conditions employed in the first experiment, S. bicolor appeared to have a more effective antioxidant system against the effects of salinity than S. sudanense. For the second experiment, the growth of sorghum plants was more affected when the salt stress was applied in the early stage of development. The oxidative stress caused by salinity seems to have been sufficient to stimulate the enzymatic antioxidant defense system in Phase II development in both species. Furthermore, increased activity RNase may indicate the role of this enzyme in protecting against the deleterious effects of salinity in these species of sorghum. Overall, there were no marked differences in plant tolerance between S. bicolor and S. sudanense under salinity.
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Estabelecimento de plantas nativas da caatinga em um gradiente de salinidade do solo, sob condiÃÃes controladas. / Establishment of native plants of caatinga under a soil salinity gradient at controlled conditions.Michele Campos Bessa 10 August 2012 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A salinidade à um dos estresses abiÃticos que mais limita a produÃÃo vegetal em razÃo de seus efeitos negativos no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Em Ãreas degradas por sais verifica-se que o estabelecimento de espÃcies arbÃreas nÃo à fÃcil, principalmente em cultivos de sequeiro e em regiÃes com precipitaÃÃes muito baixas. O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em avaliar o estabelecimento de doze espÃcies de plantas lenhosas nativas da Caatinga em um gradiente de salinidade do solo, em ambiente protegido, com vistas à obtenÃÃo de subsÃdios para estabelecimento de espÃcies promissoras em condiÃÃes de campo. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas: 1. Crescimento e grau de tolerÃncia à salinidade de doze espÃcies nativas da Caatinga em ambiente protegido - O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas tendo na parcela mudas de doze espÃcies nativas da Caatinga (Aroeira, Ipà roxo, MororÃ, Mulungu, SabiÃ, Pau-mocÃ, Angico, Catanduva, Frei Jorge, Jurema branca, Tamboril, e Jurema preta) e na subparcela, os cinco nÃveis de salinidade do solo (1,2; 2,7; 4,7; 6,7; 8,4 dS m-1), com cinco repetiÃÃes. Para os nÃveis moderados de salinidade do solo verificou-se que todas as espÃcies se comportaram como tolerantes ou moderadamente tolerantes à salinidade. Considerando-se os graus de reduÃÃo na produÃÃo de matÃria seca total, no maior nÃvel de salinidade, observou-se que apenas a aroeira mostrou-se tolerante à salinidade (T); o ipà roxo e mulungu responderam como moderadamente tolerantes (MT); o mororà e o pau mocà moderadamente sensÃveis (MS); a maioria das espÃcies, sabiÃ, angico, catanduva, frei jorge, jurema branca, jurema preta e tamboril, foram classificadas como sensÃveis (S), com reduÃÃes superiores a 60%; 2. Trocas gasosas e teores de solutos orgÃnicos e inorgÃnicos em seis espÃcies nativas da Caatinga sob condiÃÃes de salinidade - O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas tendo na parcela seis mudas de espÃcies nativas da Caatinga (Aroeira, Ipà roxo, MororÃ, Mulungu, Sabià e Pau-mocÃ,), as quais apresentaram diferentes graus de tolerÃncia à salinidade (etapa 1), e na subparcela os cinco nÃveis de salinidade do solo (1,2; 2,7; 4,7; 6,7; 8,4 dS m-1), com cinco repetiÃÃes. A salinidade provocou reduÃÃo nas trocas gasosas foliares, sendo esse efeito independente da espÃcie estudada. No entanto, se observa um maior controle estomÃtico e maior eficiÃncia intrÃnseca no uso da Ãgua nas espÃcies que apresentaram maiores graus de tolerÃncia à salinidade, ou seja, aroeira, ipà roxo e mulungu. No presente estudo nÃo foi possÃvel estabelecer um relacionamento claro entre o acÃmulo dos solutos orgÃnicos estudados e a tolerÃncia à salinidade das seis espÃcies nativas da Caatinga. PorÃm, observou-se forte relaÃÃo entre a relaÃÃo Na/K e os teores de Na nas folhas e o grau de tolerÃncia das espÃcies estudadas, com as espÃcies mais tolerantes apresentando menores variaÃÃes e menores valores com o aumento da salinidade do solo. / Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that most limits crop production because of its negative effects on plant growth and development. In areas degraded by salts it appears that the establishment of tree species is not easy, especially in rainfed crops and regions with very low precipitation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the establishment of twelve species of woody plants native to the Caatinga in a gradient of soil salinity in greenhouse, in order to obtain grants for the establishment of promising species under field conditions. The work was divided into two steps: 1. Growth and degree of salinity tolerance of twelve native species of Caatinga in a protected environment - The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots with seedlings in the plot of twelve native species of the Caatinga (Aroeira, Ipà roxo, MororÃ, Mulungu, SabiÃ, Pau-mocÃ, Angico, Catanduva, Frei Jorge, Jurema branca, Tamboril, e Jurema preta) and subplots, the five levels of soil salinity (1.2, 2.7, 4.7, 6.7, 8,4 dS m-1), with five replicates. For moderate levels of soil salinity was found that all species are as tolerant or moderately tolerant to salinity. Considering the degree of reduction in total dry matter production, the highest level of salinity, it was observed that only the mastic proved to be tolerant to salinity (T); The Ipà and mulungu behaved as moderately tolerant (MT); the mororà and pau-mocà moderately susceptible (MS); most species, sabiÃ, angico, catanduva, frei jorge, jurema branca, jurema preta and tamboril, were classified as sensitive (S), with reductions of more than 60%. 2. Gas exchange and concentration of organic and inorganic solutes in six species native to the Caatinga under saline conditions - The design was randomized blocks in split plots with the plot six native species of Caatinga (Aroeira, Ipà roxo, MororÃ, Mulungu, Sabià e Pau-mocÃ,), which showed different degrees of salinity tolerance (step 1), and subplot five levels of soil salinity (1.2, 2.7, 4.7, 6.7, 8.4 dS m-1), with five replicates. Salinity caused reduction in leaf gas exchange, and this effect is independent of the species studied. However, observe a greater stomatal control and greater intrinsic efficiency of water use in species with higher degrees of salt tolerance, ie, aroeira, ipà roxo and mulungu. In the present study could not establish a clear relationship between the accumulation of organic solutes studied and salt tolerance of six species native to the Caatinga. However, observed a strong correlation between the Na/K and Na in the leaves and the degree of tolerance of species with species more tolerant of minor variations and presenting lower values ​​with increasing soil salinity.
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Efeito do potássio em plantas jovens de Bambusa vulgaris Schared ex Wendland cultivadas em sistema hidropônico / Effect of the potassium on young plants of Bambusa vulgaris Schared ex Wendland cultivated in a hydroponic systemRIBEIRO, Juliana de Santana 11 February 2008 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2008-02-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Bamboo is a quite promising crop in Brazil. It is employed for diverse purposes, from simple craftwork to high-resistance paper and energy production. However, literature in Brazil on fertilizing this crop is scarce. Among the essential elements for the plant, potassium is responsible for the activation of more than 60 enzymes. A lack of potassium causes a substantial imbalance in vegetal development. The aim of the present study was to assess the responses of bamboo to different levels of potassium and obtain data for estimating a recommendation formula for the rational fertilization of bamboo crops. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Chemistry Department of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (Brazil) in a randomized block design, with six replications and six doses of potassium: zero, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mmol.L-1. Bamboo plants were cultivated for 90 days in pots, employing a hydroponic system with static aeration. Growth variables and organic solute contents were assessed. The addition of potassium led to an increase in plant height, tiller and sprouts, and shoots biomass and the allocation of biomass in the roots; a reduction in both fresh and dry biomass of the leaves, stalk and roots, the allocation of biomass in the leaves and stalk, and in growth rates comparing to the treatments with 0.0 and 10.0 mmol.L-1 of potassium. Regarding to solute content, bamboo plants had different answer to potassium treatments. Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, there was a reduction proportionate to the increase in potassium content in the nutritive solution. The chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio changed from 0.98 to 1.42. The increase in organic solutes was proportional to the potassium content in the nutrient solution. The 5.0 and 10.0 mmol.L-1 potassium treatments provided the highest increases in total soluble carbohydrates, reducing sugars, nonreducing sugars, total free amino acids, soluble proteins and free proline. The best potassium content in the nutritive medium for hydroponic cultivation is between 0.5and 1.0 mmol.L-1, where as 10.0 mmol.L-1 is considered a stressing dose. / O bambu é uma cultura bastante promissora no Brasil, a qual está sendo empregada para diversos fins, desde simples artesanato até a produção de papel de alta resistência e produção de energia. Porém ainda é escassa a literatura no Brasil sobre a adubação desta cultura. Dentre os elementos essenciais para o vegetal, o potássio é responsável pela ativação de mais de 60 enzimas e sua falta provoca um substancial desequilíbrio no desenvolvimento vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas da cultura do bambu a doses de potássio, bem como obter subsídios para estimar uma fórmula de recomendação para uma adubação racional da cultura do bambu. O experimento foi conduzido na casa de vegetação do Departamento de Química da UFRPE, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com 6 repetições e 6 doses de potássio, a saber: zero, 0,5, 1,0, 2,0, 5,0 e 10,0 mmol.L-1. Plantas de bambu foram cultivadas por 90 dias em vasos empregando-se o sistema de hidroponia por aeração estática. Avaliou-se variáveis de crescimento e teores de solutos orgânicos. A adição de potássio provocou aumento na altura das plantas, no número de folhas, perfilhos e brotos e na alocação de biomassa nas raízes; redução na biomassa fresca e seca de folhas, colmo e raízes, alocação de biomassa nas folhas e colmo, e nas taxas de crescimento quando comparados os tratamentos 0,0 e 10,0 mmol.L-1 de potássio. As plantas de bambu responderam de forma diferenciada aos tratamentos aplicados quando relacionado os teores dos solutos analisados. Para os teores de clorofila a, b e total houve uma redução proporcionalmente ao aumento no teor de potássio na solução nutritiva. A relação clorofila a:clorofila b oscilou entre 0,98 e 1,42. O aumento nos solutos orgânicos analisados foi proporcional ao teor de potássio no meio de cultivo. Os tratamentos 5,0 e 10,0 mmol.L-1 de potássio proporcionaram os maiores incrementos nos teores de carboidratos solúveis totais, açúcares redutores, açúcares não-redutores, aminoácidos livres totais, proteínas solúveis e prolina livre. O teor de potássio no meio nutritivo, mais adequado para o cultivo hidropônico fica na faixa de 0,5 e 1,0mmol.L-1, enquanto que 10,0 mmol.L-1 é considerada uma dose estressante.
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Crescimento, trocas gasosas, partiÃÃo de Ãons e metabolismo do nitrogÃnio em plantas de milho submetidas à salinidade e diferentes fontes de N / Growth, gas exchange, partition of ions and nitrogen metabolism in maize plants subjected to salinity and different nitrogen sourcesAlexcyane Rodrigues FeijÃo 26 February 2009 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito da fonte de N no crescimento, nas trocas gasosas, na partiÃÃo de Ãons e no metabolismo do N em plantas de milho (Zea mays L.) submetidas à salinidade. Para isto, sementes de milho foram semeadas em copos plÃsticos contendo vermiculita, sendo mantidas em casa de vegetaÃÃo. Em seguida, as plÃntulas foram transferidas para um meio hidropÃnico com concentraÃÃo de N igual a 6 mM, nas formas de NO3-, NO3-/NH4+ ou NH4+. ApÃs cinco dias nestas condiÃÃes, iniciou-se a adiÃÃo de NaCl, que foi feita em parcelas de 25 mM por dia, atà atingir a concentraÃÃo final de 100 mM. As coletas foram realizadas aos 4, 11 e 18 dias apÃs o inÃcio do tratamento salino. Em condiÃÃes controle, as plantas nutridas com a mistura NO3-/NH4+ foram as que apresentaram o maior crescimento da parte aÃrea, em comparaÃÃo aos demais tratamentos de N. Houve uma forte reduÃÃo do crescimento quando as plantas foram submetidas à salinidade, mas este efeito foi independente da fonte de N empregada. De maneira geral, a salinidade reduziu a condutÃncia estomÃtica (gs), a transpiraÃÃo (E), a fotossÃntese (A) e a relaÃÃo entre a concentraÃÃo interna e externa de CO2 (Ci/Co) das plantas de todos os tratamentos de N e nos diferentes tempos de coleta. Entretanto, nas plantas cultivadas com NH4+ e aos 18 dias do tratamento salino, foram observados uma reduÃÃo acentuada na gs, A e E e um aumento na relaÃÃo Ci/Co. Os teores de Na+ aumentaram com a salinidade, contudo, nas plantas nutridas com NH4+, esses teores foram menores do que os dos demais tratamentos de N em condiÃÃes de salinidade. Os teores de K+, por sua vez, foram reduzidos pela salinidade, sendo que as plantas nutridas com a mistura NO3-/ NH4+ e apenas NH4+ absorveram menos K+ do que as cultivadas apenas com NO3-, principalmente nas folhas e colmos das plantas aos 11 dias e nas folhas e raÃzes das plantas aos 18 dias de estresse salino. Dessa forma, houve influÃncia da fonte de N na relaÃÃo Na+/K+, particularmente nas raÃzes das plantas aos 18 dias de exposiÃÃo ao estresse salino, cujos menores aumentos nesse parÃmetro foram observados nas plantas tratadas apenas com NO3-. Os maiores incrementos nos teores de Cl- causados pela salinidade foram observados nas plantas cultivadas com NO3- e com a mistura NO3-/ NH4+. PorÃm, em condiÃÃes controle, esses teores foram aumentados nas folhas e colmos das plantas cultivadas apenas com NH4+. Os teores de NO3- foram maiores nas plantas nutridas com NO3- e NO3-/NH4+, quando comparadas Ãs nutridas somente com NH4+, tanto em condiÃÃes controle quanto de salinidade. A maior e a menor relaÃÃo Cl-/NO3- foram encontradas, respectivamente, nas plantas tratadas com NO3- e com NH4+. Os teores de NH4+ da parte aÃrea foram pouco influenciados pela salinidade ou pela fonte de N, porÃm, nas raÃzes das plantas nutridas com NH4+ e sob salinidade, houve um grande acÃmulo desses Ãons aos 18 dias de estresse. Os teores de carboidratos solÃveis foram, em geral, aumentados pela salinidade, com exceÃÃo nas folhas e colmos (aos 18 dias de estresse salino) e nas raÃzes (durante todo o perÃodo experimental) das plantas tratadas com NH4+. De maneira geral, os teores de proteÃnas solÃveis e de N-aminossolÃveis foram aumentados pela salinidade, sendo que as maiores quantidades destes solutos foram observadas nas raÃzes das plantas tratadas com NH4+ e aos 18 dias de estresse salino. Os teores de N-total foram reduzidos pela salinidade, sendo isto observado especialmente nas plantas nutridas apenas com NO3-. Nas folhas, as atividades da redutase do nitrato (NR) e da redutase do nitrito (NiR) foram maiores nas plantas tratadas com NO3- e com a mistura NO3-/ NH4+. Foi observada pouca influÃncia da salinidade na atividade da NiR das folhas de milho. Nas folhas, a salinidade influenciou diferentemente a atividade da sintetase da glutamina (GS) entre as diferentes fontes de N e tempos de exposiÃÃo à salinidade. PorÃm, nas raÃzes, de maneira geral, a atividade da GS aumentou com a salinidade, com exceÃÃo das plantas tratadas com NH4+, que nÃo foram influenciadas por este estresse. Aos 18 dias de exposiÃÃo à salinidade, a atividade da GS foi maior nas plantas tratadas com NH4+, em comparaÃÃo com os demais tratamentos de N. A atividade da sintase do glutamato (GOGAT), nas folhas, em geral, aumentou com a salinidade, contudo, nas raÃzes essa atividade foi reduzida principalmente nas plantas cultivadas com NO3-, aos 4 dias, e com NH4+, aos 11 e 18 dias. Esses resultados sugerem que as diversas fontes de N nÃo influenciaram na tolerÃncia das plantas de milho à salinidade, entretanto as plantas nutridas com NO3- foram melhores nas relaÃÃes iÃnicas e as maiores atividades da GS observadas nas raÃzes das plantas cultivadas com NH4+, aos 18 dias de estresse, ajudaram no ajustamento osmÃtico, como conseqÃÃncia do acÃmulo de proteÃnas solÃveis e N-aminossolÃveis / This work aimed to study the effect of N source in the growing, gas exchanges, ion partitions and N metabolism in maize plants (Zea mays L.) submitted to salinity. For this, maize seeds were sown in plastic cups with vermiculite and maintained in greenhouse. After that, the seedlings were transferred to a hydroponics culture with N concentration of 6 mM, in the forms of NO3-, NO3-/NH4+ or NH4+. After five days in these conditions, we started the addition of NaCl, which was gradually increased each day by 25 mM until it reaches a final concentration of 100 mM. The harvests were carried out 4, 11 and 18 days after the beginning of the salt treatment. In control conditions, the plants fed with the mixed NO3-/NH4+ were the ones which presented the greatest shoot growth, compared to other N treatments. There was a great growth reduction when the plants were submitted to salinity, but this effect was not influenced by the N source used. Generally, the salinity reduced the stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), photosynthesis (A) and the relation between the intercellular and outercellular CO2 concentration (Ci/Co ) in plants of all N treatments and in different times of harvest. However, in plants fed with NH4+ and after 18 day of salt treatment a great reduction in the gs, A and E and an increase in the Ci/Co ratio were observed. The Na+ contents increased with salinity, despite that, in plants fed with NH4+, these contents were lower than in the other N treatments in salinity conditions. The K+ contents, on the other hand, were reduced by salinity, and the plants fed with the mixed NO3-/ NH4+ and only NH4+ absorbed less K+ than the ones fed only with NO3-, mainly in the leaves and stems of plants after 11 days and in leaves and roots of plants after 18 days of salt stress. This way, there was influence of N source in the Na+/K+ ratio, particularly in roots of plants after 18 days of exposure to salt stress, whose lower increases in this parameter were observed in the plants treated only with NO3-. The greatest increments in the Cl- contents caused by salinity were observed in plants fed with NO3- and with the mixed NO3-/ NH4+. However, in control conditions, these contents were increased in leaves and stems of plants fed only with NH4+. The NO3- contents were higher in plants fed with NO3- and NO3-/NH4+, when compared to the ones fed only with NH4+, both in control and salinity conditions. The greatest and lowest Cl-/NO3- ratio were found, respectively, in plants treated with NO3- and with NH4+. The shoot NH4+ contents were little influenced by salinity or by N source, however, in roots of plants fed with NH4+ and under salinity, there was a great accumulation of these ions after 18 days of stress. The soluble carbohydrates contents, in general, increased by salinity, except in the leaves and stems (after 18 days of salt stress) and in the roots (during all the experimental period) of the plants treated with NH4+. Generally, the soluble proteins and soluble amino acids contents were increased by salinity, and the biggest quantities of these solutes were observed in the roots of plants fed with NH4+ and after 18 days of salt stress. The total N contents were reduced by salinity and it was observed especially in plants fed only with NO3-. In the leaves, the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) were greater in plants fed with NO3- and with the mixed NO3-/ NH4+. Little influence of salinity in NiR activity was observed in maize leaves. In the leaves, the salinity influenced differently the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) between the different sources of N and time of salt exposure. However, in the roots, in general, the GS activity increased withy salinity, except for the plants fed with NH4+, which were not influenced by this stress. After 18 days of salt exposure, the GS activity was greater in the plants fed with NH4+, compared to the other N treatments. The activity of glutamate synthase (GOGAT), in the leaves, in generral, increased with salinity, despite that, this activity was reduced in the roots mainly in the plants fed with NO3-, after 4 days, and with NH4+, after 11 and 18 days. These results suggest that the several N sources did not influence the tolerance of maize plants to salinity. However, the plants fed with NO3- had better results in ion relations. And greatest GS activities observed in roots of the plants fed with NH4+, after 18 days of stress, helped in the osmotic adjustment, as a consequence of the accumulation of soluble proteins and soluble amino acids
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Lipid Profile Is Negatively Associated with Uremic Toxins in Patients with Kidney Failure: A Tri-National CohortHobson, Sam, de Loor, Henriette, Kublickiene, Karolina, Beige, Joachim, Evenepoel, Pieter, Stenvinkel, Peter, Ebert, Thomas 20 October 2023 (has links)
Patients with kidney failure (KF) have a high incidence of cardiovascular (CV) disease,
partly driven by insufficient clearance of uremic toxins. Recent investigations have questioned the
accepted effects of adverse lipid profile and CV risk in uremic patients. Therefore, we related a
panel of uremic toxins previously associated with CV morbidity/mortality to a full lipid profile in
a large, tri-national, cross-sectional cohort. Total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), non-HDL, lowdensity
lipoprotein (LDL), and remnant cholesterol, as well as triglyceride, levels were associated
with five uremic toxins in a cohort of 611 adult KF patients with adjustment for clinically relevant
covariates and other patient-level variables. Univariate analyses revealed negative correlations
of total, non-HDL, and LDL cholesterol with all investigated uremic toxins. Multivariate linear
regression analyses confirmed independent, negative associations of phenylacetylglutamine with
total, non-HDL, and LDL cholesterol, while indole-3 acetic acid associated with non-HDL and LDL
cholesterol. Furthermore, trimethylamine-N-Oxide was independently and negatively associated
with non-HDL cholesterol. Sensitivity analyses largely confirmed findings in the entire cohort. In
conclusion, significant inverse associations between lipid profile and distinct uremic toxins in KF
highlight the complexity of the uremic milieu, suggesting that not all uremic toxin interactions with
conventional CV risk markers may be pathogenic.
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QUANTIFICATION DES PARAMETRES DE TRANSPORT DES SOLUTES EN MILIEUX POREUX PAR TOMOGRAPHIE DE RESISTIVITE ELECTRIQUE : DEVELOPPEMENTS METHODOLOGIQUES ET EXPERIMENTAUXLekmine, Grégory 27 June 2011 (has links) (PDF)
La tomographie de résistivité électrique (ERT) est une méthode courante géophysique de terrain, souvent utilisée pour détecter et l'évolution suivre les panaches de polluants en zone saturée. L'ERT est cependant une méthode intégratrice dont la fiabilité des modèles est confrontée aux problèmes de non-unicité des solutions du problème inverse. Ces contraintes limitent l'interprétation des modèles à un aspect qualitatif de la distribution des contrastes de résistivité modélisés en 2D ou 3D, résultant du choix des paramètres d'inversion et de l'association de paramètres du milieu non identifiables à l'échelle du volume poreux. Cette thèse propose de tester la faisabilité de la méthode pour quantifier les paramètres de transport de polluants et de solutés miscibles au contact des eaux souterraines, ainsi que la sensibilité des paramètres d'inversion les plus influents sur la modélisation. Les tests expérimentaux sont réalisés en laboratoire sur des empillements 2D de billes de verre sphériques (de l'ordre de la 100ène de μm) dans un réservoir en plexiglas transparent. Deux réseaux verticaux de 21 électrodes sont disposés sur les bords latéraux du réservoir pour effectuer le suivi ERT du traceur salé (NaCl dissout) à partir de 210 points de mesures en dipôle-dipôle transverse acquis toutes les 5 minutes afin d'optimiser la résolution temporelle. Le dispositif est également disposé face à un panneau lumineux permettant de réalisé un suivi vidéo simultané du colorant. L'analyse vidéo révèle une propagation plus rapide du colorant sur les bords latéraux qui reste somme toute négligeable pour les débits à la pompe les plus faibles. En revanche les mesures ERT sont fortement perturbées par les effets résistant de la cellule plexiglas qui se répercutent sur les modèles. La normalisation des mesures de résistivité apparente à partir d'une série acquise à l'état initial permet de les atténuer fortement. La modélisation est particulièrement sensible au choix du maillage, aux normes appliqués (L1 ou L2) sur les données et les paramètres, et au facteur d'amortissement. Des valeurs trop élevées du facteur d'acceptance tendent à lisser les contrastes au niveau du front de dispersion et augmentent l'impact des effets des bords horizontaux sur D et . A l'inverse, une modélisation contrainte par de faibles valeurs du facteur d'acceptance donnent des résultats plus proches de l'analyse vidéo, mais produit des effets de bosses à l'avant et à l'arrière du front. La vitesse interstitielle u est indépendante du choix des paramètres d'inversion pour l'ERT. Pour les deux méthodes u est toujours inférieure au débit imposé par la pompe, dont le décalage est exprimé par le facteur retard Rf . Les effets de retard résultent de l'adsorption du Na+ sur les surfaces des billes de verre chargées négativement qui retarde le front de dispersion du suivi ERT. Pour le suivi vidéo, la taille importante de la molécule du colorant favorise son piégeage dans les zones où la perméabilité est plus faible, en plus d'une éventuelle affinité avec la surface solide. Les contrastes de conductivité et la stabilité de l'interface créent par la différence de densité entre les fluides testés ici n'ont pas d'influences significatives sur la dispersion qui est dominée par le débit imposé à la pompe. Les estimations du coefficient de dispersion D en fonction du nombre de Péclet sont cohérentes avec la courbe théorique de Bachmat (1968). Cependant la dispersivité augmente pour les vitesses d'écoulement les plus élevées. Les premières expérimentations de terrain réalisées en 2D sur des sables de Fontainebleau présentent l'avantage de s'affranchir des effets de bords inhérents au laboratoire. En revanche la recalibration des données normalisée par la loi de Archie est plus complexe puisqu'il est nécessaire de tenir compte de l'état de saturation de la résistivité des fluides initialement présents. De plus l'erreur importante sur les modèles ne permet pas de déduire une estimation fiable des paramatères de transport u, (ou D), et Rf .
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Rheological Properties of Aqueous Nanometric Alumina SuspensionsChuanping Li January 2004 (has links)
19 Dec 2004. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "IS-T 2097" Chuanping Li. 12/19/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.
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Drama in Dynamics Boom, Splash, and Speed.Heather Marie Netzloff January 2004 (has links)
19 Dec 2004. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "IS-T 1930" Heather Marie Netzloff. 12/19/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.
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