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This work forms part of a project aimed to develop Polyamide 6,6(PA6,6)-based automotive fuel tanks. PA6,6 is a good candidate for technical applications since it possesses good thermo-mechanical properties compared to its weight. These formulations must exhibit good impermeable properties to classic gasoline, to biofuels (gasoline containing ethanol), and to water which is found in the atmosphere, while keeping good impact behavior.The scientific issues are the better understanding of PA6,6-solvent interactions in the case of a series of solvents having different sizes and polarities and also for a set of ternary mixtures composed of ethanol, toluene, and isooctane at various concentrations that model biofuels. The effect of these solvents on the glass transition temperature Tg (molecular mobility signature) was assessed. The effect of additivating or chemically-modifying PA6,6 on the impact and barrier properties of the polymer was studied.In this work, it was described how the nature of a solvent conditions its sorption and its plasticizing effect on PA6,6. It was also observed that the PA6,6 inter-chain interactions also condition the solvent sorption. Moreover, a thermodynamic approach describing the sorption and plasticizing effects of ternary mixtures in PA6,6 was considered and developed. It was also observed that PA6,6 mechanical properties depend or are related to the amorphous phase molecular mobility state.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-27T17:37:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 stefanosleitegeorgopoulos.pdf: 4197342 bytes, checksum: 2974d92b3639af53c51f602c3cd7723f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-13T13:03:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 stefanosleitegeorgopoulos.pdf: 4197342 bytes, checksum: 2974d92b3639af53c51f602c3cd7723f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-13T13:03:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 stefanosleitegeorgopoulos.pdf: 4197342 bytes, checksum: 2974d92b3639af53c51f602c3cd7723f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-25 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A investigação das soluções de ácido esquárico (H2SQ), diprótico, em dimetilsulfóxido, utilizando a espectroscopia Raman, com o auxílio do cálculo dos métodos numéricos, possibilitou identificar e determinar quantitativamente diversas espécies formadas em solução, distinguindo também as possíveis interações entre o solvente e o soluto e, ainda, a interação entre os solutos vizinhos. A identificação destas interações permitiu tanto a descoberta de espécies químicas na solução, como o H2SQ não-dissociado, formando complexo e não formando complexo, como a fração de H2SQ que se dissociou, formando o ânion monovalente hidrogeno-esquarato (HSQ-) e o ânion divalente esquarato (SQ2-). Também se fez a determinação do tipo de interação predominante que ocorre entre os H2SQ, explicando-se a razão de surgir a cor rosa nas soluções que contêm o H2SQ como soluto, através da interação π-π entre os anéis vizinhos. A formação de sistemas cristalinos através dos sais contendo os cátions tetraalquilamônio e os ânions originados dos oxocarbonos, tais como o íon SQ2-, o ânion divalente croconato e o íon HSQ-, fornece condições de investigar como a variação do volume do cátion influencia na forma da dissociação iônica sofrida pelo H2SQ. Ao compararmos os diferentes sais de tetraalquilamônio, podemos perceber a avidez do ânion divalente croconato, por moléculas de água, e a preferência dos ânions derivados do H2SQ e do próprio H2SQ por realizar ligações de hidrogênio entre si, em solução aquosa. Estes sistemas cristalinos mostram claramente a maior “maciez” da nuvem eletrônica dos íons originados a partir da dissociação iônica do H2SQ do que a daqueles originados no íon croconato. A formação exclusiva do íon SQ2-, ligado, por ponte de hidrogênio, a outros dois H2SQ, no esquarato de tetrabutilamônio, enquanto no sal de tetrapropilamônio há apenas dois íons HSQ-, ligados por pontes de hidrogênio entre si, mostram o quanto o volume do cátion influencia na quantidade de dissociação iônica sofrida pelo H2SQ. / Investigations of the diprotic squaric acid (H2SQ) solutions in dimethylsulfoxide using Raman spectroscopy supported by numerical method calculation, were able to identifying and measure the amounts of the several species present in solutions, taking into account the interactions between solvent and solute, as well as the neighbouring solutes. The identification of such interactions allowed the discover of the chemical species present in the solution, as for instance the complex and non-complex H2SQ associated species, and the dissociated H2SQ, as a fraction of the hydrogen squarate anion (HSQ-) and divalent anion squarate (SQ2-). In addition, the type of interaction between neighbors H2SQ has also been determined, justifying the reason of an emerging pink color for the H2SQ solutions, probably generated by π-π interaction between neighbor rings of H2SQ species. The synthesis of a crystaline system originated by tetraalkylammonium cations and oxocarbon anions, as a SQ2- ion, croconate divalent anion and HSQ- ion was able to investigate how the variation of the cationic volume can influence the type of ionic dissociation presented by the different H2SQ species. When comparing different tetraalkylammonium salts, it can be noticed a great affinity by water molecules from croconate divalent anion, and the preference of the anions derived from H2SQ to perform hydrogen bonds between them, in aqueous solution. This crystalline system shows more “softly” electronic clouds of the ions originated from ionic dissociation of the H2SQ than croconate ion. Exclusive formation of the SQ2- ion, bonded by htdrogen bonds, for two H2SQ species, in the tetrabutylammonium squarate salts, while in the tetrapropylammonium salts have only two HSQ- ions, bonded by hydrogen bonds between them, has also showed how the cation volume can be an important influence for the ionic dissociation quantities suffered by H2SQ.

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le projet de développement des réservoirs essence pour voitures à partir des formulations Polyamide 6,6 (PA6,6). Le PA6,6 est un bon candidat pour des applications techniques car il possède des bonnes propriétés thermomécaniques rapportés à son poids. Ces formulations doivent montrer des bonnes propriétés barrière aux essences classiques, aux biofuels (essence contenant de l’éthanol) et aussi à l’eau qui est présente dans l’atmosphère, tout en ayant une bonne tenue aux chocs.Les enjeux scientifiques sont la meilleure compréhension des interactions entre le PA6,6 et des solvants purs de polarités et tailles différentes mais aussi des mélanges ternaires composés d’éthanol, toluène et isooctane à différentes concentrations et qui modélisent les biofuels. On veut aussi étudier l’effet de ces solvants sur la température de transition vitreuse Tg qui est la signature de la mobilité moléculaire de la phase amorphe. Ensuite, l’effet de l’additivation ou de l’ajout des co-monomères sur les propriétés barrière et mécaniques, notamment les propriétés choc, a été étudié. Dans ce travail nous avons pu décrire comment la nature d’un solvant conditionne sa sorption et son effet plastifiant dans le PA6,6. On a aussi observé que la nature et les interactions interchaînes de la matrice polymère conditionnent aussi la prise en solvants. De plus, une approche thermodynamique a été proposée pour étudier et comprendre la sorption de mélanges ternaires éthanol-toluène-isooctane et leur effet plastifiant dans le PA6,6. On a aussi montré que les propriétés mécaniques du PA6,6 dépendent ou sont liées à l’état de mobilité moléculaire de la phase amorphe de ce polymère. / This work forms part of a project aimed to develop Polyamide 6,6(PA6,6)-based automotive fuel tanks. PA6,6 is a good candidate for technical applications since it possesses good thermo-mechanical properties compared to its weight. These formulations must exhibit good impermeable properties to classic gasoline, to biofuels (gasoline containing ethanol), and to water which is found in the atmosphere, while keeping good impact behavior.The scientific issues are the better understanding of PA6,6-solvent interactions in the case of a series of solvents having different sizes and polarities and also for a set of ternary mixtures composed of ethanol, toluene, and isooctane at various concentrations that model biofuels. The effect of these solvents on the glass transition temperature Tg (molecular mobility signature) was assessed. The effect of additivating or chemically-modifying PA6,6 on the impact and barrier properties of the polymer was studied.In this work, it was described how the nature of a solvent conditions its sorption and its plasticizing effect on PA6,6. It was also observed that the PA6,6 inter-chain interactions also condition the solvent sorption. Moreover, a thermodynamic approach describing the sorption and plasticizing effects of ternary mixtures in PA6,6 was considered and developed. It was also observed that PA6,6 mechanical properties depend or are related to the amorphous phase molecular mobility state.

Brittleness of a polymeric material has a direct relationship with the material's performance and furthermore shares an inverse relationship with that material's flexibility. The concept of flexibility of materials has been understood but merely explained with a hand-waving manner. Thus, it has never been defined by a calculation, thereby lacking the ability to determine a definite quantitative value for this characteristic. Herein, an equation is presented and proven which makes determining the value of flexibility possible. Such an equation could be used to predict a material's flexibility prior to testing it, thus saving money and valuable time for those in research and in industry. Substantiating evidence showing the relationship between flexibility of polymers and their respective mechanical properties is presented. Further relating the known tensile properties of a given polymer to its flexibility is expanded upon by proving its relationship to the linear coefficient of thermal expansion for each polymer. Additionally, determining flexibility for polymers whose chemical structures have been compromised by respective solvents has also been investigated to predict a solvent's impact on a polymer after exposure. Polymers examined through literature include polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), teflon (PTFE), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), poly(ethersulfone) (PES), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). Further testing and confirmation was made using PC, PS, ABS, LDPE, PP, and PMMA.

L'objet de ce travail concernait la compréhension de l'évolution des propriétés hydrauliques des membranes céramiques d'UF/NF durant l'étape du conditionnement, et suite à un traitement alcalin. Dans un premier temps, une étude expérimentale a été réalisée par des tests de flux à l'eau pure avec 6 membranes minérales asymétriques (Na-mordenite et TiO2). Ensuite, l'évolution de la perméabilité hydraulique de ces membranes a été modélisée précisément par une fonction mathématique, mettant en évidence deux phases distinctes au cours du conditionnement : une hydratation rapide de la surface des cristaux de Na-mordenite (mésoporosité intercristalline) suivie d'une hydratation lente des pores de la Na-mordenite (microporosité intracristalline). Cette étude a également permis de montrer que la cinétique d'hydratation des micropores est proportionnelle au volume microporeux des couches actives. Dans un deuxième temps, des caractérisations physico-chimiques (DRX, MEB, DFX, adsorption N2), des mesures de propriétés électriques ainsi que des tests de mouillabilité ont été réalisés sur la phase active des membranes de Na-mordenite avant et après un traitement alcalin (filtration d'une solution de carbonate de sodium) dans le but de pouvoir comprendre/expliquer la diminution de la perméabilité hydraulique observée à la suite du traitement alcalin. Les composantes de la tension de surface (polaires et apolaires) et l'énergie d'interaction entre la surface des membranes et les molécules d'eau ont été déterminées via l'équation de Young-Dupré (théorie de Lifshitz-van der Waals des états condensés). L'ensemble des résultats obtenus a montré que la modification des propriétés hydrauliques des membranes est due à une augmentation de l'hydrophilicité de surface de la zéolithe (par la présence des micro-défauts à la surface : extraction des atomes de silicium) provoquant la formation d'une couche ultra-polaire à la surface des cristaux de Na-mordenite. / The aim of this work was to understand hydraulic properties evolution of mineral UF/NF membranes during the conditioning step and after a mild alkaline treatment. First, experimental tests by filtration of pure water were carried out to determine the membrane permeation flux. Six tubular asymetric ceramic membranes were studied (Na-mordenite and TiO2) and a mathematical modelling of the hydraulic permeability (during the conditioning step) was performed. Two separate phases were identified: a fast decrease of the permeability that was attributed to the hydration of the crystal surface of Na-mordenite (inter-crystalline mesoporosity) and then a slow decrease until the stabilization of the permeability that was attributed to the hydration of the Na-mordenite internal pores (intra-crystalline microposity). During this study, it was also shown that the kinetic of micropore hydration is directly proportional to the microporous volume of the membrane active layer. Secondly, physicochemical characterizations, electric properties and contact angle measurements were carried out on the Na-mordenite active phase before and after a mild alkaline treatment (filtration of a sodium carbonate-water solution) to understand/explain the decrease of the hydraulic permeability after the alkaline treatment. The surface tension components (polar and apolar) and the energy of interaction between water molecules and the surface of the active layer were determined via the Young-Dupré equation according to the Lifshitz-van der Waals theory of the condensed states. The whole of these results showed that the modification of the hydraulic properties of the zeolite membranes is due to an increase of the surface hydrophilicity of the surface (surface defaults: extraction of the silicon atoms), leading to the formation of an ultra-polar layer on the surface of the zeolite crystals.