The associations between personality, impression management, and organization citizen behavior are discussed. The questionnaire used at current study is designed cross-sectional, containing Self-Monitoring Scale, Machiavellianism Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, Impression Management Scale, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale, administered to 247 supervisors and 247 employees. The validate response rate was 96.1%. Multivariate analytical results indicated that the differentiations between employees might affect their involvement with impression management; supplication and intimidate tactics may be the intervening variables between Machiavellianism and Organizational Citizenship Behavior; General & Specific Self-Efficacy would directly influence Organizational Citizenship Behavior, which indicates the supervisors¡¦ perception of employees will directly affected by General & Specific Self-Efficacy.

This research develops and validates a task-specific parenting self-efficacy measure focussing on the following domains: showing affection and empathy, engaging in play, facilitating routines, establishing discipline strategies, providing appropriate learning and development activities, and promoting communication interaction. Self-efficacy can be described as a person’s belief in his or her ability to successfully complete tasks. Self-efficacy beliefs are among the most consistent predictors of success and performance in many contexts. As a result, self-efficacy has been investigated across a variety of domains. Parenting self-efficacy can be defined as judgement which a parent has regarding his or her ability to successfully complete the tasks related to parenting a child. Increasing parents’ competence in raising and supporting their children throughout life is regarded as one of the cornerstones of adaptive parenting. As improving parenting self-efficacy has been known to have a positive effect on parenting competence it has been incorporated as a component of early childhood intervention programmes in recent years. Numerous self-efficacy instruments are currently being used to measure self-efficacy within the parenting literature. In the development of this particular measure, challenges surrounding the conceptualization and operationalization of parenting self-efficacy have been investigated. The parenting sense of efficacy instrument (P-SEMI) was developed from theoretical frameworks within both parenting and self-efficacy domains. A classification for the definition and development of parenting self-efficacy measures is proposed. The relevant theoretical constructs are operationalized in order to identify their observable indicators (discrete parenting tasks). The main aim of this empirical research is therefore to validate the P-SEMI by establishing the internal consistency reliability, as well as face, content, construct, and differential validity for the measure. The design used is a descriptive survey type design with three phases. Phase 1 established validity in the conceptual domain. The measure was developed and content validity was investigated by a panel of subject matter experts. Phase 2 established validity in the methodological domain. During this phase the measure was administered to two groups of mothers; mothers of children with a disability, and mothers of typically developing children. Seventy-nine mothers participated in this phase of the study. Two additional established measures were used as convergent measures, namely the general self-efficacy scale (which is a global self-efficacy measure) and the parenting sense of competence scale (which is a domain-general measure). Based on the data collected from these participants, content, construct and differential validity was established. Phase 3 established initial validity in the substantive domain. Results indicated that the P-SEMI is a reliable and valid task-specific measure for assessing the level of parenting self-efficacy of mothers of young children. The P-SEMI is moderately correlated to both of the existing self-efficacy measures used as convergent measures. The newly developed task-specific measure was the only measure which was able to differentiate between the levels of parenting self-efficacy. As a result this measure is applicable as a clinical tool to measure parenting self-efficacy, and can be used to conduct further research within the field of parenting self-efficacy. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication / unrestricted

Visualizing both the performance and the result leads to a better achievement on the actual task, according to previous research. The purpose of this study is to examine how the visualization of the performance compared to visualizing the result, of a fine motor task, affects the outcome of the task. The outcome is measured in failures and correctly placed domino trays. The first hypothesis suggested both visualizations would give a better outcome, compared to the control condition. The second hypothesis suggested there will be a difference in the outcome, between the two visualization conditions. The third hypothesis suggested specific self-efficacy for the task would be highest for result-visualization. In an experimental intervention study using within-groups design participants (11 women, 9 men, 1 unspecified, M = 24 years, 20-32 years) did two questionnaires (demographic information and VVIQ-test),three domino tasks including the three conditions, and answered some questions regarding specific self efficacy. Through ANCOVA, independent Samples t test, and Pearson correlation,no hypothesis was completely confirmed. There was a significant difference in failures, during different conditions, between genders. The results indicated females in this study benefitted from both visualizations. The visualization-ability for women was significantly higher in this study, compared to men. There was a significant correlation between higher specific selfefficacy and better performance when participants did visualize executing the task. The validity of the domino task and the measurement of specific self efficacy could be discussed. / Att visualisera både genomförandet och resultatet leder till en bättre prestation på en uppgift, enligt tidigare studier. Syftet med denna studie är att avgöra hur visualisering av genomförandet jämfört med visualisering av resultatet, på en finmotorisk uppgift, påverkar prestationen på uppgiften. Prestationen mättes i misslyckanden och korrekt staplade dominobrickor. Den första hypotesen föreslog att båda visualiseringsbetingelserna skulle ge en bättre prestation, jämfört med kontrollbetingelsen. Den andra hypotesen föreslog att det kommer att finnas en skillnad i resultatet mellan de två visualiseringsbetingelserna. Den tredjehypotesen föreslog att specific self efficacy för uppgiften skulle vara högst för resultatvisualisering. I en experimentell interventionsstudie med inomgruppsdesign gjorde deltagarna (11 kvinnor, 9 män, 1 ospecificerad, M = 24 år, 20-32 år) två enkäter (demografisk information och VVIQ-test), tre dominouppgifter inkl. de tre interventionerna och svarade på några frågor gällande specific self efficacy. Genom ANCOVA, oberoende Samples t test och Pearson correlation kunde ingen av hypoteserna bekräftas fullt ut. Det fanns en signifikant skillnad i misslyckanden, under olika betingelser, mellan män och kvinnor. Resultaten visade att kvinnorna i denna studie gynnades av båda visualiseringsbetingelserna. Visualiseringsförmågan för kvinnor var signifikant högre i denna studie jämfört med män. Det fanns en signifikant korrelation mellan högre specifik self-efficacy och högre prestation när deltagarna visualiserade att de genomförde uppgiften. Validiteten av dominouppgiften och mätningen av specific self efficacy kan diskuteras.