Les aciers inoxydables lean duplex sont une famille d'aciers austéno-ferritiques allégés en nickel et en molybdène, qui s'est développée à la fin des années 1990. Le compromis propriétés mécaniques, propriétés de résistance à la corrosion et coût de matière première place cette famille comme une alternative intéressante aux aciers austénitiques standards, et en particulier aux 304/304L qui représentent actuellement les deux tiers de la production d'acier inoxydable. Cependant, cette famille étant relativement récente, la stabilité en température des aciers lean duplex a été relativement peu étudiée, en particulier lors de maintiens prolongés en température. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, l'évolution microstructurale d'un acier lean duplex 2101 a été étudiée, lors de vieillissements isothermes à des températures comprises entre 20 °C et 850 °C, pour des temps s'échelonnant de quelques minutes à plusieurs mois. Les cinétiques de vieillissement ont été suivies par mesures de pouvoir thermoéléctrique (PTE), à partir desquelles des états vieillis ont été sélectionnés pour être caractérisés par microscopie électronique et par sonde atomique tomographique. A des températures intermédiaires de 350 – 450 °C, la ferrite de l'acier lean duplex 2101 est sujette à la démixtion Fe-Cr et à la formation d'amas enrichis en Ni-Mn-Si-Al-Cu, malgré les faibles teneurs en nickel de cette nuance. Ces phénomènes sont détectés par une forte augmentation du PTE. Pour des températures plus élevées, à 700 °C environ, une approche multi-techniques et multi-échelles a permis de décrire précisément les mécanismes qui régissent les différentes évolutions microstructurales : la germination et la croissance de M23C6 et de Cr2N, observés dès quelques minutes de vieillissement aux joints de phases, la précipitation de la phase σ pour des temps de vieillissement plus importants qui s'accompagne d'une transformation de la ferrite δ en austénite secondaire γ2, et la transformation partielle de l'austénite en martensite lors du refroidissement des échantillons vieillis. L'effet des différentes phases sur le PTE de l'acier lean duplex peut être décrit qualitativement lors du vieillissement par une loi des mélanges. / Lean duplex stainless steels are austeno-ferritic steels with lower nickel and molybdenum contents, developed in the late 90's. Considering mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and cost of raw material, this family is an interesting alternative to standard austenitic stainless steels, which currently represent two thirds of stainless steel production. However, lean duplex steels are relatively recent and their thermal stability has been relatively little studied, especially during long term aging. In this study, the microstructural evolution of a lean duplex steel 2101 was studied during isothermal aging at temperatures between 20 °C and 850 °C, from few minutes to several months. Aging kinetics were followed by thermoelectric power measurements (TEP), from which aged states were selected to be characterized by electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. At intermediate temperatures of 350 - 450 °C, Fe-Cr demixing and precipitation of Ni-Mn-Al-Si-Cu occur in the ferrite despite the low nickel content of this grade, leading to an increase in the TEP. For higher temperatures, at about 700 °C, the mechanisms which govern the different microstructural evolutions have been described by a multi-scale approach: the nucleation and growth of M23C6 and Cr2N, observed from few minutes of aging and the σ phase precipitation, observed for longer aging time. The latter is accompanied by a transformation of δ ferrite in γ2 secondary austenite, and by the partial transformation of austenite into martensite during cooling. The effect of different phases on the TEP of the lean duplex steel can be qualitatively described during aging by a rule of mixture.

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The majority of UK’s intermediate level radioactive waste is currently stored in 316L and 304L austenitic stainless steel containers in interim storage facilities for permanent disposal until a geological disposal facility has become available. The structural integrity of stainless steel canisters is required to persevere against environmental degradation for up to 500 years to assure a safe storage and disposal scheme. Hitherto existing severe localised corrosion observances on real waste storage containers after 10 years of exposure to an ambient atmosphere in an in-land warehouse in Culham at Oxfordshire, however, questioned the likelihood occurrence of stress corrosion cracking that may harm the canister’s functionality during long-term storage. The more corrosion resistant duplex stainless steel grade 2205, therefore, has been started to be manufactured as a replacement for the austenitic grades. Over decades, the threshold stress corrosion cracking temperature of austenitic stainless steels has been believed to be 50-60°C, but lab- and field-based research has shown that 304L and 316L may suffer from atmospheric stress corrosion cracking at ambient temperatures. Such an issue has not been reported to occur for the 2205 duplex steel, and its atmospheric stress corrosion cracking behaviour at low temperatures (40-50°C) has been sparsely studied which requires detailed investigations in this respect. Low temperature atmospheric stress corrosion cracking investigations on 2205 duplex stainless steel formed the framework of this PhD thesis with respect to the waste storage context. Long-term surface magnesium chloride deposition exposures at 50°C and 30% relative humidity for up to 15 months exhibited the occurrence of stress corrosion cracks, showing stress corrosion susceptibility of 2205 duplex stainless steel at 50°C.The amount of cold work increased the cracking susceptibility, with bending deformation being the most critical type of deformation mode among tensile and rolling type of cold work. The orientation of the microstructure deformation direction, i.e. whether the deformation occurred in transverse or rolling direction, played vital role in corrosion and cracking behaviour, as such that bending in transverse direction showed almost 3-times larger corrosion and stress corrosion cracking propensity. Welding simulation treatments by ageing processes at 750°C and 475°C exhibited substantial influences on the corrosion properties. It was shown that sensitisation ageing at 750°C can render the material enhanced susceptible to stress corrosion cracking at even low chloride deposition densities of ≤145 µm/cm². However, it could be shown that short-term heat treatments at 475°C can decrease corrosion and stress corrosion cracking susceptibility which may be used to improve the materials performance. Mechanistic understanding of stress corrosion cracking phenomena in light of a comprehensive microstructure characterisation was the main focus of this thesis.