Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-11T20:09:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Liliane de Souza Ferreira.pdf: 1966686 bytes, checksum: eebcf58399ae9c79283075f9e54588e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-11T20:09:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Liliane de Souza Ferreira.pdf: 1966686 bytes, checksum: eebcf58399ae9c79283075f9e54588e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-09 / The management of weeds is complex and comprises a major component of the production cost of most cultures. Growing cover crops is one of the forms of management to reduce weeds competing. Agrobiodiversity, including the biota and the surrounding properties, constituting a cultural and natural capital able to provide ecosystem services. In this context, we developed a study to investigate the potential of wild species Crotalaria incana (rattlesnake rattle or Xique-Xique) and Diodia saponariifolia (Poaia the swamp), which occur in a nearby landscape the Atlantic Forest fragments in the River Basin region Guapi-Macacu-RJ, as part of sustainable agro-ecosystems, constituting strategy to reduce the use of herbicides and enhancing local biodiversity. This potential was assessed in C. incana through phenological studies of plant height, crown diameter, number of branches, presence of inflorescence and number of pods along the cycle and at different times, October, January, February and March. Also evaluated in its interaction with the climate and planting dates. It was found that the planting October C. incana had the longest growing season, low seed production. In the planting in February, the performance of C. incana was good in both parameters; while planting in March, C. incana demonstrated lower performance for mass production and seeds. Preliminary assessments of total biomass and macronutrients, indicate the potential of C. incana as a cover crop that needs to be better investigated. As for D. saponariifolia, a creeping species characterized as macrophyte, evaluations were made of soil coverage percentage after its introduction, compared to the most frequently dominant families in the system, Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Subsequently evaluated the seed bank behavior in this same area after being introduced (experimental area), compared to natural area, which was already established spontaneously. We observed a cooling populations of Poaceae and Cyperaceae after the introduction D. saponariifolia. The spontaneous seed bank revealed a reduction in the expression of these families, important competitors in the system. Possible allelopathic effect of D. saponariifolia in suppressing spontaneous, was evaluated by bioassay with the soil of the natural area where D. saponariifolia prevails spontaneously. In this ground sesame seeds were germinated Sesame indicu L. () in 15-cell trays 3 treatments (T1, T2, T3). T1, activated carbon was added to neutralize allelopathic effects harmful to the development of seedlings. T2, do not add anything. In T3 (control) used a soil adjacent area without the presence of individuals D. saponariifolia. There was no significant difference in the development of seedlings in 3 treatments, indicating no evidence of allelopathic effects of D. saponariifolia on Sesame germination. We can infer that the suppression of processes D. saponariifolia are only for "muffling". / O manejo de plantas espont?neas ? complexo e comp?e um dos principais componentes do custo de produ??o da maioria das culturas. O cultivo de plantas de cobertura ? uma das formas de manejo para redu??o das plantas espont?neas competidoras. Neste contexto desenvolveu-se um estudo com objetivo de investigar o potencial das esp?cies espont?neas Crotalaria incana (Xique-Xique) e Diodia Saponariifolia (Poaia do brejo), que ocorrem em uma paisagem pr?xima a fragmentos de Mata Atl?ntica, na regi?o da Bacia do Rio Guapi-Macacu-RJ, como parte integrante de agroecossistemas sustent?veis, constituindo estrat?gia para redu??o do uso de herbicidas e incremento da biodiversidade local. Este potencial foi avaliado em C. incana, atrav?s de estudos fenol?gicos de altura da planta, di?metro de copa, n?mero de ramos, presen?a de infloresc?ncia e n?mero de vagens ao longo do ciclo e em diferentes ?pocas Outubro, Janeiro, Fevereiro e Mar?o). Avaliou-se tamb?m sua intera??o com o clima e ?pocas de plantio. Constatou-se que no plantio de Outubro, C. incana teve o ciclo vegetativo mais longo, com pouca produ??o de sementes. J? no plantio em Fevereiro, o desempenho de C. incana foi bom em ambos par?metros; enquanto no plantio de Mar?o, C. incana demonstrou menor desempenho tanto para produ??o de massa como de sementes. Avalia??es preliminares de macronutrientes totais e biomassa indicam bom potencial de C. incana a ser melhor investigado. Quanto ? D. Saponariifolia, uma esp?cie rasteira caracterizada como macr?fita, foram feitas avalia??es de porcentagem de cobertura do solo ap?s sua introdu??o, comparando com as fam?lias mais frequentemente dominantes no sistema, Poaceae e Cyperaceae. Posteriormente avaliou-se o comportamento do banco de sementes nesta mesma ?rea ap?s ser introduzida (?rea experimental), comparando com ?rea natural onde j? estava estabelecida espont?neamente. Observou-se um arrefecimento das popula??es de Poaceae e Cyperaceae ap?s a introdu??o D. saponariifolia. O banco de sementes de espont?neas revelou uma redu??o na express?o destas fam?lias e de Asteraceae, importantes competidoras no sistema. Poss?vel efeito alelop?tico de D. saponariifolia na supress?o de espont?neas, foi avaliado atrav?s de biosensaio com o solo da ?rea natural, onde D. saponariifolia predomina espontaneamente. Neste solo foram germinadas sementes de Sesamo indicu L. (Gergelim) em bandejas de 15 c?lulas, com 3 tratamentos (T1,T2,T3). Em T1, adicionou-se carv?o ativado, que neutralizaria efeitos alelop?ticos prejudiciais ao desenvolvimento das pl?ntulas. Em T2, n?o se adicionou nada. Em T3 (controle) utilizou-se um solo da ?rea adjacente, sem presen?a de indiv?duos de D. saponariifolia. N?o houve diferen?a significativa no desenvolvimento das pl?ntulas nos 3 tratamentos, indicando n?o haver evid?ncias de efeitos alelop?ticos de D. saponariifolia na germina??o de Gergelim. Podemos inferir que os processos de supress?o de D. saponariifolia sejam apenas por ?abafamento?.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Carlos Antonio Barreto dos Santos.pdf: 6633158 bytes, checksum: 82ad5fa6564f31d7aa7587f533bf91ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Four plant species, intercropped or not, were evaluates in the State of Rio de Janeiro for Green manuring and soil covering prior to corn or cabbage crops. Such crops were submitted to a no-tillage and organic farming system. The study relating to corn was carried out in Baixada Fluminense (Serop?dica) at 33 m above sea level, whereas the cabbage experiment was the located in the South-Central Region (Paty do Alferes) at 680m. In bony experiments a randomized block design was employed with 12 treatments and four replicates. The species lazed for soil covering were: Crotalaria juncea (C), sorghum Sorghum bicolor (S), sunflower Heliantus annus (G) and castor bean Ricinus communis (M). Treatments involving such soil covering species corresponded to their monocrops ad the following intercrops: C+G, C+S, C+M, C+G+S, C+S+M and C+G+S+M. The control treatment consisted of fallow plots whove spontaneous vegetations was cut down on the day subsequent corn and cabbage were planted. In Baixada Fluminense, the previous intercrops favored epigeous edafic fauna diversity compared to fallow, either during vegetative cycle or after cutting except for castor bean monocrop, all treatments led to reduced need reinfestation in comparison to fallow plots. Corn yield (immature ears) was higher after monocrops of the soil covering species and also after fallow. Crotalaria showed in outstanding potential as green manure considering that organic suplementar corn fertilizing were proceeded only in plots previously cultivated to such legume species. The greatest cumulative e amount of above-ground biomass resulted from crotalaria monocrop probably contributing to a superior corn yield. In the South-Central field experiment the highest values for biomass productin were again obtained from crotalaria monocrop, its intercrops with each of the other soil covering species (C+G, C+S and C+M), and the triple intercrop with sorghum plus castor bean (C+S+M). Decomposition rates for the cut down plant residues in situ differed between intercrops and monocrops. Cabbage yield was as cell favoured by previous crotalaria and its intercrops, with exception of the intercrop in which all four plant species participated. Results have demonstrated the adequacy of crotalaria for rotational system with commercial crops under organic management. The experiments otherwise indicated that combining the legume with other soil covering species may lead to additional advantages in terms of crop residues persistence on soil surface and ed?fica fauna stimulation. / Avaliaram-se, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, quatro esp?cies bot?nicas, consorciadas ou n?o, para aduba??o verde e cobertura do solo, antecedendo as culturas de milho verde e repolho. Estas culturas foram implantadas em sistema plantio direto e submetidas ao manejo org?nico. O estudo com o milho verde foi conduzido na Baixada Fluminense (Serop?dica) a 33 m de altitude enquanto o estudo com o repolho teve lugar na regi?o Centro Sul (Paty do Alferes) a 680m. Em ambos os experimentos, empregouse o delineamento de blocos casualizados, envolvendo 12 tratamentos com quatro repeti??es. As esp?cies de cobertura do solo utilizadas foram: Crotalaria juncea (C), girassol Heliantus annus (G), sorgo Sorghum bicolor (S) e mamoneira Ricinus communis (M). Os tratamentos relativos ?s esp?cies de cobertura corresponderam aos respectivos monocultivos e aos cons?rcios: C+G, C+S, C+M, C+G+S, C+G+M, C+S+M e C+G+S+M. O tratamento controle foi representado pelas parcelas que permaneceram em pousio, cuja vegeta??o espont?nea foi ro?ada por ocasi?o dos plantios subsequentes de milho ou repolho. Nas condi??es da baixada fluminense, os cons?rcios favoreceram a diversidade da fauna ed?fica ep?gea, quando comparados com o pousio, tanto ao longo do ciclo vegetativo das esp?cies de cobertura quanto ap?s o corte. Com exce??o do monocultivo de mamoneira, os demais tratamentos provocaram redu??o dos n?veis de reinfesta??o de ervas espont?neas, relativamente ao pousio. A produtividade do milho em espigas verdes foi superior quando em sucess?o aos monocultivos das esp?cies de cobertura e pousio. A crotal?ria revelou destacado potencial como adubo verde, tendo em vista que somente nas parcelas onde foi previamente cultivada o milho n?o recebeu fertiliza??o org?nica suplementar. A maior quantidade acumulada de biomassa a?rea seca tamb?m resultou do monocultivo de leguminosa, o que provavelmente contribuiu para o rendimento superior do milho. No ensaio conduzido na regi?o Centro Sul, os valores mais elevados de biomassa produzida foram tamb?m obtidos a partir da crotal?ria em monocultivo, de seu cultivo consorciado com cada uma das outras plantas de cobertura (C+G, C+S e C+M) ou do triplo cons?rcio com sorgo e mamoneira (C+S+M). As taxas de decomposi??o in situ dos res?duos vegetais ro?ados distinguiram os cons?rcios dos monocultivos. Em termos de produtividade, o repolho foi beneficiado pelo pr?-cultivo de crotal?ria e seus cons?rcios, com exce??o daquele do qual participaram todas as quatro plantas de cobertura. Os resultados demonstraram adequa??o da Crotalaria juncea para sistemas rotacionados com culturas, de interesse comercial sob manejo org?nico. Indicaram, todavia, que combina??es desta leguminosa com outras esp?cies nos pr?-cultivos podem acarretar vantagens adicionais, ligadas ? persist?ncia da palhada distribu?da na superf?cie do solo, a partir do corte da biomassa a?rea, e ? diversidade da fauna ed?fica ep?gea.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-14T13:41:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Dieimisson Paulo Almeida - 2014.pdf: 687444 bytes, checksum: ffba4f6a346736510c1445ffdf08f783 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-14T14:12:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Dieimisson Paulo Almeida - 2014.pdf: 687444 bytes, checksum: ffba4f6a346736510c1445ffdf08f783 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-14T14:12:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Dieimisson Paulo Almeida - 2014.pdf: 687444 bytes, checksum: ffba4f6a346736510c1445ffdf08f783 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In areas where it works with no till is common to observe flaws in the burn down of cover crops and/or spontaneous vegetation, which can characterize the insufficient deposition of active ingredient of herbicides. The spray technology is the tool to be used in the planning and execution of burn down, to ensure that products with proven for weed control and coverage, effectiveness are efficiently deposited in biological targets. Two assays were carried out in order to evaluate the efficiency of herbicide applications. At the first it was evaluated the influence of classes drops (very fine droplets and very coarse droplets) and spray volumes (50, 100, 150 and 200 L ha-1) on the effectiveness of cover crop control with use of glyphosate and glyphosate + saflufenacil to control Urochloa ruziziensis and Conyza sp., respectively. The classes of droplets influence the control of Urochloa ruziziensis. The reduction on spray volume increased the possibility of sprouts on Conyza sp. On the second experiment it was investigated the efficiency of two spray application volumes (50 and 200 L ha-1) at different times of day (4:30, 10:30, 16:30 and 22:30 pm) on burn down of Urochloa ruziziensis and spontaneous vegetation. The efficacy of glyphosate in cover crops is not influenced by schedules of spray. / Em áreas onde se trabalha com Plantio Direto é comum observar-se falhas na dessecação das plantas de cobertura e/ou vegetação espontânea, o que pode caracterizar a deposição em quantidade insuficiente do ingrediente ativo do herbicida. A tecnologia de aplicação é a ferramenta a ser utilizada no planejamento e execução da dessecação, a fim de garantir que produtos com eficácia comprovada para o controle de plantas daninhas e de cobertura, sejam eficientemente depositados nos alvos biológicos. Visando maximizar a eficácia de herbicidas por meio de aplicações eficientes foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro foi avaliada a influência das classes de gotas (gotas muito fina e gotas muito grossa) e volumes de aplicação (50, 100, 150 e 200 L ha-1) no controle das coberturas vegetais, com uso de glyphosate e glyphosate + saflufenacil para controle de Urochloa ruziziensis e Conyza sp., respectivamente, no qual concluiu-se que as classes de gotas influenciam no controle de Urochloa ruziziensis e a redução do volume de aplicação aumenta a possibilidade de rebrotes de Conyza sp.. No segundo experimento avaliou-se a eficiência da aplicação em dois volumes de aplicação (50 e 200 L ha-1) em diferentes horários do dia (4:30, 10:30, 16:30 e 22:30 horas) na dessecação de Urochloa ruziziensis e vegetação espontânea. Conclui-se que a eficácia de glyphosate nas coberturas vegetais não sofre influência de horários de aplicação.

La dégradation des éléments semi-naturels du paysage agricoleet l’intensifi cation des pratiques agricoles ont conduit à l’altérationdes services écosystémiques. Une meilleure compréhensiondes mécanismes de la régulation des bioagresseurs permet ledéveloppement de systèmes agricoles économes en produitsphytosanitaires. Les espèces végétales des habitats semi-naturels,notamment des bordures de parcelles, peuvent constituerdes refuges et proposer des ressources pour les insectes inféodésaux cultures. La thèse vise à expliciter le rôle de la végétationdes bords de champ pour alimenter l’ingénierie agroécologique.Les analyses s’appuient sur des relevés botaniques et entomologiques,sur des enquêtes agronomiques, sur des relevésd’occupation des sols dans le paysage, ainsi que sur la mise enplace de mélanges d’espèces tests le long des cultures.Nous avons mis en évidence l’importance de la végétation spontanéede bordures et surtout du couvert des plantes entomophiles enfl eurs dans la régulation des ravageurs. En comparaison avec lepaysage entourant les parcelles, les facteurs locaux (pratiquesagricoles, fl ore des bordures) ont une plus grande infl uence surles populations des ravageurs. La mise en place d’une nouvelleméthode de marquage du nectar au 13C nous a permis de suivrel’alimentation et le déplacement de parasitoïdes. Les bandesfl euries optimisées pour la production des ressources fl oralesaméliorent la régulation des ravageurs. Les résultats obtenusdans ce travail permettent de formuler de nouvelles pistes degestion de l / The degradation of semi-natural habitats and land use intensifi cationhave resulted in a loss of ecosystem services. A better understandingof the mechanisms of crop herbivore regulation is neededto improve plant protection and to reduce insecticide treatments.Plant species of semi-natural habitats such as herbaceous fi eldmargins, provide shelter and food resources for crop insects. Thethesis aims to evaluate the role of the fi eld margin vegetation toimprove our knowledge on interaction with crop herbivores and naturalenemies and to optimise ecological engineering approaches.The studies are based on botanical and entomological surveys, onquestionnaire information (land use) and on landscape mapping.In one experiment we manipulated fi eld margin vegetation, to compareeffects of vegetation rich in fl oral resources with control treatments(spontaneous vegetaion, grass strips).We demonstrated theimportance of spontaneous vegetation, particularly the abundanceof fl owering entomophilous plants in regulating crop herbivores.Local factors such as land use intensity and fi eld margin vegetationhad a stronger infl uence on crop herbivores and natural enemiesthan landscape features. A new method of labelling soruce plantnectar with 13C sugar was tested to analyse nectar uptake andthe movements of parasitoids between fi eld margin and crop. Marginvegetation optimised for fl oral resource provisioning improvedregulation service. The results are discussed in terms of managementrecommendations for agri-envrionment schemes

I en värld där djur- och växtarter minskar som en konsekvens av att urbaniseringen ökar står planeringspraktiken inför ett dilemma. Biologiska och ekologiska värden tenderar att ställas mot estetiska och ekonomiska parametrar i planeringsprocesser, vilket gör att flora och fauna i en hög utsträckning marginaliseras. Denna marginalisering har varit närvarande under stora delar av arkitekturhistorien då vild natur ansetts oacceptabel och ställts under människans kontroll. Studien ämnar att studera dessa spänningar och undersöka hur urban biodiversitet kan arbetas med och främjas inom planeringspraktiken. Detta görs genom att belysa vegetation över stadsrummet i dess olika former.  Den urbana miljön erbjuder unika förutsättningar för djur och växters möjlighet att etablera och föröka sig. För att exemplifiera detta har studien, genom en fallstudie, undersökt olika platser i en av Europas grönaste städer. Den italienska huvudstaden Rom har säregna förutsättningar för vegetationens möjlighet att växa genom dess geografiska läge och vattenrika landskap. Fallstudien riktar sig därför specifikt till Rom och kring hur urban biodiversitet utifrån vegetationens spontana förekommande ter sig i stadsrummet. Studien är därav uppbyggd på det empiriska material som samlats in under fallstudien. De två fallen som studeras är den spontant uppkomna parken och sjön Lago ex-Snia som idag klassas som ett lokalt naturskyddsområde och den klassiska anläggningen Villa Massimo med dess tillhörande trädgårdar. Fallen står på varsin sida av ett spektrum och studeras utifrån dess skiljaktigheter i arbetet med vild natur och spontan vegetation.  Genom kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer har tre personer som på olika sätt har yrkesverksamma kopplingar till urban biodiversitet fått utrymme och blivit hörda. Dessa kvalitativa intervjuer har tillsammans med dokumentanalyser och fältanalyser givit oss en förståelse för den spontana vegetations effekter på stadsrummet. Avslutningsvis menar studien att dessa effekter i högre utsträckning bör utnyttjas och prioriteras inom planeringspraktiken. Detta kan göras möjligt genom att bredda kunskapen och öka medvetenheten kring den spontana vegetationens faktiska nyttograd. / In a world where animal and plant species are declining as a consequence of increasing urbanisation, the planning practice faces a dilemma. Biological and ecological values tend to be set against aesthetic and economic parameters in planning processes, resulting in a high degree of marginalisation of flora and fauna. This marginalisation has been present throughout much of architectural history as wild nature has been deemed unacceptable and placed under human control. The study aims to study these tensions and examine how urban biodiversity can be worked with and promoted in the planning practice. This is done by highlighting vegetation across urban space in its various forms.  The urban environment offers unique conditions for animals and plants to establish and reproduce. To illustrate this, the study has, through a case study, investigated different sites in one of Europe's greenest cities. The Italian capital Rome has unique conditions for vegetation growth due to its geographical location and water-rich landscape. The case study therefore focuses specifically on Rome and how urban biodiversity based on the spontaneous occurrence of vegetation appears in the urban space. The study is therefore built on the empirical material collected during the case study. The two cases studied are the spontaneously emerging park and lake Lago ex-Snia, which today is classified as a local nature conservation area, and the classic complex Villa Massimo with its associated gardens. The cases stand on either side of a spectrum and are studied according to their differences in working with wild nature and spontaneous vegetation.  Through qualitative research interviews, three people who are professionally connected to urban biodiversity in different ways have been given space and have been heard. These qualitative interviews, together with a document analysis and a field analysis, have given us an understanding of the effects of spontaneous vegetation on urban space. The study concludes that these effects should be better utilised and prioritised in planning practice. This can be made possible by broadening knowledge and raising awareness of the actual usefulness of spontaneous vegetation.

L'écologie urbaine, qui a émergé depuis une trentaine d'années, s'intéresse notamment à l'étude de la biodiversité et du fonctionnement des écosystèmes en ville. Ce travail de thèse porte plus particulièrement sur l'analyse de l'écosystème "corridor fluvial", et son rôle dans la dynamique des communautés végétales en fonction d'un gradient d'urbanisation. Les corridors fluviaux assurent en effet une connexion structurelle entre la ville et la campagne, et leur conservation en milieu urbain implique d'en comprendre précisément la fonctionnalité écologique. L'objectif de ce travail est donc de mettre en évidence l'effet du gradient d'urbanisation sur la composition et la structure des communautés végétales le long d'un cour d'eau et de vérifier si l'existence en ville de corridors fluviaux contribue efficacement à la dispersion et à la rapidité de colonisation des milieux adjacents. Deux cours d'eau, la Bruche et l'hydrosystème Rhin Tortu - Ziegelwasser, ont été étudiés dans leur partie aval la plus urbaine au sein de l'Eurométropole de Strasbourg. [...] / Urban ecology, which has emerged over the last thirty years, focused in particular on studying thebiodiversity and on functioning of ecosystems in cities. This work explores urban riparian corridors and their rolein the dynamic of plant communities based on a gradient of urbanization. Indeed, riparian corridors provide astructural connection between the city and the countryside, and their conservation involves preciselyunderstanding their ecological functionality. The objectives of this work are to highlight the effect of the urbanization gradient on the composition and structure of plant communities along a river to determine whether the existence of urban riparian corridors effectivelycontributes to the colonization of adjacent areas. Two rivers, the Bruche and the Rhin Tortu - Ziegelwasser, arestudied in their most urban downstream part in the metropolitan area of Strasbourg, eastern France. [...]