This master thesis dissertation analyzes what kind of humanitarian issues can arise when international sporting events, such as the World Cup, are connected with powerful, global sporting organizations such as FIFA. It asks whether or not FIFA takes into consideration the positive and negative consequences that such an event might have on human rights? Or if FIFA chooses to ignore these rights in preference of organizational gain? For my investigation I decided to choose FIFA because it is one of the most important sports organizations in the world and wields a great deal of power thanks to its corporate partners and football's worldwide appeal. My hypothesis is simple: Decisions made by FIFA are heavily influenced by endemic corruption throughout the organization that does not prioritize citizen rights or human rights development more generally.

In the theory part of this thesis will examine the connection between politics and sport, including the politicization of major sport events and the particular role of non-democratic states as host nations. In the empirical part, three case studies (Summer Olympics Beijing 2008, Winter Olympics Sochi 2014, and FIFA World Cup Qatar 2018) will be analyzed in the light of how they have influenced (or have the potential to influence) reforms, the adoption of democratic structures, and the human rights situation.

Ce projet doctoral a pour finalité d’investiguer la place de la spécificité d’un contexte sportif, dans le processus d’adaptation de l’échelle de mesure Points of Attachment Index à un terrain d’étude particulier. Cette échelle se propose de mesurer l’attachement des spectateurs à l’égard des composantes des événements sportifs. Les concepts d’attachement, voire d’attachement émotionnel sont mobilisés dans les recherches sur la relation spectateurs - événements sportifs. Considéré comme animal, athlète et coproducteur de la pratique en tant que spécificité du milieu sportif, le cheval est étudié dans le contexte français et équestre. La question de recherche tend ainsi à s’intéresser à la prise en compte de cette spécificité dans l’utilisation d’une échelle de mesure dédiée à l’attachement des spectateurs aux composantes des événements sportifs liés au contexte sportif examiné. Pour cela, différentes étapes articulées sous forme d’études ont été menées. Après avoir identifié et observé les parties prenantes des concours équestres visibles par les spectateurs, une étude qualitative menée auprès 42 spectateurs nous a permis de mieux appréhender la relation affective vis-à-vis des composantes des concours équestres, et d’ainsi faire émerger des items propres à la composante « spécificité ». Par la suite, une étude quantitative (n=463) nous a donné l’opportunité d’analyser la place de cette spécificité dans l’échelle de mesure adaptée, ainsi que sa place dans l’attachement des spectateurs aux composantes des concours équestres. En conclusion, ces résultats se proposent de présenter de nouvelles connaissances quant à la relation spectateur-événement sportif, ainsi que, de suggérer l’éventualité d’adapter les instruments de mesure mobilisée au contexte étudiée (et implicitement étudier ses spécificités) dans la finalité d’être au plus près de la réalité du terrain. / This thesis aims at investigating the position of the specificity of sport context, in the adapted Points of Attachment Index scale to a particular filed. This scale measures the spectators' attachment to sporting event and their dimensions. Attachment and emotional attachment concepts are used for spectator-sporting event relationships researches. As a specificity of sport, we study horse in French and equestrian context. This research tends to examine the consideration of this specificity of scale. Several steps of this thesis are associated with studies. Firstly, we identify the stakeholders of equestrian competitions, with spectator’s equestrian sporting event. The main goal of this study is to emerge “specificity-horse” items. Then, a quantitative study is conducted (n=463). On the one hand, it gives us the opportunity to analyze the consideration of specificity dimension to adapted scale. On the other hand, we examine spectators’ attachment to horse and other dimensions of sporting events. These results provide a better understanding of spectator-sporting event relationships. For it, this research suggests to examine sport and cultural context and to adapt scale, in order to make the results representing the field reality at its best

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Events Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / South Africa won the right to host the first Fédération Internationale de Football (FIFA) WorldCup™ on the African continent in 2010. The 2010 FIFA World Cup™ has been heralded as a ‘once in a lifetime’ opportunity with significant legacy benefits for South Africans. Many sport mega-event organisations tend to disregard residents’ perceptions of the events’ social, economic and environmental impacts. There is a lack of research investigating responses of residents where the event takes place, specifically studies on informal residents’ perceptions of sport mega-events. The main focus of this study is to explore the level of awareness, perceptions and attitudes of residents living in an informal settlement area in close proximity to Cape Town Stadium with respect to the impacts of the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ in Cape Town. A systematic, stratified random sampling technique was used to survey 370 household residents of Joe Slovo, which is the nearest informal settlement to Cape Town Stadium, three months before the hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup™. The findings revealed that the majority of the residents were aware of the 2010 FIFA World Cup™, and that communication from stakeholders could have improved. The residents also expressed their support for the event by indicating various levels of participation. They also generally had positive perceptions towards the 2010 FIFA World Cup™, but highlighted that big businesses and the wealthy and rich would mainly benefit from the event. Social concerns were related to traffic congestion, excessive noise levels, and crime. An investigation of this sort ‘paves the way’ for on-going research into residents’ perceptions of the 2010 FIFA World Cup™. It is recommended that the focus should be on longitudinal impacts rather than short-term impacts and that a legacy should be left behind

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-12T12:36:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano José Rossetto Júnior.pdf: 2513827 bytes, checksum: 9e37b823e91a74b7801528f5c48915de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T12:36:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano José Rossetto Júnior.pdf: 2513827 bytes, checksum: 9e37b823e91a74b7801528f5c48915de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The mega sporting events are, in principle, described as a opportunity to stimulate and boost the sport in the country, a window of opportunity for sports development. In this way, includes-if the educational sport, ensuring the right of sports to all citizens as promulgates the National Constitution of 1988. The objective this thesis was to evaluate the legacy of 2014 FIFA World Cup for educational sport in São Paulo city, identifying, mapping, analyzing and classifying public policies, programs and sports projects developed by the Municipal Secretary of Sports and Leisure of São Paulo (MSSL). The research employed a qualitative approach case study, choosing the educational sport in São Paulo city as the focus. Initially, it undertook a literature review on the theories sociological of Norbert Elias and Pierre Bourdieu and its links with the sociology of sport, in Preuss's study of the legacy of mega sporting events and in Marx's theory about the relation of sport as a commodity. Later a documentary analysis was held, in search of primary sources, leaning up on the Guidelines and Budget Laws of the City and documents of MSSL to analyze the public sports policies, while observing the budgets, programs, projects and sports events realized by MSSL in São Paulo, during the administration of mayors Kassab (2009-2012) and Haddad (2013-2016). Also, there were qualitative interviews with nine employees and former employees of MSSL as a way of getting information that could demonstrate the sports policies of both administrations and the legacy into the organization of FIFA's World Cup - Brazil 2014 into city sports. It was found that during Haddad's management there was a reduction of investments in sport, of activities and also related to the numbers of calls in the projects and programs of the MSSL. As a result we see a shrinkage in the workforce and in the equipments, public sports structures worn and without magnification. Thus, as a positive legacy of the FIFA's World Cup to the sport in São Paulo city was only the new Arena, since the impact on educational sport was negative, with the decadence of School's Club Program. The huge winners of the legacy are the actors who holds more power in the Municipal sports field, ie, politicians, businessmen, show managers who defend the highperformance sports or commodity in fact, the accumulation and capital rise. The MSSL languishes, educational and leisure sport in the largest host cities of the country agonizes which demonstrate that the realization of mega sporting events does not require obligatorily and directly a legacy for sport / Os megaeventos esportivos são, em princípio, descritos como uma oportunidade para estimular e alavancar o esporte no país – uma janela de oportunidades para o desenvolvimento esportivo. Nesse sentido, inclui-se o esporte educacional, assegurando o direito da prática esportiva a todos os cidadãos, conforme promulga a Constituição Nacional de 1988. O objetivo desta tese é avaliar o legado da Copa do Mundo FIFA 2014 para o esporte educacional, na cidade de São Paulo, identificando, mapeando, analisando e classificando as políticas públicas, os programas e projetos esportivos desenvolvidos pela Secretaria Municipal de Esporte e Lazer do Município de São Paulo (SEME). A pesquisa empregou a abordagem qualitativa de estudo de caso, escolhendo o esporte educacional na cidade de São Paulo como objeto. Inicialmente, empreendeu-se revisão bibliográfica nas teorias sociológicas de Norbert Elias e de Pierre Bourdieu e seus nexos com a sociologia do esporte, nos estudos sobre legados dos megaeventos esportivos de Preuss e na teoria de Marx sobre a relação do esporte como mercadoria. Posteriormente, realizou-se análise documental, em busca de fontes primárias, debruçando-se sobre as Diretrizes e Leis Orçamentárias da Cidade e documentos da SEME para analisar os orçamentos, programas, projetos e eventos esportivos realizados pela SEME em São Paulo, das gestões dos prefeitos Kassab (2009-2012) e Haddad (2013-2016). Também, realizaram-se entrevistas qualitativas junto a nove funcionários e ex-funcionários da SEME na busca de informações que demonstram as políticas de esporte das duas gestões e o legado da realização da Copa do Mundo FIFA – Brasil 2014 no esporte da cidade. Constatou-se que, na gestão Haddad, ocorreu redução dos investimentos em esporte, diminuição das atividades e no número de atendimentos nos projetos e programas da SEME, encolhimento do quadro de funcionários e equipamentos e estrutura esportivas públicas desgastadas e sem ampliação. Dessa forma, o legado positivo da Copa FIFA para o esporte na cidade de São Paulo somente foi a construção da nova Arena, uma vez que o impacto no esporte educacional foi negativo, com a decadência do Programa Clube Escola. Os grandes vencedores do legado são os atores que detêm mais poder no Campo Esportivo do município, ou seja, os políticos, empresários, gestores do espetáculo, que defendem o esporte de alto rendimento ou mercadoria – na verdade, o acúmulo e ampliação de capital. A SEME definha, o esporte educacional e de lazer na maior cidade-sede do país agoniza, demonstrando que a realização de megaeventos esportivos não acarreta, obrigatoriamente e diretamente, legados para o esporte

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur Washington Capitals strategiskt arbetar för att skapa upplevelser i samband med hockeymatcherna och deras kringarrangemang. Hur skapar Washington Capitals upplevelser? Finns det något att lära av deras upplevelsestrategi? Kan Washington Capitals arbetssätt kopplas till teorier om upplevelseekonomi?   Metod: Sekundärdata i form av tryckta källor och böcker, tidigare uppsatser och artiklar. Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ fältstudie i Washington D.C. Där intervjuade vi personer på Washington Capitals organisation samt genomförde deltagande och icke deltagande observationer på huvudkontoret och i arenan vid matcharrangemang.   Resultat & slutsats: Washington Capitals arbetar i hög grad med upplevelseekonomi, detta är något som andra kan lära av. Washington Capitals arbetar inte utefter några upplevelseekonomiska teorier, de hade aldrig hört begreppet tidigare. Dock är deras arbetssätt i linje med upplevelseekonomins teorier.    Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Presentationen av studien begränsas då det är svårt att lyfta fram de händelser som skapar intryck i en text. En liknande studie skulle med fördel kunna presenteras genom en film. För att få ökad förståelse för varför publiken går på hockeymatcher skulle vidare studier kunna göras om publikens motivationsfaktorer, både i Sverige och i USA. Fortsatta studier skulle också kunna göras i samarbete med en svensk idrottsförening för att testa upplevelseekonomins teoretiska metoder i verkligheten.   Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen kan bidra med konkreta exempel på hur en idrottsorganisation kan arbeta med att skapa upplevelser i samband med sina idrottsarrangemang. / Our objective of the thesis is to investigate how the Washington Capitals strategically works to create experiences in the context of hockey games and the surrounding events. How does the Washington Capitals create experiences? Is there anything to learn from the Washington Capitals experience strategy? Can their way of work be linked to theories about the experience economy?   Method: Secondary data such as printed sources and books, previous studies and articles.We conducted a qualitative field study in Washington D.C. We interviewed people at the organization of Washington Capitals and carried out participant and non-participant observations at headquarters and in the arena at game events.  Results & Conclusions: Washington Capitals are definitely working with experience economy, this is something that others could learn from. Washington Capitals are not working by any experience economy theories, they had never heard the term previously. However, their way of work is in line with the experience economy theories.   Suggestions for future research: The presentation of this study is limited since it is difficult to highlight events that create impression by writing. A similar study could favourably be presented by a movie. To obtain a better understanding of why the audience attend hockey games further studies could be done about the audience's motivation factors, both in Sweden and in the U.S.. Further studies could also be done in collaboration with a Swedish sports club to test the theoretical methods in reality.    Contribution of the thesis: The essay can provide concrete examples of how a sports organization can work to create experiences in the context of their sporting events.

This dissertation presents three separate studies designed to provide systematic and evidence-based insight into how servant leadership could be a crucial success factor in helping non-profit organizations (NPOs) hosting cause-related sporting events achieve their missions. Thus, the purpose of my dissertation was to advance the literature and the practice of servant leadership. In Study one, I conducted a systematic literature review of studies that explored an application of servant leadership. A disciplined screening process resulted in a sample population of 39 studies. The synthesis of these applied studies revealed: a) there is no consensus on the definition of servant leadership; b) servant leadership is being applied across a variety of contexts, cultures, and themes; c) researchers are using multiple measures to explore servant leadership; and d) these studies provide strong evidence that servant leadership helps organizations and improves the well-being of followers. In Study two, I explored the leadership style of the founder of a cause-related sporting event to understand how this leadership style motivated volunteers. This was achieved through semi-structured personal interviews, document analysis, and personal observations of the 25th National Kidney Foundation (NKF) Surf Festival. Results indicated that the founder was a servant leader who influenced volunteer motivation by generating a shared vision dedicated to helping others, building a caring and loving community, and creating the freedom and resources for followers to become servants themselves. In Study three, using a longitudinal case study, I qualitatively explored if a cause-related sporting event could inspire participants to become servant leaders, and if so, how does the event achieve this? Data collection methods included focus groups, open-ended qualitative questionnaires, direct observations, document analysis, and semi-structured personal interviews with participants of the U.S. NKF Transplant Games, specifically Team Florida. Analyses revealed the event inspired participants to serve others and helped to build a community of servant leaders. It was found that three specific mechanisms of the Games generated community-level outcomes, which led to impacts on participants and helped them develop servant leadership. I then developed a model to describe a cause-related sporting event's ability to inspire participants to become servant leaders.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / Local business concerns and perceptions are generally neglected in relation to mega-event research, as most studies have, so far, focused on the broader economic impacts, as well as on the social impacts, and, more recently, on the environmental impacts of mega-events. South Africa being afforded the opportunity to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ created much excitement for all, and especially so for the business market. This is because the market in question is at the forefront of providing goods and services to the much anticipated increased number of tourists, whether such goods and services consist of the provision of accommodation, food and beverage, or entertainment, as well as ancillary products and services. The focus of the study was on gaining an understanding of the awareness and the impacts of the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ on businesses, especially those situated within close proximity of the Cape Town Stadium. The study was conducted three months before, and three months after, the event. The investigation explores the level of perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of the businesses in relation to the 2010 FIFA World Cup™, while simultaneously highlighting their experiences with the event. The primary objective of this approach was to ascertain whether there were any changes between the initial perceptions, and the experiences, among businesses in relation to the event. The five objectives guiding the study involved investigating: (1) business managers’ and owners’ perceptions and experiences of the event; (2) the impacts of the World Cup on businesses; (3) the level of business support for the event; (4) the impacts of leveraging initiatives on businesses; and (5) recommendations aimed at maximising the opportunities granted by future mega-events for businesses. During the pre- and post-event study, a total of 145 surveys were administered to the business owners and managers of SMMEs, using the stratified random sampling method, of which, 72 responded during the pre-event study and 104 during the post-event study.

M.Com. (Financial Management) / This study was an investigation into the impact of hosting the FIFA World Cup soccer tournament on the stock market of the host country. The investigation looked at whether stock markets react efficiently or show a positive reaction to the hosting of the FIFA World Cup. Hosting the FIFA World Cup was assessed at two event dates: the announcement date where the host country’s winning bid is announced and the when the tournament starts. An event study research methodology was used to investigate the impact of hosting the FIFA World Cup on the stock exchange of the host country, by examining the movement of CARs across the two event windows. It was found that stock markets react differently to the announcement of the tournament and event start dates. The results of this study show that the stock market does not always regard the hosting of the FIFA World Cup as positive news, therefore resulting in either a positive or negative stock market reaction. Markets do however appear to be efficient and incorporated all information in stock prices. The test statistics showed a number of statistically insignificant results; hence the presented results do not support the hypotheses that the FIFA World Cup has a significant impact on the host country stock market during the announcement and hosting stages.

Name: Management of the Author Král Šumavy MTB Race Goal: Presentation of strengths and weaknesses of the Author Král Šumavy MTB 2020 cycling race and the creation of a list of specific measures improving the organisation of the race for the year 2021 and following. Methods: In this thesis three research methods (semi-structured interview, participant observation, questionnaire), and one analytical method (SWOT analysis), are used. The opinions of the race participants weree obtained with an eletronic questionnaire (sent to emails of all participants in 2020). The organizers'view of the race management is clarified through semi-structured interviews. The overall view of the management was observed through participant observation made by two independent researchers on the day of the race (August 22, 2020) at the venue. All obtained data are analysed through SWOT analysis. Results: The thesis provides a detailed analysis of the 27th year of the race. The results show that the strengths include the location of the race, the difficulty of the routes and the care of participants. The weakness is the current way of financing the race. It can be stated that the greatest opportunities for the future are creating a better area for participants and spectators, gaining new partners and improving promotion....