The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of listening to mastery rehearsal audio tapes and mental readiness prior to practice and meets. Eleven members of the Modesto Junior College Swim Team were given instructions to create individual mastery tapes. The swimmers were to use the tapes before every practice and meet for six weeks, at which time the subjects were interviewed. A combination of an interview guide and standardized open-ended interview was used to examine the experiences of the swimmers using the tapes. Qualitative methodology was used to inductively analyze the interview transcripts. From the raw data collected, eight high order themes were categorized into three general dimensions that were experienced by swimmers both before practice and meets. The three general dimensions include: positive mental attitude; maintaining appropriate focus; and heightened arousal. Maintaining appropriate focus and heightened arousal before meets were the highest shared dimensions experienced by ninety-one percent of the swimmers. The second highest shared dimension was that of maintaining mental attitude before practice, expressed by eighty-two percent of the swimmers. Mastery tapes appear very powerful in the development of imagery. One hundred percent of the swimmers expressed the tape helped enhance their imagery. Negative factors including frustrations and improvement suggestions were also discussed to provide the reader with important information for future use of mastery tapes. The strength of this study was the rich description of experience discussed by the subject. From this description the study emphasized the importance of developing preperformance routines structured for each individual athlete.

Health care professionals require accurate measurements of body composition and the hydrostatic weighing method is widely used as a reliable technique. Hydrostatic weighing measures body density accounting for an individuals residual volume (RV). To determine differences of RV measured in air (RVA) and in water (RVW), college-age men and women (n=51) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: female RVA, female RVW, male RVA, or male RVW. To account for possible gender differences with protocol (RVA vs. RVW) male and female subjects were treated as separate groups. RVW subjects began the first two trials in water followed by two trials out of water. If RV measures differed by more than 200 ml between the first two trials either in water or in air, a third or fourth trial was completed until two RV measures were within 200 ml of each other. The two trials were then averaged to determine the RVW. The same procedure was used for RVA subjects. RV was determined by the closed circuit helium dilution method. A 2-factor repeated measures ANOVA revealed that there was no statistically significant interaction between genders and protocols, a statistically significant difference between genders, and a statistically significant difference between protocols (RVA vs. RVW). The RV mean decreased with immersion in water among college-age subjects. A decrease in RV will have a marked increase in estimation of percent body fat. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that measuring RV during immersion in water on college-age men and women, to accurately assess body composition, is a valid and recommended protocol.

Many physical educators active in the field fail to accept this recent trend as an educational challenge. There continues to be a lack of diligent work on the development of a worthy instructional curriculum. The purpose of this study is to provide an objective and tangible outline for the physical education curriculum for the La Puente Union High School District. Definite objectives, methods, course content, and procedures need to be established to justify the existence of physical education in the school program.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of prophylactic ankle bracing and the effects of prophylactic ankle taping on athletes' speed and agility. Thirty-one subjects, twenty-one male professional baseball players and ten female collegiate softball players with no history of an ankle injury the previous six months, participated in three performance tests while wearing the ASO ankle brace, a modified Gimby ankle taping, and unsupported. The subjects completed the flying forty yard dash for speed, the SEMO test for general agility, and the Edgren test for specific lateral agility. Multiple trials were administrated to account for learning effects. The resultant data were analyzed with a multivariate repeated-measures design. The data were tested for order effects; no significant differences were found. The data were then tested for multicollinarity by use of an intercorrelation matrix across the three dependent (compacted) variables. A 2 x 3 multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze gender and support conditions (with repeated measures) effects across the dependent variables; and significant differences were followed up with univariate analyses of variance (ANOVAs). Effects for interactions of gender x support condition were evaluated by Wilkes' A. There were no statistically significant interactions found. In univariate ANOVAs for post hoc testing significant differences were found for gender effect on speed (forty yd. dash), general agility(SEMO test), and specific lateral agility (Edgren test). ) A significant difference was found in the follow up univariate analysis across support conditions for general agility (SEMO test) wherein the unsupported condition was significantly faster (less time) than the braced or taped conditions. On the basis of the findings, it was concluded that the subjects' speed in the forty yard dash was not significantly reduced by bracing or taping. It was concluded that the subjects' agility was significantly slowed by both prophylactic bracing and taping as demonstrated by performance in the SEMO general agility test. It was concluded that males and females are not differentially affected by bracing and I or taping. There was no significant statistical difference found between the ASO Ankle brace and the taped ankle in speed and agility tests. It can be concluded that budgetary considerations and personnel time maybe the critical factors when selecting certain ankle braces over ankle taping.

The purpose of this study was to determine the marketing techniques perceived to effectively promote attendance at women's and men's NCAA Division I basketball events. Further, efforts were made to determine whether there were any differences in the marketing techniques perceived to be effective in the promotion of attendance between women's and men's basketball programs. The study surveyed sport marketers at NCAA Division I college basketball institutions which had both a women's and a men's basketball program in the 1993-94 basketball season. The marketers responded to the Marketing Technique Questionnaire which contained 25 statements pertaining to marketing techniques. It was hypothesized that there were no significant differences between the perceived effectiveness of the marketing techniques and proportion of seats filled. Also, it was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences in the perceived effectiveness of marketing techniques between NCAA Division I women's basketball and NCAA Division I men's basketball programs in the promotion of attendance. Mean analysis and standard deviation, chi-square analysis, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were incorporated into the statistical analyses. Based on the results of these statistical analyses, both hypothesis were rejected.

An investigation of. quality practice in sport had the dual purposes of developing a conceptual model of quality practice arid proposing a definition of quality practice from the perspectives of expert coaches. Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five expert coaches. The coaches were considered experts because they bad coached teams to World or National championships and worked with athletes who had attained recognizable excellence in their sports (All-American, Olympic Gold Medalist, or All-Pro). In addition the coaches represented individual team, male, and female sports. Analysis of the interviews was conducted using the qualitative methodology known as "grounded theory" (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) . Analysis of the interviews identified 138 meaningful bits of information ("meaning units" Tesch, 1990) . Results recommended a quality practice model consisting of four general dimensions. eight categories and 16 properties. The four general dimensions of the quality practice model were; a. personal factors of athletes, b. coaching philosophy, c. components of practice, and d. effort of athletes. The quality practice model that emerged represented a more comprehensive understanding of quality practice than had previously existed. The second purpose of the study was to propose a definition of "quality practice". The interviews with expert coaches suggested that quality practice as it pertained to sport was: "Quality practice is an effortful activity which is highly structured with specific goals and tasks aimed at thorough performance preparation. It is carried out with a total commitment of optimal intensity, energy, focus, awareness, enthusiasm and competitiveness. Results of the study suggested that "quality practice" existed in a conceptual and definable way. Expert coaches when discussing quality practice recognized the personal factors of athletes, had distinct coaching philosophies, carefully planned the components of practice; and consistently monitored the effort of the athletes.

This study expanded on the previous research surrounding the Facebook and Twitter use of non-governmental sport for development and peace (SDP) organizations as well governmental Ministries of Sport. Following the theoretical framework of Lovejoy and Saxton (2012) this research examined specifically how non-governmental and governmental sport organizations share information, form a community and encourage action with their social media audiences. A content analysis of 6003 social media posts demonstrated that both Ministries of Sport and SDP non-governmental organizations (NGOs) primarily use social media to disseminate information to their followers, however, SDP NGOs were more likely to use social media posts for a community function compared to governmental sport organizations. Lastly the use of social media to encourage further action was limited by both types of organizations and on both platforms. The content analysis also revealed that cabinet ministries were more likely to discuss on social programming (e.g., education, youth development) compared to posting about sport. This study also has important theoretical and practical implications and provides further insight into the social media use of sport organizations based in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This study involves the history of one of the largest softball tournaments in the world. Sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Tournament has become one of the greatest athletic events in the Church. The problem is limited to an analysis of the motives, influences, and events which has been of greatest importance in the origin and development of this Tournament.

The aim of this study is to set forth an accurate account of the development of football headgear. It is a written record o the birth of such equipment, for the protection of football players from serious injuries, to the present day.

Background. There are roughly 300,000 rib fractures treated for in the United States each year. These represent 10-26% of thoracic trauma injuries and have about a 10% mortality rate. There is a common belief that mortality in rib fracture patients can be contributed to the diagnosis of pneumonia, but this study does not support that claim. Purpose. To determine the predictors of morbidity and mortality in rib fracture patients. Methods. Using a level 1 trauma center patient registry, we retrospectively analyzed all patients that were admitted with at least one rib fracture (n=1,344). All predictors were analyzed with linear regressions. Results. The average age of the patients was 55.48 ± 20.29 years old and ranged between 15 and 98. ISS (OR: 1.0508, p<0.001), bilateral fractures (OR: 1.9495, p = 0.009) and pulmonary contusion (OR: 1.7481, p = 0.022) were all significant predictors of pneumonia. The age of the patient (OR: 1.0467, p < 0.001), ISS (OR: 1.0585, p <0.001), having 6 or more fractured ribs (OR: 3.1450, p < 0.001), the presence of hemothorax (OR: 2.5063, p = 0.048), and the use of mechanical ventilation (OR: 13.2125, p < 0.001) were all significant predictors of mortality. Flail segments (OR: 1.9871, p = 0.067), ISS (OR: 1.1267, p < 0.001), pulmonary contusions (OR: 1.5329, p = 0.047), pneumothorax (OR: 1.4372, p =0.073) and pneumonia (OR: 21.4516, p < 0.001) are all predictors of requiring mechanical ventilation. Conclusion. There are many studies that indicate rib fracture patients who are diagnosed with pneumonia have a higher risk or mortality. With this in mind, the logical course of treatment would be to counteract the complications pneumonia brings as to reduce the risk or mortality. To do this, it is recommend the patient be put on mechanical ventilation. While this has been seen to help with pneumonia patients, this study provides evidence that health care professionals should look for ways to reduce the need for mechanical ventilation instead of using it to combat the pneumonia.