Tendo em vista a intensa competitividade entre empresas no cenário global atual, entre essas as montadoras de carros. O trabalho se fundamenta em estudar uma variação do processo de soldagem por resistência elétrica, visando melhoria contínua dos processos produtivos. A melhoria de processos exige estudos de viabilidade econômica, o refino e o aperfeiçoamento tecnológico do novo processo. No presente estudo foi desenvolvida uma aplicação industrial, utilizando uma configuração com densidade de corrente assimétrica, visando unir uma junta grafada de três camadas de forma a permitir a deformação ocasionada pelo eletrodo (indentação) na parte interna da amostra. A deformação unilateral teve por objetivo preservar superfície externa de um capô automotivo, cuja qualidade de acabamento é um fator essencial para a venda do produto. Portanto, a configuração de soldagem foi experimentada, variando-se os parâmetros de soldagem, de força, de tempo, de corrente elétrica e sentido da corrente elétrica. Foram obtidas assim 35 amostras soldadas, que foram divididas e ensaiadas para avaliação quanto ao visual da superfície da amostra, força de cisalhamento, diâmetro após o rompimento, indentação, verificar aspectos macrográficos como porosidade e o formato da zona fundida. A superfície avaliada apresentou marcas térmicas para a configuração de tempo de 90 milissegundos, em que se visualizam diâmetros após o ensaio de cisalhamento e indentação maiores, também se verificou a presença de poros na zona fundida. A variação da força entre e corrente elétrica não foi significante, ambos não marcaram as amostras. O deslocamento da massa fundida na direção do eletrodo carregado positivamente foi constatado com a inversão da polaridade de corrente. / Considering the intense competitiveness between companies in the current global scenario, among them the car manufacturers. The work is based on the study of a variation of the welding process by electrical resistance, aiming at the continuous improvement of the productive processes. The improvement of processes requires studies of economic feasibility, the refining and technological improvement of the new process. In the present study an industrial application was developed using a configuration with asymmetric current density to join a three-layer hemmed joint. The unilateral deformation aimed to preserve the external surface of an automotive hood, whose quality of the finish is an essential factor for the sale of the product. Therefore the welding configuration was tested by varying the parameters of welding, force, time, electric current and electrical current direction. Thus 35 welded samples were obtained, which were divided and assayed for evaluation of the surface of the sample, shearing force, diameter after rupture, indentation, and verifying macroscopic aspects such as porosity, such as the shape of the molten zone. The evaluated surface showed thermal marks for the time configuration of 90 miliseconds, where diameters were visualized after the test of shear and indentation, also the presence of pores in the molten zone was verified. The variation of the force between and electric current were not significant, both did not mark the samples. The displacement of the molten mass in the direction of the positively charged electrode was verified by reversing the current polarity.

High manganese TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) steels are particularly attractive for automotive applications because of their exceptional properties of strength combined with an excellent ductility. However, as austenitic steels, they appear to be sensitive to liquid zinc embrittlement during welding, the liquid zinc arising from the melted coating due to the high temperatures reached during the welding process. In this framework, the cracking behaviour of a high manganese austenitic steel has been investigated in relation to the liquid metal embrittlement (LME) phenomenon by hot tensile tests carried out on electro-galvanized specimens using a Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator. The influence of different parameters such as temperature and strain rate on cracking behaviour has been studied. Embrittlement appears within a limited range of temperature depending on experimental conditions. Conditions for which cracking occurs could be experienced during welding processes. The existence of a critical stress above which cracking appears has been evidenced and this critical stress can be used as a cracking criterion. Finally, the study of the influence of different parameters such as time of contact between steel and liquid zinc before stress application, coating and steel on LME occurrence provides understanding elements of LME mechanism and permits to suggest solutions for preventing cracking during spot welding of such steels.

A soldagem a ponto por resistência é o processo de união de partes mais comum utilizado na indústria automobilística. Vários métodos de representação de pontos de solda estão disponíveis, e este trabalho se propõe comparar dois métodos de modelagem de pontos de solda através de um estudo de correlação, em termos da força máxima suportada pela junta soldada, entre os resultados de testes virtuais e de laboratório. Estes métodos de representação dos pontos de solda são os elementos de viga e os elementos sólidos. Os testes utilizados neste estudo de correlação carregam o corpo de provas sob ação de forças de cisalhamento e normal aplicadas diretamente no ponto de solda. E para completar este estudo de correlação, o entendimento dos modos e critérios de falha de juntas soldadas também é necessário. Os modelos de elementos finitos dos corpos de prova gerados para serem testados sob condições de cisalhamento e de força normal são detalhados pela apresentação dos tipos de materiais, elementos, formulações de contato e carregamento utilizados. Estes modelos foram analisados pelo LS-DYNA, que é um código de elementos finitos de propósito geral para análise de respostas dinâmicas provenientes de grandes deformações de estruturas. Da mesma forma, os testes físicos e os corpos de prova utilizados são detalhados, e os resultados provenientes dos testes são comparados aos obtidos nas simulações. Dos resultados obtidos, a melhor correlação se deu com a utilização do elemento sólido para representar o ponto de solda, com diferenças entre os resultados físicos e virtuais em torno de 4%. Uma representação simples do ponto de solda é indicada no caso de modelos completos e para aplicações na indústria, alguns fatores, tais como a modelagem da ZTA, podem ser suprimidos. Uma breve descrição do processo de soldagem a ponto, alguns tópicos da análise de elementos finitos não-linear e algumas características do LS-DYNA, além das conclusões e recomendações para trabalhos posteriores, completam este estudo. / Resistance spot welding is the most common jointing process of parts used in automotive industry. Several methods to represent spot welds are available, and the purpose of this work is to compare two different methods of spot weld modeling through a correlation study, taking into consideration the maximum force withstood by the welded joint, between virtual and lab test results. These spot weld representation methods are beam and solid elements. The tests used in this correlation study load the specimens under pure shear and pure normal forces. And in order to complete this correlation study, the understanding of the failure modes and criteria is also necessary. The specimens finite element models generated to be tested under purê shear and normal conditions are detailed by the presentation of materials, elements contact formulations and loading types used. These models were analyzed by the LS-DYNA, which is general purpose finite element code for analyzing the large deformation dynamic response of structures. As well, the physical tests and used specimens are detailed, and the results from the tests are compared to the results obtained in the simulations. Taking the obtained results, the best correlation was found using solid elements to represent the spot weld, due to differences between the physical and the virtual results about 4%. A simple representation of the spot weld is indicated in case of a complete model, and for the industry application, some factors such as the HAZ, may be suppressed. A brief description of the spot welding process, some topics of the non-liner finite element analysis and some features of the LS-DYNA, and also the conclusions and recommendations for future works, complete this study.

A crescente exigência do setor automotivo por maior produtividade com redução de custos, aliada aos novos materiais que compõe as carrocerias e seus revestimentos, levou ao estudo da correlação da resistência dinâmica, força de expansão térmica e indentação, com a formação do ponto de solda, a fim de qualificar e controlar a soldagem por resistência a ponto. Para o estudo ter validade prática a qualificação da solda, os parâmetros de soldagem e corpos de prova foram definidos conforme norma AWS-SAE D8-9M 2002. Os corpos de prova para os ensaios foram retirados das chapas que compõe uma carroceria veicular. O cabeçote de soldagem foi projetado e construído seguindo os padrões de máquinas industriais. Os instrumentos de medição foram desenvolvidos especificamente para atender as condições industriais da soldagem por resistência. Os ensaios simularam as variações de parâmetros e produção dos pontos de solda conforme ocorre na indústria automobilística. As análises foram realizadas através da comparação gráfica e matemática do comportamento das grandezas medidas com a qualificação dimensional do ponto. A correlação, apresentada, distingue chapas de espessuras diferentes, materiais de revestimento, variação de parâmetros, erros de posicionamento (ponto torto), expulsão de material (flash), variações na formação do ponto (undersize) e o mais importante, desgaste dos eletrodos. Esta correlação permite criar um sistema de qualificação e controle do ponto de solda. / The growing demand from the automotive sector for greater productivity, reduced costs, combined with new materials that make up their bodies and coats, led to the study of the correlation of the dynamic resistance, thermal force expansion and indentation, with the formation of the spot weld, in order to qualify and control the resistance spot welding. For the study to be valid practicing the qualification of spot weld, welding parameters and specimens were define according AWS - 9M SAE D8 2002 standard. The specimens for testing were removed from the sheets that make up a vehicle body. The welding head was designed and built according the standards of industrial machinery. Measuring instruments were developed specifically to meet the conditions of industrial resistance welding. The tests simulated the variations of parameters and production of welding spots as occurs in automotive industry. The analyzes were performed through the graphical comparison and mathematical behavior of measured quantities with dimensional spot qualification. The correlation presented distinguishes sheets of different thicknesses, coating materials, variation of parameters, positioning errors (crooked point), expulsion of material (flash), variations in spot formation (undersize) and most important, wear of the electrodes. This correlation allows to create a system of qualification and control of the spot welding.

Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-19T18:29:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação CAMILA ALBUQUERQUE FERNANDES 2016.pdf: 2707069 bytes, checksum: 1af5a8e892dd9aa2682c79f98c6cde09 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T18:29:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação CAMILA ALBUQUERQUE FERNANDES 2016.pdf: 2707069 bytes, checksum: 1af5a8e892dd9aa2682c79f98c6cde09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Solda a Ponto por Fricção (Friction Spot Welding – FSpW) é um processo relativamente novo de soldagem desenvolvido e patenteado pelo GKSS na Alemanha, que visa complementar e/ou substituir tecnologias de uniões de soldagem convencionais. Essa nova tecnologia de soldagem se dá pela união no estado sólido, onde duas ou mais chapas são unidas através da transferência de energia térmica e mecânica que é gerada pela rotação da ferramenta. O presente trabalho visou avaliar a aplicabilidade da união da liga de alumínio 6061-T6 pela técnica de Solda a Ponto por Fricção. Essas soldas foram produzidas em configuração de sobreposição utilizando condições de soldagens variadas, por meio de diferentes combinações de velocidade de rotação, profundidade de penetração e velocidade de penetração; os quais foram estabelecidos através de uma análise estatística, utilizando como ferramenta o Box-Behnken. A integridade da junta soldada foi avaliada através dos efeitos dos parâmetros de processo, na geometria e na microestrutura da junta, e também no desempenho mecânico. Realizou-se também a otimização do processo de soldagem e um estudo sobre o comportamento de fratura das soldas submetidas a um esforço de cisalhamento. Os resultados mostraram que a melhor combinação de parâmetros foi encontrada na condição de soldagem: 130 rpm, 4,0 mm/s e 1,4 mm, com um valor médio de resistência ao cisalhamento de 6243,29 N, com boa reprodutibilidade. O botão da solda é constituído por três elementos geométricos que se mostraram inerentes ao processo: cunha, união principal e união secundária. Estes elementos mostraram possuir forte influência sobre o desempenho mecânico. / Friction Spot Welding (FSpW) is a relatively new welding process patented by GKSS in Germany. This new welding technology is given by the joining in a solid state, in which two or more plates are joined by thermal and mechanical energy transfer that is generated by the rotation of the welding tool. The aim of this work is to study the integrity of the welds of AA6061-T6, by the FSpW process. These welds were produced in an overlapping configuration using different welding conditions, through different combinations of rotational speed, depth of penetration and penetration speed, which were set through a statistical approach using the Box-Behnken. The integrity of the welded joint was evaluated by the effects of process parameters on geometry and microstructure of the joint, and also in the mechanical performance. It was also performed the optimization of the welding process and a brief study on the fracture behavior of the welds subjected to a shear stress. The results showed that the best combination of parameters was found in the welding condition: 130 rpm 4.0 mm / s and 1.4 mm with an average value of the shear strength of 6243.29 N, with good reproducibility. The metallurgical investigation revealed three geometric elements that are inherent to the process: primary union and secondary union and hook. These elements were shown to have strong influence on the mechanical performance.

Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo a determinação dos parâmetros de soldagem a ponto pelo processo de fricção-mistura (FSSW) em uma liga de alumínio AA2024-T3, pela comparação de resultados obtidos em ensaios de cisalhamento e arrancamento em tração e ensaios de fadiga em juntas sobrepostas. Juntas rebitadas da mesma liga também foram ensaiadas, nas mesmas condições, para comparação de propriedades mecânicas. Os principais parâmetros do processo FSSW são: velocidades de avanço e de rotação da ferramenta, profundidade de penetração e tempo de patamar. Foram explorados principalmente os parâmetros: profundidade de penetração e rotação da ferramenta. Os resultados dos ensaios de cisalhamento em tração possibilitaram a determinação da resistência ao cisalhamento das juntas soldadas a ponto, que apresentaram valores inferiores, mas próximos aos obtidos nas juntas rebitadas. Análises microestruturais e de microdureza foram realizadas para elucidar alguns resultados dos ensaios executados. Os ensaios de fadiga foram executados sob controle de carga, com razão de carga R=0,1, em corpos de prova confeccionados com os parâmetros que geraram os melhores resultados em ensaios de cisalhamento em tração. Para as juntas soldadas, uma técnica de monitoramento de defeitos (MCV monitoramento comparativo de vácuo), baseada na diferença de pressão de vácuo, foi utilizada apresentando bons resultados. Apesar de resultados similares em ensaios de cisalhamento em tração, as juntas soldadas apresentaram vida bastante inferior nos ensaios de vida à fadiga, quando comparadas com as juntas rebitadas. / The main aim of this work was the determination of the parameters governing the Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) of a AA2024-T3 aluminum alloy, by the obtained results comparison in pull-out and shear tensile tests and fatigue tests in lap-joints. Riveted joints of the same alloy were also tested in the same conditions for mechanical properties comparison. The main FSSW process parameters were: plunge rate, dwell time, tool penetration and tool rotational speed. The tool penetration and the tool rotational speed parameters were focused. The shear tensile tests results allowed the lap-joint shear resistance determination, that was lower, but close, of those obtained with riveted lap-joints. Microstructure and micro-hardness analysis was carried out to elucidate some tests perfomed results. The fatigue tests was performed in load control, with load ratio R of 0,1, in a lap joint produced with the same parameters of the specimen which presented the best tensile results. For the welded joints, a monitoring defect technique (CVM comparative vacuum monitoring), difference vacuum pressure based, was used showing good results. Although similar results in shear tensile tests, the welded joints showed so lower life in the fatigue tests, when compared with riveted joints.

Le soudage par point et le collage sont largement utilisés dans la jonction des tôles, telles que l'assemblage de caisses de voiture. Récemment, le soudage par point et le collage ont été combinés pour faire le joint hybride soudé-collé, qui est utilisé pour joindre les aciers à hautes résistances et améliorer la rigidité et la résistance aux chocs des corps de voiture. Dans l'industrie, l'évaluation de la conception avant prototype nécessite des modèles fiables de comportement en termes de prédiction des comportements mécaniques. Le modèle élément finis de joint soudé-collé est un nouveau défi car il doit combiner les modèles de soudage par points et les modèles de collage.Cette thèse se concentre sur la modélisation du joint soudé-collé par de l'acier DP600 et avec l’adhésif structurel SikaPower®-498. La modélisation peur utiliser un modèle solide ou un modèle simplifié (élément coque plus élément de connexion). Le modèle solide permet de prédire le comportement de spécimen à petite échelle: KS2 et cisaillement. Le modèle simplifié peut être utilisé pour prédire la performance des composants de grande dimension avec un coût de calcul acceptable.En ce qui concerne le modèle solide, le comportement du joint soudé et du joint collé sont identifiés séparément calibrés sur un spécimen KS2 sous trajets de chargement différents. Les inhomogénéités dans la zone de fusion et la zone affectée par la chaleur du soudage par point sont prises en compte par l'intermédiaire de facteurs d'échelle applique à la contrainte d'écoulement du métal de base. Les facteurs d'échelle sont determinés par identification inverse. Le modèle de Gurson est utilisé pour prédire la rupture ductile en zone affectée par le chaleur et dans le métal base tandis que le modèle de zone cohésive est utilisé pour simuler la rupture quasi-fragile dans l'interface de la zone de fusion. Les paramètres du modèle de zone cohésive sont identifiés par l'intégrale J à la pointe de fissure de la soudure. Des éléments de zone cohésive avec une loi traction-séparation sont également utilisés pour prédire le décollement adhésif. Les paramètres du modèle sont identifiés par des essais du type « Double Cantilevered Beam » et « End Notched Flexure », correspondant aux mode I et mode II respectivement. Le modèle élaboré pour le soudage par est associé avec le modèle de collage pour prédire le comportement et la rupture du joint soudé-collé.En ce qui concerne le modèle simplifié, des éléments de connexion sont utilisés pour prédire les endommagement des soudure par point. Les paramètres de l'élément de connexion sont identifiés par des tests de KS2 sous différents trajets de chargement. Enfin, les modèles simplifiés d'un soudage, d'un collage, et d'un soudé-collé sont validés sur une jonction en T qui peut représenter le pilier-B de carrosserie de la voiture. / Spot welding and adhesive bonding are widely used in joining of sheet metals, such as assembling of car body-in-white. Recently, spot weld and adhesive are combined to make weld bonded joint, which is employed to join Advanced High Strength Steel to improve the stiffness and crashworthiness of car body. In industry, the assessment of designing prior to prototype requires reliable constitutive models in terms of the prediction of the mechanical behaviors. The FE model of weld bonded joint is a new challenge as it should combine the models of spot welding and the models of adhesive. This thesis focuses on the modeling of weld bonded joint by DP600 steel and structural adhesive SikaPower®-498. The model of weld bonded joint consists of solid model and simplified model. The former is devoted to predict the behavior of weld bonded joint on small-scale specimen: KS2 and lap-shear. The latter can be used to predict the performance of large components with acceptable computational cost. As regards solid model, spot welded joint and adhesive bonded joint behaviors are separately identified by KS2 specimen under different loading path. The inhomogeneities in fusion zone and heat affected zone of spot weld are taken into account via the scaling of the flow stress of base metal. The scaling factors are calibrated by inverse identification. Gurson model is used to predict ductile fracture in heat affected zone and base metal while cohesive zone model is employed to simulate quasi-brittle fracture in the interface of fusion zone. The parameters of cohesive zone model are identified by the J-integral at the notch tip of spot weld crack. Cohesive zone elements with traction-separation-laws are also used to predict adhesive debonding. Model parameters are calibrated by Double Cantilevered Beam and End Notched Flexure specimens, corresponding to Mode-I and Mode-II fracture respectively. The model developed for spot weld is associated with adhesive model to predict weld bonded joint. As regards simplified model, connector elements are employed to predict the damage of spot weld. The parameters of connector element are identified by KS2 tests under different loading paths. Finally, the simplified model of spot welding, adhesive bonding, and weld-bonding are validated by T-joint which can represent the B-pillar of car body.

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a solid-state welding process which is especially useful for joining precipitation-hardened aluminium alloys that undergo adverse property changes during fusion welding. It also has potential as an effective method for solid-state joining of dissimilar alloys. In FSSW, heat generation and plastic flow are strongly linked, and the scale of the process in time and space is such that it is difficult to separate and control the influence of all the relevant input parameters. The use of modelling is well-established in the field of welding research, and this thesis presents an analysis of the thermal and mechanical aspects of FSSW, principally using the finite element (FE) technique. Firstly, a thermal FE model is shown, which is subsequently validated by reference to experimental temperature data in both aluminium-to-aluminium and aluminium-to-steel welds. Correlations between high-quality welds and temperature fields are established, and predictions are made for peak temperatures reached under novel welding conditions. Deformation and heating are strongly linked in FSSW, but existing modelling tools are poorly suited to modelling flow processes in the conditions extant in FSSW. This thesis discusses the development and optimisation of two novel techniques to overcome the limitations of current approaches. The first of these uses greatly simplified constitutive behaviour to convert the problem into one defined purely by kinematics. In doing so, the boundary conditions reduce to a small number of assumptions about the contact conditions between weld material and tool, and the model calculation time is very rapid. This model is used to investigate changes in the slip condition at the tool to workpiece interface without an explicit statement of the friction law. Marker experiments are presented which use dissimilar composition but similar strength alloys to visualise flow patterns. The layering behaviour and surface patterns observed in the model agree well with observations from these experiments. The second approach extends the FE method to include deformation behaviour without the need for a fully-coupled approach, guided by the kinematic model. This is achieved using an innovative sequential small-strain analysis method in which thermal and deformation analyses alternate, with each running at a very different timescale. This technique avoids the requirement to either remesh the model domain at high strains or to use an explicit integration scheme, both of which impose penalties in calculation time and model complexity. The method is used to relate the purely thermal analysis developed in the work on thermal modelling to welding parameters such as tool speed. The model enables predictions of the spatial and temporal evolution of heat generation to be made directly from the constitutive behaviour of the alloy and the assumed velocity profile at the tool-workpiece interface. Predictions of the resulting temperature history are matched to experimental data and novel conditions are simulated, and these predictions correlate accurately with experimental results. Hence, the model is used to predict welding outcomes for situations for which no experimental data exists, and process charts are produced to describe optimum welding parameters. The methods and results presented in this thesis have significant implications for modelling friction stir spot welding, from optimising process conditions, to integration with microstructural models (to predict softening in the heat-affected zone, or the formation of intermetallics at the interface in dissimilar welds). The technique developed for sequential small strain finite element analysis could also be investigated for use in other kinematically constrained solid-state friction joining processes.

A soldagem a ponto por resistência é o processo mais usado na montagem de estruturas, tais como: automóveis, caminhões, aviões, vagões de trem, etc. Como exemplo, na montagem das carrocerias de automóveis são necessários em média 5.000 pontos de solda. Segundo a ANFAVEA a produção em 2010 no Brasil ultrapassou 3,5 milhões de automóveis, ou seja, aproximadamente 17,5 bilhões de pontos de solda por ano. Estes fatos evidenciam a importância deste processo de soldagem na montagem de carroceria devido a sua eficiência, rapidez e facilidade na automação. Além disso, o comportamento da soldagem a ponto por resistência é extremamente importante para a qualidade de toda a estrutura soldada. O presente trabalho será voltado para a avaliação e estudo da soldabilidade de chapas de aço de 0,8 mm, revestidas e não revestidas com zinco, na indústria automotiva, comparando-se dois equipamentos de soldagem com dois tipos de corrente de soldagem: corrente alternada (CA) e corrente contínua de média freqüência (CC). Foram feitos diagramas de soldabilidade: corrente (kA) x tempo (ms) com força constante e corrente (kA) x força (kgf) com tempo (s) de soldagem constante e localizada suas respectivas áreas comuns. Em seguida foram feitos diagramas em terceira dimensão (3D) com os três principais parâmetros (força, corrente e tempo) e localizado um ponto otimizado. Posteriormente foram analisadas, nos pontos otimizados, as dimensões geométricas do ponto através da macrografia, a resistência mecânica com ensaio de tração e, durante a soldagem, a resistência dinâmica e a energia elétrica dinâmica. Foram seguidos como requisitos técnicos para qualificação de soldagem conforme norma. Os resultados mostraram que, a soldagem em CC apresentou-se melhor em chapas sem revestimento se comparada com a soldagem em CA. E a soldagem em CA apresentou-se melhor em chapas com revestimento de zinco se comparada com a soldagem em CC. A queima do revestimento de zinco e a rugosidade superficial das chapas não afetaram a formação do ponto de solda. As durezas nas regiões da ZAC e no ponto de solda apresentaram-se maiores em chapas sem revestimento. Todos os pontos de solda com os parâmetros otimizados, encontrados pelo método apresentado neste trabalho, foram aprovados conforme norma. / Resistance spot welding is highly used in the structures assembly, such as: cars, trucks, planes, trains, etc. For example, 5.000 weld spots are necessary in an auto-body assembly. According to ANFAVEA, Brazilian production in 2010 overtook 3.5 millions of cars, in order words, around 17,5 billions weld spot per year. This fact evidences the importance of this welding process due to its efficiency, rapidity and easiness in the automation. Moreover, the resistance spot welding behavior is highly important for all the welded structure quality. This work aimed to study the weldability of zinc non-coated and zinc coated steel sheets of 0,8 mm thickness for automotive industry, comparing two welding equipments with two kinds of current: alternating current (AC) and medium frequency direct current (DC). The weld lobes are presented: current (kA) x time (s) with constant force (kgf) and current (kA) x force (kgf) with constant welding time. After, lobes in third dimension (3D) with the three main parameters were done (force, current and time) and located the great point. Afterwards, the great points were characterized using, optic metallografly, mechanical resistance with tensile-shear test and, during welding, the dynamic resistance and dynamic energy. The describe techniques were followed as technical requisites according to the standard. The results showed that the welding in DC presented better performance in uncoated sheets when compared to the AC welding. And the AC welding presented better performance in zinc coated sheets when compared to DC welding. Zinc coating burning and sheets surface roughness did not affect the spot weld formation. The hardness in the HAZ regions and in the spot weld was higher in uncoated sheets. All spot welds with the optimized parameters, found by the method presented in this work, were approved according to the standard.

Subject of this diploma thesis is manufacturing of the guiding rail HB 02150 made of metal sheets and used for table slide rail in drawer system. This thesis was made in cooperation with Hettich ČR Company which is producer of furniture hardware. Theses contains theoretical part which explains matters of cutting and bending technology. Marginally will be mentioned matters of spot welding. Practical part contains explanation of production of guiding rail, lay-out of bending roll and cutting tools. In this work there is also described solution of problem with wastrels caused by faulty welding of metal sheets and the draft of welding fixture which solves this problem. Economical and technical summary of this manufacturing process is the last part of this thesis.