Dans ce mémoire, je rapporte l'étude par RMN d'un nouveau composé synthétique avec une structure magnétique kagomé hautement frustrée : la vésigniéite-Sr. Ce sont les noyaux de $^{51}\mathrm{V}$ et de $^{63,65}\mathrm{Cu}$ qui servent de sonde magnétique pour les mesures effectuées sur l'échantillon qui prend la forme d'une poudre. Les résultats montrent que l'interaction Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya pousse les moments à s'ordonner à $120^\mathrm{o}$ les uns par rapport aux autres dans une configuration $q=0$ mais avec un léger angle au-dessus du plan kagomé. Cette configuration est source de ferromagnétisme faible dans l'échantillon malgré l'interaction antiferromagnétique entre atomes de cuivre voisins.

Práce popisuje Evropskou společnost v komunitárním právu a hodnotí její smysl jako jednotné nadnárodní právní formy. Zaměřuje se také na popis jednotlivých právních úprav členských států a hledání rozdílnosti v těchto úpravách. Mezi vybranými členskými státy je Česká a Slovenská republika, Itálie a Španělsko.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka underhållningsprogram som sänds på svenska public service-kanaler för att se om de lever upp till public service idealet samt vilken kvalitet denna typ av program har. Undersökningen görs på två underhållningsprogram. Ett radioprogram, Helgen i P3, och ett tv program, Alla för en. Frågeställningarna ska svara på hur väl hela Sverige är representerat i dessa program, hur många aktuella händelser som tas upp i programmen, till vilken grad programmen uppnår satta kvalitetskrav och om det man kan senågon skillnad mellan underhållningsprogrammeni radio och tv. Studien bygger dels på en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av totalt 19 avsnitt från de två olika underhållningsprogrammen, 10 avsnitt av Alla för en och 9 program av Helgen i P3. För att komplettera resultatet från den kvantitativa undersökningen görs också en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av fyra avsnitt, två från vardera program. Resultatet diskuteras sedan utifrån McQuails och Syvertsens definitioner av public service samt ställs mot von Rimscha el als krav på public service-underhållning. De båda innehållsanalyserna visar att Alla fören representerar hela Sverige bättreän vad Helgen i P3görmen att Helgen i P3 är mycket bättre på att ta upp aktuella händelser. När det kom till kvaliteten av programmen var Alla för en bättre än Helgen i P3 på vissa kriterier, på andra kriterier var dettvärtom. Slog man ihop alla kriterier var programmen lika bra. Public service idealet uppehålls med dessa två program i tablån, men för attuppnåhela public service idealet behövs även andra program som bidrar med till exempel speciellt innehåll för minoriteter och spegla de delar av landet som är orepresenterade i dessa två program. En av de tydligaste punkterna som underhållningsprogram kan bli bättre på, när de har kultur som fokus, är att få in mer kultur som inte kommer från västvärlden.

According to UNAIDS there were 34 million people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at the end of 2010. HIV is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the number of people dying of AIDS-related causes at the end of 2010 was 1.8 million. Due to the high mutability of the virus, there is a constant need for new approaches to attack the virus. Splicing of HIV-1 pre-mRNA is a highly regulated process. In order to produce all mRNAs needed to be infectious HIV-1 utilizes alternative splicing ­- from one single transcript more than 35 differently spliced mRNAs can be produced. A new approach to fight HIV-1 could be to interfere with the essential splicing. In this thesis, I describe the regulation of HIV-1 pre-mRNA splicing. SR proteins are involved in the regulation of splicing, both in an early and a late stage. We find that the intracellular concentration of SR proteins is of great importance for HIV-1 to be able to produce the correct amounts of mRNAs. Variations in concentrations of SR proteins lead to big changes in the HIV-1 pre-mRNA splicing pattern. The functions of HIV-1 protein Vpr are diverse and it is essential in vivo. HIV-1 vpr mRNA 13a7 is partially spliced, containing an intron, and the regulation of it is not fully understood. We find that SRp55 and SRp75 induce the production of HIV-1 vpr mRNA 13a7 by inhibiting splice donor 3. We also conclude that this inhibition at least for SRp55 is due to an interaction with the viral RNA element GAR. In the presence of SRp55 we also see an increase in cytoplasmic amounts of intron containing vpr mRNA due to increased nuclear export. Our results show that SRp55 can have several functions in the regulation of HIV-1 splicing: by inhibiting splice donors and by facilitating the export of incompletely spliced mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In conclusion, this thesis describes SRp55 as a regulator of HIV-1 vpr mRNA, both in splicing as well as in nuclear export. These discoveries provide an insight into the regulation of HIV-1 mRNA processing.

High quality perovskite manganites, La1-xAxMnO3 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) are very attractive materials due to their great application potential for magnetic memory, uncooled infrared (IR) microbolometer and spintronics devices. This thesis presents studies of the growth and material characterization (including structural, electrical, magnetic and noise) of epitaxial manganite films on Si and GaAs. Furthermore, investigations about strain effect on structural and electrical properties of manganites, and finally fabrication of self-supported free standing microstructures for uncooled IR bolometer are also demonstrated. To obtain high quality epitaxial manganite films on semiconductor substrates at room temperature, using a combination of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) and La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (LCMO) compounds, La0.67(Sr,Ca)0.33MnO3 (LSCMO) films were successfully grown on Si substrates with Bi4Ti3O12(BTO)/CeO2/YSZ buffers by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. Crystallographic relations between layers shows cube-on-cube for BTO/CeO2/YSZ/Si and diagonal-on-side for LSCMO films on BTO layer. 4.4 %K-1 maximum temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR = 1/ρ·dρ/dT) and 2.9 %kOe-1 colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) were obtained at room temperature. Assuming of a prototype of temperature sensor, 1.2 μK/√Hz of noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) and 2.9×108 cm√Hz/W of detectivity are expected to achieve at 294 K, 30 Hz. For GaAs substrates, using MgO buffer layer, LCMO films shows 9.0 %K-1 of TCR at 223 K while LSMO exhibits 2 %K-1 at 327 K. Systematic strain effects on structural and electrical properties of La0.75Sr0.25MnO3 LSMO) films on BTO/CeO2/YSZ-buffered Si, Si1-xGex/Si (compressive strain, x = 0.05-0.20) and Si1-yCy/Si (tensile, y = 0.01) were investigated. The strain induced from Si1-xGex/Si and Si0.99C0.01/Si has a tendency to decrease the roughness of CMR films compared to Si sample. High resistivity and low TCR values are observed for Si0.8Ge0.2/Si and Si0.99C0.01/Si samples due to excessive strains whereas Si0.9Ge0.1/Si and Si0.95Ge0.05/Si show slight improvements of films quality and TCR value. To fabricate LSCMO manganite bolometer on Si, wet etching with KOH and BHF and dry etching methods with Ar ion beam etching (IBE) were studied. For KOH wet etching, LSCMO films show high chemical resistance with lower than 0.2 nm/min of etch rate. BHF wet etching shows high etching selectivity over photoresist mask and silicon substrates. The etch rates for LSCMO and BTO layers are 22 and 17 nm/min. For Ar IBE, LSCMO films and oxide buffer layers show similar etch rates, 16-17 nm/min that are lower compared to 24 nm/min for Si. Free standing, self-supported heteroepitaxial LSCMO/BTO/CeO2/YSZ membranes for bolometer pixels on Si was successfully fabricated by Ar IBE and ICP etching techniques using a preannealed photoresist. The structural investigation by TEM revealed the sharp interfaces between layers. The electrical property of the free standing membrane was slightly degraded due to strain release and multi-step etching effect. These results demonstrate feasibility to use heteroepitaxial oxide structures as a thermally isolated membrane with conventional photoresist patterning. / QC 20101101

No description available.

Tidigare forskning visar att utrikeskorrespondenter inom svensk public service inte rutinmässigt använder sociala medier i sitt arbete och att det ökade kravet på multikompetens kan gå ut över journalistiken (Bogar, 2011, Nygren & Hvitfelt, 2008a & 2008b). Denna studie undersöker just dessa två teman: kravet på multikompetens, och användandet av sociala medier för utrikeskorrespondenter på SVT och SR, samt hur dessa två teman påverkar arbetsrutiner, nyhetsvärdering och källkritik. Genom kvalitativa samtalsintervjuer med tio verksamma utrikeskorrespondenter på SVT och SR har vi kommit fram till att kravet på multikompetens ökar och att det, av journalisterna, förväntas öka även i framtiden i takt med att medieföretagen tvingas till ekonomiska nedskärningar. Utvecklingen upplevs ha negativa effekter för journalistiken och öka arbetsbelastningen för utrikeskorrespondenterna. Det råder ingen tydlig samstämmighet bland utrikeskorrespondenterna i frågan om hur de ställer sig till användandet av sociala medier i sitt arbete.De flesta korrespondenter vi pratat med upplever ett krav eller önskan från arbetsgivaren att vara aktiva i sociala medier, men än saknar de rutiner och metoder för att kunna använda det som ett effektivt verktyg i sitt arbete. De är också försiktiga med att uttrycka kontroversiella åsikter i sociala medier. Personliga intressen påverkar de tillfrågade korrespondenternas nyhetsvärderingen mer än vad sociala medier gör. De tillfrågade korrespondenterna upplever en förändring av yrkesrollen, med ökade krav på multikompetens, något de är skeptiska till eftersom de tycker att journalistiken drabbas negativt av det. Nyckelord: multikompetens, public service, sociala medier, utrikeskorrespondent.

Alginate is a popular biomaterial in tissue engineering. When crosslinked with calcium ions (Ca2+), alginate forms a hydrogel which provides necessary mechanical support as a scaffold. The material properties as well as the biological properties of alginate scaffold are of great importance. In this thesis, the aim is to use traditional methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy, and emerging X-ray imaging techniques, such as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and synchrotron radiation (SR) X-ray imaging, to characterize the alginate scaffolds. Firstly, the material properties of freeze-dried alginate scaffolds were evaluated using micro-CT, as it is a non-destructive and non-invasive imaging method, and can provide three-dimensional information. Alginate scaffolds made with different sodium alginate concentrations and frozen to different temperatures were scanned and analyzed in micro-CT. Results indicated that lower freezing temperature and higher sodium alginate concentration lead to smaller pore size and porosity. Secondly, cell culture experiments were carried out to study the biological properties and the interactions of alginate hydrogel with cells. A Schwann cell line was either blended with alginate solution before crosslinking with calcium chloride (CaCl2) or put around alginate gel in the culture dish. Light microscopy of sectioned slices showed that cells surrounding the alginate gel could not grow into the gel, while cells blended with alginate solution before crosslinking could proliferate inside the hydrogel. Cells grown inside a thin slice of alginate gels appeared to be in better condition and were larger in size and also grew in clusters. Thirdly, in order to image soft tissue buried inside alginate gels, such as brain slices, novel imaging methods based on synchrotron radiation (SR) were applied, such as absorption and phase contrast imaging, diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI) and also combined with computed tomography (CT). Synchrotron-based monochromatic X-ray imaging proved to be good at distinguish objects of similar density, especially biological soft tissue samples, even without any staining material, such as osmium tetroxide (OsO4). These three pieces of research work show the potential in applying the emerging X-ray imaging in soft tissue engineering.

The Saint-Urbain and Big Island rutile-bearing ilmenite Fe-Ti oxide deposits are located in the composite 450 km² Saint-Urbain anorthosite (1055-1046 Ma, U-Pb zircon) and in the Lac Allard intrusion (1057-1062 Ma, U-Pb zircon) of the 11,000 km² Havre-Saint Pierre anorthosite suite, respectively, in the Grenville Province of Eastern Canada. Slow cooling rates of 3-4°C/m.y. are estimated for both anorthosites, based on combined U-Pb zircon/rutile/apatite and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹ Ar biotite/plagioclase geochronology, and resulted from emplacement during the active Ottawan Orogeny. Slow cooling facilitated (1) diffusion of Zr from ilmenite and rutile, producing thin (10-100 microns) zircon rims on these minerals, and (2) formation of sapphirine via sub-so lidus reactions of the type: spinel + orthopyroxene + rutile ± corundum → sapphirine + ilmenite. New chemical and analytical methods were developed to determine the trace element concentrations and Hf isotopic compositions of Ti-based oxides. Rutile is a magmatic phase in the deposits with minimum crystallization temperatures of 781°C to 1016°C, calculated by Zr-in rutile thermometry. Ilmenite present in rutile-free samples has higher Xhem (hematite proportion in ilmenite), higher high field strength element concentrations (Xhem = 30-17; Nb = 16.1-30.5 ppm; Ta 1.28-1.70 ppm), and crystallized at higher temperatures than ilmenite with more fractionated compositions (Xhem = 21-11; Nb = 1.36-3.11 ppm; Ta = <0.18 ppm) from rutile-bearing rocks. The oxide deposits formed by density segregation and accumulation at the bottom of magma reservoirs, in conditions closed to oxygen, from magmas enriched in Fe and Ti. The initial ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷ Hf of rutile and ilmenite (Saint Urbain [SU] = 0.28219-0.28227, Big Island [BI] = 0.28218-0.28222), and the initial Pb isotopic ratios (e.g.²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴ Pb: SU = 17.134-17.164, BI = 17.012-17.036) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶ Sr (SU = 0.70399-0.70532, BI = 0.70412-0.70427) of plagioclase from the deposits overlap with the initial isotopic ratios of ilmenite and plagioclase from each host anorthosite, which indicates that they have common parent magmas and sources. The parent magmas were derived from a relatively depleted mantle reservoir that appears to be the primary source of all Grenvillian anorthosite massifs and existed for --600 m.y. along the margin of Laurentia during the Proterozoic.

Alginate is a popular biomaterial in tissue engineering. When crosslinked with calcium ions (Ca2+), alginate forms a hydrogel which provides necessary mechanical support as a scaffold. The material properties as well as the biological properties of alginate scaffold are of great importance. In this thesis, the aim is to use traditional methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy, and emerging X-ray imaging techniques, such as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and synchrotron radiation (SR) X-ray imaging, to characterize the alginate scaffolds. Firstly, the material properties of freeze-dried alginate scaffolds were evaluated using micro-CT, as it is a non-destructive and non-invasive imaging method, and can provide three-dimensional information. Alginate scaffolds made with different sodium alginate concentrations and frozen to different temperatures were scanned and analyzed in micro-CT. Results indicated that lower freezing temperature and higher sodium alginate concentration lead to smaller pore size and porosity. Secondly, cell culture experiments were carried out to study the biological properties and the interactions of alginate hydrogel with cells. A Schwann cell line was either blended with alginate solution before crosslinking with calcium chloride (CaCl2) or put around alginate gel in the culture dish. Light microscopy of sectioned slices showed that cells surrounding the alginate gel could not grow into the gel, while cells blended with alginate solution before crosslinking could proliferate inside the hydrogel. Cells grown inside a thin slice of alginate gels appeared to be in better condition and were larger in size and also grew in clusters. Thirdly, in order to image soft tissue buried inside alginate gels, such as brain slices, novel imaging methods based on synchrotron radiation (SR) were applied, such as absorption and phase contrast imaging, diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI) and also combined with computed tomography (CT). Synchrotron-based monochromatic X-ray imaging proved to be good at distinguish objects of similar density, especially biological soft tissue samples, even without any staining material, such as osmium tetroxide (OsO4). These three pieces of research work show the potential in applying the emerging X-ray imaging in soft tissue engineering.