Researchers have documented that high expectations do not always result in higher achievement, but the reason for varying results has not been clearly understood. This correlational study was done to find out if the degree of presence of principal leadership characteristics can predict when high expectations are effective and when they are not. Expectancy and transformational leadership theories provided the framework for identifying 9 principal leadership characteristics that might influence student scores on Colorado statewide testing. Existing student testing data were considered the dependent variable, while survey data on the leadership behaviors of Colorado middle school principals were used for the independent variables. Data were tested using a correlational regression analysis. The transformational leadership independent variables of beneficial modeling, inspirational motivation, systems thinking, individualized consideration, and empowerment were each found to be significantly related to statewide test scores at the .05 level. The high expectations variable was not found to be significantly related to test scores by itself but was found to be significant (p = .016) when transformational leadership characteristics were also high. Principals who were perceived to provide teachers with the environment they needed to facilitate student achievement were correlated with higher test scores. Implications for social change include public policy makers' support for transformational educational leadership as a part of providing teachers with what they need in order to meet high expectations.

En textilprodukts produktionsprocess beräknas stå för 80% av dess totala klimatutsläpp. Produktionen förorenar både vatten och land. Ännu är inte återvinning svaret på den negativa klimat- och miljöpåverkan som den textila värdekedjan medför. All textilproduktion och återvinning kräver resurser i form av vatten, kemikalier och energi. Enligt studier konsumerar den genomsnittliga svensken 14 kg textilier varje år men den tid som textilierna används blir kortare och kortare på grund av bristfällig kvalitet. Inom cirkulär textil är en viktig del återanvändning, för att det skall kunna ske i högre utsträckning är det av vikt att de textilier som produceras är av god kvalitet. Idag kvalitetstestas nyproducerade, oanvända och konditionerade plagg direkt efter produktion enligt gällande standarder genom mekaniska påfrestningar, ofta testas slitaget tills det inte längre kan anses vara acceptabelt ur ett kundperspektiv. Dessa tester mäter dock inte den verkliga användningen. Vilket innebär att det inte finns något verkligt underlag för att avgöra om det material som använts har en tillräckligt god kvalitet för att hålla för verklig användning och slitage i ett längre perspektiv eller bara uppfyller kravspecifikationen som upprättats. Arbetet i denna rapport har haft som syfte att identifiera vilka kvalitetsbrister som uppstår vid användning av plagg och genom simulerad användning med hjälp av standardiserade testmetoder försökt utvärdera plaggens fysiska livslängd. För att om möjligt kunna användas av företag i samma syfte. Som fallstudie har ett företag studerats och sex olika byxor har testats. Kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier resulterade i ett antal tester till att simulera användning för att försöka utvärdera plaggens fysiska livslängd. De valda testerna för att simulera slitage var upprepad tvätt, nötningshärdighet och rivstyrka, färgförändring, och dimensionsstabilitet vilka har representerat de visuella kvalitetsbrister som kan uppstå. Resultaten från testerna visar att de vanligaste kvalitetsbrister som konsumenter upplever är att det uppstår hål i materialet, att plagget tappar form och att det sker färgförändringar. En av sex byxor uppfyllde kraven i de tester som utförs för validering av testutrustningen. Efter att samtliga byxor testats enligt de utvalda metoderna var det ingen byxa som uppfyllde alla de ställda kraven. Slutsatsen av arbetet är att simulerad användning inte är omöjligt som metod men det går inte fullt ut att återskapa det mekaniska dagliga slitage som ett plagg genomgår hos konsumenten. För att bli en fullgod metod behöver ett mer omfattande arbete göras. Det går inte att med de resultat som återfinns i arbetet att ge konkreta förslag på förbättringar för en ökad livslängd. Det krävs utförliga kravspecifikationer för plaggen som gäller för en hel livslängd. Vilka inte är generella utan uppförda för de olika produktkategorierna i större detalj för att ha kontroll över hela produktionskedjan. / The production process for textiles is estimated to be responsible for 80 % of the total climate emissions made by the industry. The production pollutes both water and land. Recycling, though on the rise, does not offer the necessary solution at the time to deal with the negative climate- and environmental impact of the textile industry. All textile production including recycling requires resources in the form of water, chemicals and energy. The average Swede consumes 14 kg of textiles annually, but the user time is decreasing because of defective quality according to studies. In circular textiles the term re-use is of importance, and to possibly implement it to a greater extent it is of importance that the textiles produced are of good quality making it more probable that the end use will be prolonged. Today, a garment is tested unused and conditioned directly after production, according to standardized test methods through the means of mechanical wear, which is measured to the point where the wear is considered nonacceptable from a consumer perspective. However, these tests do not measure the real wear and tear. Meaning there is no proper basis to decide whether the material used, reaches the level of quality needed for real use in a larger perspective or if it just fulfills the set requirements. The purpose of this project has been to identify what quality deficiencies consumers experience during the use-phase of garments. Through simulated use according to standardized test methods, evaluate the physical lifespan of the garments. With the prospect that fast-fashion companies can implement it to ensure the quality of their materials. As a case study, a company has been studied and six different trousers have been tested. Qualitative and quantitative studies resulted in several tests to simulate use to try to evaluate the physical life of the garments. The tests chosen to simulate wear were repeated washing, abrasion resistance, tear strength, color change, and dimensional stability which represented the visual quality defects that may occur. The test results showed that the most common quality deficiencies that consumers experience are breakage in the material, shape and color changes. One out of six trousers met the requirements of the tests performed for the validation of the test equipment. After all trousers were tested according to the selected methods, no trousers met the set requirements. In conclusion simulated use is not undoable as a method but it cannot fully recreate the mechanical daily wear and tear that a garment undergoes during the user-phase. For it to become an effective method, more extensive work needs to be carried out. It is not possible with the results drawn from this study to give concrete suggestions for improvements for increased longevity. Detailed garment, yarn and requirements specifications are essential. They need to be in greater detail for the various product categories and not be general for all.

The mobility of low-income students who do not have access to stable housing creates numerous challenges both at home and in school. Among these challenges, academic performance certainly is one of the most important. The lack of a more permanent, familiar, and safe environment is presumed to impact home life as well as students' performance in the classroom. This research compares two groups of current and former students of Orange County Public Schools (OCPS) in Florida (1) children of families who are Habitat for Humanity (HFH) homeowners, and (2) a matched socioeconomic control group. The HFH program is designed to provide a stable, affordable housing for families who cannot acquire it through standard means. The research question is: Does stability in housing make an impact on academic performance in the particular area of FCAT scores and attendance? Data were gathered from OCPS and the HFH homeowners themselves. This data were used to evaluate the impact of HFH homeownership on students' academic environment. Results showed better attendance at school, but HFH students fared worse in FCAT performance when compared to control group especially in reading.

No description available.

"The problem here is to determine the scholastic prediction in English at the college freshman level by means of the correlation coefficients of the following test scores and marks at North Texas State Teachers College..."--1.

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of alternative middle school programs utilizing a longitudinal, mixed methods design and was driven by research questions which analyzed trends in attendance, discipline, and Standard of Learning test pass rates in history and science for 8th, 9th, and 10th grade. It also examined student perceptions concerning preparedness for high school, skills previously taught, transition to high school, and relationships with peers and adults. Data on attendance, discipline, and SOL scores were collected from 34 students from the 2009-2010 8th grade cohort who attended one of two alternative middle schools. Attendance data indicated a decrease in the number of absences each year from 8th – 10th grade, ranging from two days to 53 days per student. Discipline data reflected a drop in discipline referrals, each year, from 8th to 10th grade. The greatest improvement in discipline, indicated by a decrease in per student referrals, occurred between 9th and 10th grade. History SOL results indicated a pass rate that remained between 70% - 71% for grades 8-10. The test results for the science SOL showed a drop in number of students passing from 8th to 9th grade and increasing from 9th to 10th grade. An analysis of interviews with twelve students found that they perceived their alternative middle experience as having a positive effect on relationships, both with peers and adults, and a desire to graduate. They attributed an improvement in relationship skills and ability to select positive relationships with alternative middle school attendance. Students consistently noted small class size, as experienced in the alternative middle school, as an influence on both behavior and achievement. Students previously considering dropping out of school felt their alternative middle school experience had contributed to their changed mindsets and goals. Overall this study indicated that students attending the alternative middle school for 8th grade perceived their experiences as providing greater social rather than academic preparation for high school. In addition, best practices are similar for high school and middle school alternative programs.

of diploma thesis: Objective In the Czech republic there is no normative data for Purdue pegboard test in any reprezentative group of people. First goal of this diploma thesis is to determine basic normative data Purdue pegboard test in not representative sample of people with traumatic brain injury at the age of 22-40 years in chronic phase. Second goal is to determine clinical utility of Purdue pegboard test in this clinical population group of people. The Student t-test and ambiguity proportion was used to statistic analyse the hypothesis. As a graphic processing was choosen the linear equation with the image of the Gaussian curve. There are analysed 3 case studies about people with traumatic brain injury to accomplish second goal. There is no significant difference in Purdue pegboard test score in employed and unemployed people with traumatic brain injury, equally to women and men with traumatic brain injury. There is evidence, that age influence score of Purdue pegboard test in men with traumatic brain injury, but not in women with traumatic brain injury. There are presented basic norms of Purdue pegboard test in people with traumatic brain injury in standard and percentile scale in this thesis. Normative data in people with traumatic brain injury makes easier to work with this clinical...

<p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Examining essay in history C of Henrik Ragnarsson, vt -09. Tutors: Ann-Kristin Högman</p><p>”History canon. A written interview study about teachers attitude to a  history canon”</p><p> </p><p>The intention with the essay is to examine how teachers relates to the question about an uniform canon and compare their opinions with the Swedish researchers'. The survey is based on eight written interviews with teachers in history in Värmland.</p><p> </p><p>My conclusion is that six of ten researchers is positive to a canon if it helps to enhance the status of the subject, brings to a conclusion with the informal canon that already exists and works as an elucidation of the curriculum. And that seven of eight teachers is positive to a cannon in history if the following premises apply:</p><ul type="disc"><li>That a canon will not take up more than approximately: 25% of the subject.</li><li>That a canon must be able to be pupil centred.</li><li>That a canon will function as common basics to emanate from. </li><li>That a canon concentrates on overall skills.</li><li>And that the teachers are aloud to be a part of  then decisions of the content in canon.</li></ul><p> </p><p>All in all we can see that a majority of the teachers and the researchers are positively suspended to a canon if they are aloud to be a part of the formulation of it.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: Histotory canon, written interview, national standardized test in history, history as a compulsory subject</p><p> </p> / <p> </p><p><strong>Sammandrag</strong></p><p>Examensarbete i historia C av Henrik Ragnarsson, vt -09. Handledare: Ann-Kristin Högman</p><p>”Historiekanon. En skriftlig intervjustudie om gymnasielärares inställning till en kanon i historia”</p><p> </p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur gymnasielärare förhåller sig till frågan om en enhetlig kanon och sedan jämföra deras åsikter med de svenska forskarnas. Undersökningen baseras på åtta skriftliga intervjuer med verksamma gymnasielärare i historia i Värmland.</p><p> </p><p>Min slutsats är att sex av tio forskare är positivt inställda till en kanon om den motverkar urholkningen av ämnet, gör upp med den informella kanon som redan existerar och verkar som ett förtydligande av läroplanen. Och att sju av åtta lärare är positivt inställda till en kanon i historia om följande premisser gäller:</p><ul type="disc"><li>Att en kanon inte skall ta upp hela undervisningstiden utan endast ca: 25 %.</li><li>Att en kanon måste kunna vara elevcentrerad.</li><li>Att en kanon skall fungera som en gemensam lägstanivå att utgå ifrån.</li><li>Att en kanon lyfter fram övergripande färdigheter.</li><li>Samt att lärarna får vara med och bestämma innehållet i kanon.</li></ul><p> </p><p>Sammantaget kan vi se att en majoritet av lärarna och forskarna är positivt inställda till en kanon om de får vara med och påverka utformningen utav den.</p><p> </p><p>Nyckelord: historiekanon, skriftlig intervju, nationellt prov i historia, historia som kärnämne</p><p> </p>

Abstract Examining essay in history C of Henrik Ragnarsson, vt -09. Tutors: Ann-Kristin Högman ”History canon. A written interview study about teachers attitude to a  history canon”   The intention with the essay is to examine how teachers relates to the question about an uniform canon and compare their opinions with the Swedish researchers'. The survey is based on eight written interviews with teachers in history in Värmland.   My conclusion is that six of ten researchers is positive to a canon if it helps to enhance the status of the subject, brings to a conclusion with the informal canon that already exists and works as an elucidation of the curriculum. And that seven of eight teachers is positive to a cannon in history if the following premises apply: <ul type="disc">That a canon will not take up more than approximately: 25% of the subject. That a canon must be able to be pupil centred. That a canon will function as common basics to emanate from. That a canon concentrates on overall skills. And that the teachers are aloud to be a part of  then decisions of the content in canon.   All in all we can see that a majority of the teachers and the researchers are positively suspended to a canon if they are aloud to be a part of the formulation of it.   Keywords: Histotory canon, written interview, national standardized test in history, history as a compulsory subject / Sammandrag Examensarbete i historia C av Henrik Ragnarsson, vt -09. Handledare: Ann-Kristin Högman ”Historiekanon. En skriftlig intervjustudie om gymnasielärares inställning till en kanon i historia”   Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur gymnasielärare förhåller sig till frågan om en enhetlig kanon och sedan jämföra deras åsikter med de svenska forskarnas. Undersökningen baseras på åtta skriftliga intervjuer med verksamma gymnasielärare i historia i Värmland.   Min slutsats är att sex av tio forskare är positivt inställda till en kanon om den motverkar urholkningen av ämnet, gör upp med den informella kanon som redan existerar och verkar som ett förtydligande av läroplanen. Och att sju av åtta lärare är positivt inställda till en kanon i historia om följande premisser gäller: <ul type="disc">Att en kanon inte skall ta upp hela undervisningstiden utan endast ca: 25 %. Att en kanon måste kunna vara elevcentrerad. Att en kanon skall fungera som en gemensam lägstanivå att utgå ifrån. Att en kanon lyfter fram övergripande färdigheter. Samt att lärarna får vara med och bestämma innehållet i kanon.   Sammantaget kan vi se att en majoritet av lärarna och forskarna är positivt inställda till en kanon om de får vara med och påverka utformningen utav den.   Nyckelord: historiekanon, skriftlig intervju, nationellt prov i historia, historia som kärnämne

This paper aims to talk about the search for an evaluation process that does not enframe children in a fixed place based on normal parameters, in order to undertake a new evaluation perspective that perceives the human being in its spread and complexity. The work presents a discussion based in writers like Moyses (2011), Mantoan (2004), Canguilhem (2002), Cordie (1996), Sternberg and Grigorenko (2003), as well as two of the main works of Merleau-Ponty: Phenomenology Perception (1999) and Psychology and Education of the Child (2006). The research uses a qualitative approach and the method is the multiple case study. Relevant methodological aspects to this approach were used as document analysis (evaluation reports) and semi structured interviews with teachers, psychologists and progenitors. The proposal is based on the need to understand the other in his or her amplitude as a human being, thoughtful, global and unique. It starts from the proposition that it is necessary to find ways to conceiving and education of diagnosed students that unravel their nature, such as language and body. However, the members of this research cast their eyes just on the obstacles, thus, not allowing the comprehension of a person's potential with intellectual disabilities. In this sense, we sought to examine the limits of using standardized tests that pervade human beings’ lives because as they regulate the subjects, therefore it set labels that will follow them during they lifetime. It looks for identify an assessment that highlights the potential and not only the restrictions of being, contemplating the history of life, the subject's uniqueness, perceiving the human being in its spread and complexity. / O presente trabalho discorre acerca da busca por um processo avaliativo que não enquadre a criança em um lugar fixo baseado em parâmetros de normalidade, de modo a empreender uma nova perspectiva de avaliação que perceba o ser humano em sua amplitude e complexidade. O estudo apresenta uma discussão baseada em autores como: Moysés (2011), Mantoan (2004), Canguilhem (2002), Cordié (1996), Sternberg e Grigorenko (2003), bem como em duas das principais obras de Merleau-Ponty: Fenomenologia da Percepção (1999) e Psicologia e Pedagogia da Criança (2006). A pesquisa é de cunho qualitativo e o método utilizado é o estudo de caso múltiplo. Foram articulados aspectos metodologicamente pertinentes a este tipo de abordagem, como a análise documental (relatórios de avaliação) e a entrevista semiestruturada com professores, genitoras e psicólogas. A proposta fundamenta-se na necessidade de compreender o outro em sua amplitude como ser humano, pensante, global e singular. Parte da premissa de que é necessário buscar meios para a concepção e educação do aluno diagnosticado que desvelem o ser, como: linguagem e corpo. Entretanto, os integrantes dessa pesquisa lançam seus olhares apenas para as dificuldades, e com isso, não permitem o vislumbramento das potencialidades da pessoa com deficiência intelectual. Neste sentido, buscou-se analisar os limites do uso dos testes padronizados que perpassam a vida do ser humano, pois ao normatizarem os sujeitos, consequentemente, impõe-lhes rótulos que o acompanharão durante sua existência. Busca identificar uma avaliação que destaque as potencialidades e não apenas as limitações do ser, contemplando o histórico de vida, singularidade do sujeito, percebendo o ser humano em sua amplitude e complexidade.