The distribution of Heterobasidion annosum in Scots pine stands in Nemenčinė Forest Enterprise, Mera and Magūnai forest districts were examined in this Master thesis. The object of the study: Scots pine stands that were established on formerly used agricultural land, former tank range areas and the stands growing in the cut areas of mature stands. Also, the Scots pine stands where after partly clear sanitation cuttings the birch groups were planted, in purpose to avoid the disturbances of Heterobasidion annosum. The aim of the study: to summaries the information about the distribution of Heterobasidion annosum in Lithuanian forests; to study the distribution of Heterobasidion annosum in Scots pine plantations established in agricultural lands and the cut areas of mature stands. The evaluation of the effectiveness of earlier used partly clear sanitation cuttings against Heterobasidion annosum in disturbed stands was also done. Methods: the distribution of Heterobasidion annosum in the forests of Nemenčinė Forest Enterprise, Mera forest district was evaluated visually. Each studied plot was evaluated according 4 grades. 6 assessment plots in Magūnai forest district were evaluated for the effectiveness of partly clear sanitation cuttings. The stand characteristics of the remained healthy pine and birch trees were measured using standard silvicultural mensuration methods, taking the measurements of each tree at breast height, in 2 cm precision. The results: The distribution of... [to full text]

Magistro darbe tiriama kiek medienos ruošos nuostolių lieka biržėse po medienos ruošos rangovo darbų pridavimo. Darbo objektas – VĮ Alytaus miškų urėdija. Darbo tikslas - įvertinti, išanalizuoti ir apibendrinti stiebų medienos nuostolius, kurie susidaro ruošos metu eglynų pagrindinių ir ugdomųjų kirtimų biržėse. Darbo metodai – mokslinės ir normatyvinės literatūros šaltinių analizė, leidinių analizės metodas, instrumentinis metodas, statistinė duomenų analizė, loginis analitinis metodas, Darbo rezultatai. Tyrime pateikiama medienos ruošos nuostolių įvertinimo analizė, kertant plynų pagrindinių ir ugdomųjų kirtimų biržes eglynuose. Iš viso tyrimui medienos ruošos nuostoliai buvo matuojami 21-oje biržėje. Iš jų 9-iose plynų pagrindinių kirtimų biržėse, 6-iose einamųjų ugdomųjų kirtimų biržėse ir 6-iose retinimų ugdomųjų kirtimų biržėse. Kertant plynais pagrindiniais kirtimais eglynus vidutiniškai sumatuotas atliekų tūris randamas vienoje biržėje siekia 2,4 % nuo ištrauktos likvidinės medienos kiekio. Kertant einamaisiais ugdomaisiais kirtimais eglynus vidutiniškas atliekų tūris iš vienos biržės siekia 1,7 % nuo ištrauktos likvidinės medienos kiekio. Kertant retinimo ugdomaisiais kirtimais eglynus vidutiniškas atliekų tūris iš vienos biržės siekia 2,2 % nuo ištrauktos likvidinės medienos kiekio.Kertant plynais pagrindiniais kirtimais, einamaisiais ugdomaisiais kirtimais ir retinimais ugdomaisiais kirtimais eglynus vidutiniškas atliekų tūris iš vienos biržės siekia 2,1 % nuo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In master thesis work we were doing research of timber losses in stands after contractor work. The object of research: Alytaus Forest Enterprice. Estimation methods: scientific and normative literary analysis, instrumental method, statistical data analysis, logical analytical method. Work results. We were doing estimation of timber losses during cuttings in spruce stands. Results of timber looses during cutting on 21 stands are estimated, in 9 clear cutting stands, in 6 last thinning stands and 6 before last thinning stands. After clear cuttings was found approximately 2,4 % timber losses in spruce stand. After last thinning was found approximately 1,7 % timber losses in spruce stand. After before last thinning was found approximately 2,2 % timber losses in spruce stand. An average looses in spruce stands on investigated site types and cutting methods are 2,1 % of merchantable timber.

Magistro darbe tiriama kiek medienos ruošos nuostolių lieka beržynų biržėse po medienos ruošos rangovo darbų pridavimo žiemos metu. Darbo objektas – Beržynų plynų ir einamųjų žiemą kirtimo biržių, stiebų medienos nuostoliai. Darbo tikslas - Įvertinti, išanalizuoti ir apibendrinti stiebų medienos nuostolius, kurie susidaro ruošos metu beržynų pagrindinių ir ugdomųjų kirtimų biržėse žiemos metu. Darbo metodai: 1. Tiriant miškų ūkio sistemą ir jos teisinio reglamentavimo ypatumus buvo naudojamas mokslinės ir normatyvinės literatūros šaltinių analizės metodas, leidinių analizės metodas. 2. Instrumentinio metodo pagalba, naudojant žergles ir juostą, turinčia 1 mm gradaciją, buvo atlikti stiebo atliekų vidurio skersmenų matavimai ir nustatytas tiriamojo barelio plotas. 3. Statistinės duomenų analizės metodas, naudojant MS OFFICE 2003 EXCEL ir Statistica V9 programas, pasitelktas susisteminti ir apipavidalinti tyrimo metu gautus rezultatus. 4. Loginis analitinis metodas Darbo rezultatai. Nuostoliai buvo skaičiuojami beržynų biržėse žiemos metu, kuriuose kirtimai buvo vykdomi L hidrotopo c trofotopo ir L hidrotopo d trofotopo augavietėse. Išviso duomenų buvo surinkta iš 21 biržių, kurias sudarė 13 plyno kirtimo biržės ir 8 einamojo kirtimo biržės. Paskaičiavus kirtimo atliekas absoliutiniais dydžiais gauname, kad L hidrotope d trofotope gaunamas didžiausias atliekų kiekis. Palyginus plynus ir einamuosius kirtimus matomi dideli skirtumai kirtimo nuostolių kiekyje. Didžiausias... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In master thesis work we were doing research of timber losses in stands after contractor work the winter. The object of the research: Birch bare and winter crossing of the current stock, stem the loss of timber. The aim of the research: Assess, analyze and summarize the stem wood loss that will occur during the logging main birch and educational cuttings in stands during the winter. Estimation methods: 1. Study forestry system and its peculiarities of legal regulation has been used in the scientific literature and normative analysis method, the method of analysis of publications. 2. Instrumental approach to aid, and the calipers are using a bar having a 1 mm graduation, it was a mid-stem diameter measurements of the waste and the test plot. 3. Statistical data analysis method, using MS Office 2003 Excel and Statistica v9 programs invoked to structure and finishes the test results. 4. Logical analytical approach Work results. Losses were calculated in birch stands during the winter, where cuttings were made hidrotope L c and L trofotope hidrotope on trofotope sites. Total flue were collected from 21 stock markets, which accounted for 13 clear-cut stock and 8, rolling stock crossing. Calculated the absolute value of cutting the waste we get that L d hidrotope trofotope obtain the maximum amount of waste. The comparison of the current felling smooth and seen significant differences in cooking loss harvesting. The biggest loss of 10.82 points m3/ha recorded in mixed birch... [to full text]

The main goal of this study was to investigate space structure of pure pine stands, to assess optimal parameters of trees crown depending on stand age. The study was carried out in seven trials of 2 – 8 age classes pine stand. Trees crown horizontal projection area, the overlapping of crown, tree DBH, 5 years increment of diameter, tree developing class was measured of 200 trees in every trial. It was investigated that maximally possible crown projection area makes up from 12,0 thousand m2/ha to 6,5 thousand m2/ha while the age of stands changes from 2 to 8 age class. Depending upon the age of pine stand, maximally possible crown cover area makes up from 8,5 thousand m2/ha to 6,2 thousand m2/ha and decreases with increasing of stand age. The area of inevitable openings comprises 15-38 % of a forest area and increases with increasing of stand age. The overlapping comprises 43-6 % and decreases with increasing of stand age. The area of pine crown increases from 1,2 to 8,8 m2 while the age of stands changes from 2 to 8 age class. In the same age class the area of tree crown depends on tree developing class. The crown area of well-developed trees (class A) is 1.7-1.9 times bigger then crown area of poor-developed trees (class B) and 2.7-4.6 times bigger then crown area of trees being developed in a depressed state (class C). The crown area of vigorously-developed trees (class A’) is 1.8-3.5 times bigger than crown area of well-developed trees (class A). 1 m2 of the crown area... [to full text]

The informal sector thrives in a context of high unemployment, underemployment, poverty, gender inequality and precarious work. It plays a significant role in such circumstances, especially in income generation and in contributing to the livelihood of those engaged in it. The study investigated the contribution of street vending to the livelihood of street vendors in Nkonkobe Municipality. The aim of the study was to investigate whether street vending has the potential to sustain the lives of those engaged in it. In order to reach its objectives, the study employed a qualitative research approach whereby a non-probability sampling design in the form of a purposive sampling method was adopted and considered appropriate for this study. In terms of data collection, the study made use of structured questionnaires as a data collection method whereby questionnaires were administered and distributed to 40 street venders. The Upper Bound Poverty Line (UBPL) was used as a measurement to assess whether the participants’ incomes were above the poverty datum line in order to determine the sector’s contribution to the traders’ livelihood. From this study, it was found that street vending has both positive and negative impacts with regard to the success and profit-earning potential of these traders. Thus, the study concluded that street vending is a vital community development tool and a major source of livelihood as it plays a very important socio-economic role in Nkonkobe and in South Africa in general. The sector provides a livelihood for a huge population mainly comprised of the poor and other impoverished groups of society.

Syftet med projektet är att utveckla heuristiker lämpade för utvärdering av ett tidningsställ samt att testa dessa heuristiker genom att utföra en heuristisk utvärdering på två tidningsställ. Skapandet av nya heuristiker skedde iterativt i olika steg och granskades av utomstående personer under processen. Efter flera omskrivningar testades heuristikerna och deras relevansvärde i ett mindre test av tre försökspersoner. Efter att de nya heuristikerna färdigställts återstod det att utföra en formell heuristisk utvärdering av de båda tidningsställen utifrån de färdigställda heuristikerna. Den heuristiska utvärderingen som utfördes skedde i enlighet med Nielsens metod och även i enlighet med Baker et al. (2002). Med hjälp av heuristikerna lyckades försökspersonerna upptäcka alla tidigare upptäckta allvarliga problem och nästan alla tidigare upptäckta mindre allvarliga problem. Detta tyder på att heuristikerna var lämpade att användas till heuristiska utvärderingar av tidningsställ. Utvärderingen visade även att det finns en skillnad mellan de båda tidningsställena och att den nyare modellen är en klar förbättring över den gamla.

För att kontrollera så gallringar utförs på ett korrekt sätt genomförs kontinuerliga kvalitetskontroller, dels som enkla egenuppföljningar av maskinförarna men även som mer omfattande gallringsuppföljningar av skogsbolag och skogsägarföreningar. Eftersom dessa kontroller är tidskrävande så görs i dagsläget enbart stickprovskontroller. Skogforsk har utvecklat ett program vid namn hprGallring, som utifrån skördardata beräknar beståndsvariabler och gör en prognos för det kvarvarande beståndet. Syftet med den här studien har varit att undersöka om precisionen i hprGallring är tillräckligt bra för att vara tillfredsställande och på så vis kunna minska ner det manuella arbetet. Resultaten pekar på att hprGallring nästan alltid överskattar grundytan och volym något. Allra tydligast blir det i gallringar som är riktade mot ett visst trädslag, dvs. när trädslagsfördelningen i gallringsuttaget skiljer sig avsevärt från trädslagsfördelningen i det ursprungliga beståndet. I dessa fall stämmer även den prognostiserade trädslagsfördelningen i det kvarvarande beståndet dåligt. / Continuous controls are made to see if the thinning is done as specified. This is made by self-controls by the harvester drivers or more comprehensive controls by the logging companies. Those controls are done by random samples since they are very time consuming. Skogforsk has developed software named hprGallring, which uses harvester data and mathematical algorithms to calculate stand variables and forecasting the remaining stand after thinning. The purpose with this study has been to investigate if hprGallrings forecast is good enough to reduce the manual work. The results show that hprGallring seems to overestimate the basal area and volume. This is most obvious in stands were the thinning are concentrated against a specific sort of wood. The forecast for tree composition in the remaining stand are in these cases very inaccurate.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the architectural study of the cycling arena – velodrome – as a part of The Hněvkovský sports ground in Brno-Komárov. The new velodrome is situated next to the existing bicycle motocross ground and serves as a facility for the track cycling, indoor cycling and BMX. The core of the velodrome consists of the 250-meter wooden steeply banked track, which, together with other sports ground’s parameters fits the requirements of International Cyling Uninon for hosting international competitions. Cycling arena includes premises for athletes, spectators (stands are designed for 2700 spectators) and Favorit Brno administration and also bicycle storage and service areas. Facility includes also gym, fitness room, wellness and physiotherapy, athletes‘ accomodation. The velodrome is roofed with the arch-formed membrane anchored to a robust bond beam, that is brought to the ground in the front part of the building. This V-shaped bond beam together with the arched membrane geometry defines the building dynamic expression.

The subject of this master´s thesis is evaluation availability databases sources used in forensic engineering of forest management. Theoretical part describes basic terms about forests, forest management and available databases sources. Practical part deals with describing of this databases and make methods, how can we get useful information.

Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies