The purpose of this study was to outline how startups shape their intellectual capital to create incremental innovation. This has manifested itself as a black-box for practitioners and it has previously been unknown if startups and established firms differentiate themselves during such a process. A comparison was also made between startups in liberal market economies and the European coordinated market economies. A pilot study was conducted initially using an in-depth interview followed by a literature review, an examination of the intellectual capital construct as used in modern research and an online survey, which was sent to 2000 startups. We contributed through our findings with implications that startups construct their intellectual capital differently than established firms to generate innovation. The startups show a significant relationship between the human capital and incremental innovation as opposed to established firms that often put an emphasis on all the three dimensions of intellectual capital. We also found that there is no significant difference between liberal market economies and European coordinated market economies output of incremental innovation. However, they do differ in terms of the importance of relational capital in the creation of incremental innovation. The relational capital is more important in liberal market economies but does not affect the output of incremental innovation. We expect it has subsequent effects on the outcome of the incremental innovation since higher levels of relational capital could be manifested as a competitive advantage.

En av de mest värdefulla immateriella tillgångarna i ett företag är varumärket. Det är kunders uppfattade bild av ett företags produkter och branding är strategin för att skapa och upprätthålla denna bild. Branding är en värdefull strategi och bidrar bland annat till tillväxt, lönsamhet, kundlojalitet och underlättar för företag att stå emot konkurrens på ett effektivt sätt. Branding kan även bidra till att öka värdet av varumärket, det så kallade varumärkesvärdet. Varumärkes -identitet, -image, -kännedom och -positionering är beståndsdelar vilka tillsammans utgör varumärkesvärdet. Inom dessa beståndsdelar finns utmärkande strategier som syftar till öka detta värde.  Forskning kring branding har främst fokuserat på större företag och små och medelstora företag (SMF), men forskning som berör branding i startups är begränsat. Startups kännetecknas som innovativa, yngre än fem år och med ambition att växa. Eftersom startups anses vara nystartade står de inför flera utmaningar såsom att etablera legitimitet inför finansiärer, kunder med flera. En benämning för detta är liability of newness vilket kan medföra finansieringssvårigheter.  Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att få förståelse för hur startups arbetar med branding, deras finansieringsmöjligheter och hur arbetet med branding påverkar dessa. Kandidatuppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ metod där sju personliga intervjuer genomfördes med startups grundare eller VD.  Resultatet visar att startups i uppstartsfasen främst använder privata medel men säger sig inte uppleva svårigheter att få extern finansiering, Samtliga startups anser att arbetet med branding kan vara en förklaring till att de inte upplevt problem med detta, vilket kan indikera att branding är en bidragande faktor till ökade finansieringsmöjligheter. Resultatet visar även att startups har kännedom om varumärkesidentitetens betydelse, de lägger vikt vid skapandet av visuella element som utvecklas av personer med kunskap inom området De vanligaste marknadsföringsstrategier som nyttjas är sociala medier, rykte, nätverkande, mässor och samarbete.

A startup is a fledgling business designed to deliver a new product or service under conditions of extreme uncertainty. In the 21st century, startups have been growing significantly both in developed and developing countries. Since2014, startups are currently a new booming phenomenon in Indonesia. Nowadays, there are 1,716 registered startups that have been rapidly growing in Indonesia which also places the country in 4th place worldwide after theUnited States, India, and the United Kingdom. Startups in Indonesia were forecasted to grow significantly due to a strong macroeconomic outlook and favorable demographics. This research is a qualitative study to provide an academic literature for Indonesian startups, especially for agile software development. Regarding the high failure rate for startups, the purpose of this study is to explore the perceived success factors of Indonesian agile development startups. It also covers the adoption of implementing agile project management. This study was conducted through interviews from 20 participants within various IT-related startups in Indonesia. The implementation of agile methodologies has been broadly found in software development projects in Indonesian startups with Scrum as the common agile practice. Most of them have been using agile methods for less than a year. Contrarily, a minority of the participants refused to use agile methodologies and chose a traditional way, such as the waterfall method. It has been investigated that there are six perceived critical success factors that were found in implementing agile methodologies, as follows: project definition process, management commitment, project schedule, team environment, team capability, and delivery strategy. In addition, there is a positive correlation between those critical success factors with previous studies and startup characteristics.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-07-03T13:44:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoCardimFerreiraLima_DISSERT.pdf: 3232481 bytes, checksum: 490799aba9f0195c8b9f343453e06b20 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-07T12:58:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoCardimFerreiraLima_DISSERT.pdf: 3232481 bytes, checksum: 490799aba9f0195c8b9f343453e06b20 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T12:58:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoCardimFerreiraLima_DISSERT.pdf: 3232481 bytes, checksum: 490799aba9f0195c8b9f343453e06b20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-10 / A economia mundial utiliza o seu potencial econ?mico e inovador para criar e manter a vantagem competitiva diante dos concorrentes globais. As startups surgiram como empresas de alta capacidade de gera??o de inova??es e elevada adaptabilidade, moldando-se de acordo com as necessidades e exig?ncias do mercado. A orienta??o para o mercado e para a aprendizagem organizacional, caracterizados pela informa??o de mercado e pela postura mente aberta, respectivamente, s?o os precursores da inova??o radical. Diante deste cen?rio, o intuito dessa pesquisa ? validar um modelo estrutural que demonstre o inter-relacionamento dos fatores chaves da informa??o de mercado, da mente aberta e da inova??o radical nas startups brasileiras. Quanto aos aspectos metodol?gicos, esse estudo se caracteriza como quantitativo, de objetivo formalizado com m?todo de interroga??o e escopo de estudo estat?stico. A coleta de dados teve abrang?ncia nacional (Brasil) e foi realizada atrav?s de um question?rio eletr?nico (survey) aplicado em startups cadastradas na base de dados da Associa??o Brasileira de Startups - ABStartups. A an?lise dos dados foi feita atrav?s da utiliza??o de Modelagem de Equa??es Estruturais, em raz?o de esse m?todo mostrar-se adequado para a an?lise global de um modelo. Como resultados ap?s o ajuste do modelo os valores de curtose, assimetria, AVE, Alpha de Cronbach, confiabilidade composta, cargas cruzadas, crit?rio de Fornell e Larcker, VIF, cross-validated redundancy e cross-validated communality, coeficiente de Pearson (R?) e o valor p tiveram valores aceit?veis na an?lise atrav?s do software SmartPLS?, sendo assim as hip?teses H1, H2 e H3 foram aceitas. / The world?s economy uses its economic and innovative potential to create and maintain competitive advantage against global competitors. Startups appear as companies with high capacity of innovations generation and high adaptability, shaping according to the needs and requirements of the market.Market orientation and organizational learning, characterized by market information and open-mindedness, respectively, are the forerunners of radical innovation. Given this scenario, the purpose of this research is to validate a structural model that demonstrates the interrelationship between the key factors of Market Information, Open mindedness and Radical Innovation in Brazilian startups. Regarding the methodological aspects, this research is characterized as quantitative, with formalized objective, interrogation method and scope of statistical study. The data collection was national (Brazil), was performed through an electronic questionnaire (research) applied in startups registered in the database of the Brazilian Association of Startups - ABStartups. The analysis of the data was performed through the use of Structural Equations Modeling, because this method is suitable for the global analysis of a model. As results after the adjustment of the model, the values of kurtosis, asymmetry, AVE, Cronbach's Alpha, composite reliability, cross loads, Fornell and Larcker criteria, VIF, crossvalidated redundancy and cross-validated communality, Pearson coefficient (R?) and the p value had acceptable values in the analysis through the software SmartPLS?, thus the hypotheses H1, H2 and H3 were accepted.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-08-01T13:04:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnnaCamilaLimaESilva_DISSERT.pdf: 2842192 bytes, checksum: c726f5156d600288d4b5d423f110a27b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-03T21:11:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AnnaCamilaLimaESilva_DISSERT.pdf: 2842192 bytes, checksum: c726f5156d600288d4b5d423f110a27b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-03T21:11:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnnaCamilaLimaESilva_DISSERT.pdf: 2842192 bytes, checksum: c726f5156d600288d4b5d423f110a27b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral identificar a rela??o entre as vari?veis que favorecem o desempenho organizacional das startups brasileiras. Isso se torna vi?vel devido ? din?mica no ambiente externo, o surgimento de novas tecnologias ou transforma??es nas prefer?ncias dos consumidores, que exigem das organiza??es agilidade interna para antever esses cen?rios e responder a eles em velocidade compat?vel. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida com as startups associadas ? Associa??o Brasileira de Startups (ABStartup). A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio do instrumento survey, composto por 17 quest?es, de maneira auto administr?vel e online, com a participa??o de 166 startups, de diversas regi?es do Brasil. Evidenciou-se que as startups brasileiras est?o, em sua grande maioria, localizadas em S?o Paulo, atuando em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento e iniciaram suas atividades em 2015. Os resultados dos indicadores apresentaram que as startups possuem alto n?vel de orienta??o para o mercado, de inovar em produtos e de desempenho organizacional. Observou-se que os empres?rios, majoritariamente, concordam moderadamente com as proposi??es, e aumentaram menos de 10% em rela??o ao desempenho organizacional. Quanto ? an?lise com a Modelagem de Equa??es Estruturais, identificou-se que a orienta??o para o mercado, apesar de importante para as startups, n?o influencia no desempenho organizacional. Por outro lado, essa orienta??o tem relev?ncia para a capacidade inovativa de produto. E o desempenho organizacional ? influenciado pela capacidade inovativa de produto. Diante disso, o estudo contribuiu no sentido de validar um modelo com as startups brasileiras, o que auxiliar? as empresas j? existentes e as futuras, para a redu??o da mortalidade precoce dessas startups. / The present research seeks, as it main objective, to identify the relationship between the variables that favor the organizational performance of Brazilian startups. This becomes critical given the dynamics in the external environment of organizations, the emergence of new technologies and the transformations in consumer preferences, which all combined, requires the organizations to have internal agility to foresee these scenarios and respond to them at compatible speed. To achieve the proposed goal, the research was developed with startups associated with the Brazilian Association of Startups (ABStartup). The data collection was done through a survey, composed of 17 questions, in a self-managing and online way, with the participation of 166 startups from different regions of Brazil. It was evidenced that the Brazilian startups are, in the great majority, located in S?o Paulo, acting in Research and Development and began their activities in 2015. The results of the indicators showed that startups have a high level of market orientation, product innovation and organizational performance. The majority of entrepreneurs surveyed agreed moderately with the propositions, and increased their organizational performance by less than 10%. Regarding the analysis with the MEE, it was identified that the orientation to the market, although important for the startups, does not influence the organizational performance, but does have some effect in the product innovation capability. On the other hand, this orientation has relevance to the innovative capability of the product. And such a capability ultimately influences organizational performance. Therefore, the study contributed to the validation of a model with Brazilian startups, which will help existing and future companies to reduce the early mortality of these enterprises.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-08-01T13:04:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RenataDeOliveiraMota_DISSERT.pdf: 10390920 bytes, checksum: 63fd38ae80f81943dc79ab5f72bee27e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-03T21:50:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RenataDeOliveiraMota_DISSERT.pdf: 10390920 bytes, checksum: 63fd38ae80f81943dc79ab5f72bee27e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-03T21:50:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RenataDeOliveiraMota_DISSERT.pdf: 10390920 bytes, checksum: 63fd38ae80f81943dc79ab5f72bee27e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-10 / O objetivo desta pesquisa ? desenvolver e validar um modelo estrutural que demonstre o inter-relacionamento dos processos chaves da gest?o do conhecimento (cria??o, absor??o, aplica??o e compartilhamento) como determinantes da capacidade de inova??o das startups brasileiras. Justifica-se este estudo devido o conhecimento ser a ess?ncia do processo de inova??o, mas apesar das startups apresentarem como base a inova??o, elas enfrentam barreiras relacionadas ao processo de gest?o do conhecimento, e tal fator pode contribuir para as elevadas taxas de mortalidades diagnosticadas no pa?s. Desta forma, busca-se por resultados que possibilitem auxiliar a tomada de decis?o destas empresas e suas respectivas partes interessadas. A fundamenta??o te?rica est? pautada na discuss?o entre os temas: Inova??o, Gest?o do Conhecimento, Startups e Modelagem de Equa??es Estruturais. Ao desenvolver o referencial te?rico, buscou-se analisar as correntes de pensamentos existentes entre os principais autores destas tem?ticas nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science. Com o embasamento te?rico, as seguintes hip?teses foram formuladas: H1: A cria??o do conhecimento tem influencia positiva para a capacidade de inova??o nas startups brasileiras; H2: A absor??o do conhecimento tem influencia positiva para a capacidade de inova??o nas startups brasileiras; H3: O aplica??o do conhecimento tem influencia positiva para a capacidade de inova??o nas startups brasileiras; H4: O compartilhamento do conhecimento tem influencia positiva para a capacidade de inova??o nas startups brasileiras. Quanto aos aspectos metodol?gicos, este estudo se caracteriza como uma pesquisa qualiquantitativa, de objetivo formalizado com m?todo de interroga??o e escopo de estudo de caso. A coleta de dados apresentou abrang?ncia nacional, e foi realizada atrav?s de uma survey aplicada com as startups cadastradas na base de dados da ABStartups. A an?lise dos dados foi desenvolvida com o uso da Modelagem de Equa??es Estruturais. Como resultados obteve-se que os processos que dependem estritamente da pr?pria organiza??o, a cria??o e aplica??o do conhecimento, apresentam maiores influ?ncias na capacidade de inova??o das empresas. Um vez que a absor??o e compartilhamento do conhecimento, ou seja, que apresentam influ?ncias de stakeholders acabam por apresentar efeito negativo no potencial inovador das organiza??es estudadas. / The objective of this research is to develop and validate a structural model that demonstrates the interrelationship of the key processes of knowledge management (creation, absorption, application and sharing) as determinants of innovation capacity of Brazilian startups. This study is justified because knowledge is the essence of the innovation process, although these companies present innovation as a basis, they face barriers related to the knowledge management process, and this factor can contribute to the high mortality rates diagnosed in the country. In this way, we search for results that allow us to help the decision-making of these companies and their respective stakeholders. The theoretical basis is based on the following themes: Innovation, Knowledge Management, Startups and Modeling of Structural Equations. In developing the theoretical framework we sought to analyze the currents of thought among the main authors of these themes in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. With the theoretical basis, the following hypotheses were formulated: H1: The creation of knowledge has a positive influence on the capacity of innovation in Brazilian startups; H2: The absorption of knowledge has a positive influence on the capacity of innovation in Brazilian startups; H3: The application of knowledge has a positive influence on the capacity of innovation in Brazilian startups; H4: Sharing knowledge has a positive influence on innovation capacity in Brazilian startups. Regarding the methodological aspects, this study is characterized as a qualitative-quantitative research, of formalized objective with interrogation method and scope of a case study. The collection of data will be national, and will be carried out through a survey applied with the startups registered in the AB Startups database. The analyze of the data will be developed using the Structural Equation Modeling. As results, it was obtained that the processes that depend strictly the own organization, the creation and application of the knowledge, show majors influences in the capacity of innovation of the companies. Since the absorption and sharing of knowledge, in other words, that present influences of stakeholders end up having a negative effect on the innovative potential of organizations studies.

Startups surgem com o intuito de explorar comercialmente uma ideia de potencial inovador. Para isso, necessitam de um conjunto de capacidades técnicas e de negócios, alocando recursos de modo eficiente para obter um produto com valor de mercado. Elas necessitam, portanto, tornar-se firmas e executar um modelo de negócios. Nesse processo, muitas startups fracassam, enquanto outras atingem um bom desempenho e conseguem realizar a oferta pública de ações (IPO), ou mesmo vender o negócio. Torna-se crucial, então, identificar quais são os conjuntos de capacidades necessários para o sucesso e a sobrevivência das startups. Enquanto firmas possuem diferentes arranjos de quatro capacidades de inovação, nomeadamente as capacidades de desenvolvimento, de operação, de gestão e de transação, o assunto ainda é pouco investigado em startups. Isso posto, este estudo tem por objetivo identificar como se configuram as capacidades de inovação em startups. Para alcançar esse objetivo foi realizado um estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa no Vale do Silício, no qual foram entrevistadas 11 startups de base tecnológica e 7 profissionais com conhecimentos na área. O estudo evidenciou que startups não possuem as quatro capacidades de inovação, mas necessitam desenvolvê-las a fim de comercializar um bem/serviço no mercado, tornandose firmas. Enquanto as capacidades de desenvolvimento e a de transação são as primeiras a serem desenvolvidas (sendo as mais desenvolvidas), as capacidades de operação e de gestão necessitam ser desenvolvidas à medida que o negócio se expande. O aprendizado por startups também foi identificado como relevante para a construção das capacidades de inovação, processo no qual o rico ecossistema do Vale do Silício desempenha um papel fundamental. Embora esse ecossistema seja importante, a seleção e aplicação dos conhecimentos externos na construção de tais capacidades é uma tarefa que cabe apenas à startup. Evidenciaram-se também os diferentes arranjos de capacidades que podem levar à venda, transformação em firma e fracasso das startups. A principal contribuição teórica do presente estudo foi avaliar, em um único estudo, não apenas capacidades de cunho tecnológico, mas também operacionais, gerenciais e transacionais em startups, destacando sua importância para o sucesso do negócio. Uma segunda contribuição está em evidenciar, por meio da perspectiva da firma, que conhecimentos amplamente disponíveis no ecossistema podem ser irrelevantes para a startup se não forem aplicados adequadamente no desenvolvimento das capacidades. Como contribuição gerencial evidencia-se a necessidade de avaliar o desempenho da startup por meio de métricas, não negligenciando a importância da gestão. Às instituições governamentais sugere-se uma maior ênfase na cobrança de resultados das startups. / Startups are created to commercially explore an ideia with innovative potential. To do so, they need a set of technical and business capabilities, efficiently allocating resources to obtain a product with market value. They need, in such an understanding, to become firms and execute a business model. While searching for such a business model, a high percentage of startups fail, while others perform well and reach the initial public offering (IPO), or even sell the business. It seems crucial, then, to identify which capability arrangements are required for the success and the survival of startups. While firms have different arrangements of four innovation capabilities, namely development capability, operation capabillity, management capability and transaction capability, the issue is still under-researched for startups. That being said, this study aims to identify how innovation capabilities are arranged in startups. To accomplish that, an exploratory study with a qualitative approach was performed in Silicon Valley, in which 11 startups and 7 knowledgeable professionals related to the field were interviewed. It was found that startups do not have the four innovation capabilities, but need to develop them in order to transact goods/services in the market, allowing them to become firms. While the development capability and the transaction capability are the first developed by the startup (and also the most developed ones), the operation and management capabilities need to be developed once the business starts to grow. Learning by startups was also identified as relevant to the construction of their innovation capabilities, in which the rich ecosystem in Silicon Valley plays a key role. Although the importance of such an ecosystem, the selection and application of such external information into the construction of such capabilities is a task that can only be performed by the startup. Different arrangements of innovation capabilities were also identified, that might lead a startup to be sold, to turn into a firm or to follow a failure path. The main theoretical contribution was to evaluate, in a single study, not only technological capabilities, but also operational, management and transactional capabilities in startups, highlighting their importance to the startups’ sucess. A second contribution relies in identifying, through the lenses of the theory of the firm, that knowledge widely available in the ecosystem might be irrelevant to the startup if not properly applied in the development of capabilities. As a managerial contribution, the study highlights the need to evaluate the startup performance through metrics, without neglecting the importance of management. It is also suggested that governmental institutions should put a higher emphasis in demanding results from startups.

Submitted by Aline Amarante (1146629@mackenzie.br) on 2018-08-02T17:44:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 LUCIANO SANTOS CARDOSO.pdf: 1596302 bytes, checksum: 9a258ea59e7e1f40f55fab27446e8ab0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2018-08-18T17:40:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 LUCIANO SANTOS CARDOSO.pdf: 1596302 bytes, checksum: 9a258ea59e7e1f40f55fab27446e8ab0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:40:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 LUCIANO SANTOS CARDOSO.pdf: 1596302 bytes, checksum: 9a258ea59e7e1f40f55fab27446e8ab0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / The emergence of a large number of startups in Brazil has aroused the interest of the academic community in this category of companies, which are strongly based on value generation through innovative products and services. They are young companies formed by entrepreneurs who seek to make a difference, not only in economic terms, but in terms of changing the reality in which they are inserted. In this way, this work aims to answer four questions, if the startups make use of crowdfunding; what types and forms of crowdfunding are used; what forms and levels of innovation are found in operation of these companies and to verify if technology-based startups present innovation as a factor of market insertion. For this, a bibliographical review was elaborated, seeking the understanding of the motivating constructs of this work: crowdfunding and innovation. In the scope of the startups companies, a qualitative research was carried out with content analysis, obtained through semi-structured interviews, applied to startup companies, that went through successful campaigns in platforms of crowdfunding with relevance in the market After analyzing the content, one can observe the phenomenon and infer about its characteristics, thus we verify the hypotheses raised with the questions that started this research. Through the argument about the authors of the referential and the contents analyzed, it is possible to identify situations that justified the hypotheses raised. A comparative study of the answers of the companies interviewed was carried out, where one can observe the convergences with the research questions. The use of crowdfunding by startups, their type, level of innovation in companies and the insertion in the market, are explicit in the conversations with the interviewees. / O surgimento de um grande número de startups no Brasil, tem despertado o interesse da comunidade acadêmica por esta categoria de empresas, que estão fortemente baseadas, na geração de valor com produtos e serviços inovadores. São empresas jovens formadas por empreendedores que buscam fazer a diferença, não somente em termos econômicos, mas em termos da mudança da realidade em que estão inseridos. Desta forma, esta obra tem como objetivo responder a quatro questões, as startups fazem uso do crowdfunding; quais os tipos e formas de crowdfunding utilizado; quais as formas e níveis de inovação encontrados em operação, destas empresas e verificar se as startups de base tecnológica apresentam inovação como fator de inserção de mercado. Para isso, foi elaborada uma revisão bibliográfica, buscando a compreensão dos constructos motivadores deste trabalho: crowdfunding e inovação. No âmbito das empresas startups, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com análise de conteúdo, obtido em uma entrevista semiestruturada, aplicada a empresas startup, que passaram por campanhas de sucesso em plataformas de crowdfunding com relevância no mercado. Após análise do conteúdo, pode-se observar o fenômeno e chegar a conclusões sobre as suas características, assim verificamos as hipóteses levantadas com as perguntas que iniciaram esta pesquisa. Por meio da argumentação sobre os autores do referencial e os conteúdos analisados, pode-se identificar situações que justificaram as hipóteses levantadas. Foi realizado um estudo comparativo das respostas das empresas entrevistadas, onde pode-se observar os pontos em comum com as perguntas de pesquisa. O uso do crowdfunding por parte das startups, seu tipo, nível de inovação nas empresas e a inserção no mercado, ficam explícitos nas conversas com os entrevistados.

Context. With the rapid development of the software industry, innovative software products become the mainstream of the software market. Because software startups can use a few resources to quickly produce and publish innovative software products, more and more software startups are launched. Software testing is important to ensure the quality of product in software companies. Software testing is costly in software development, but if software testing is avoided, it could be costlier. Many different regular software companies spend up to 40-50% of development efforts on software testing [1] [2]. Compared with other regular software companies, time and money are finite and need to be allocated reasonably in software startups. Unreasonable allocation of time and money could lead to the failure of software startups. We don’t know how much software startups spend for testing, and few research studies have investigated the testing practices in software startups. Therefore, we decided to conduct an exploratory study to know about the testing practices in software startups. Objectives. The aim of the research is to investigate testing practices in software startups. In this study, we investigate software startups’ structure and how to manage their test team. The test processes and test techniques used in software startups have been researched. And the main testing challenges in software startups have been investigated as well. Methods. We mainly conducted a qualitative research for the study. We selected literature review and survey as the research method. The literature review method is used to get in-depth understanding of software testing practices in software companies. Survey is used to answer our research questions. We used interview as our data collection method. And in order to analyze data from interviews, we selected descriptive statistics method. Results. A total of 13 responses were obtained through interviews from 9 software startups. We got results from 9 investigated software startups to structure and manage their test teams. We analyzed the common steps of test processes and classified the techniques they used in the 9 software startups. At last, we analyzed and listed the main testing challenges that are occurred in the 9 software startups. Conclusions. The research objectives are fulfilled. The research questions have been answered. We got the conclusion based on 9 software startups. The 9 companies cannot represent all software startups, but we can know about test practices in software startups initially through the 13 interviews. We also found some differences about testing practice between 9 software startups and regular software companies. Our study is a primary research to explore testing practices in 9 software startups, we provided some data and analysis results of the 9 companies to the researchers who want to research some related area. In addition, our research could help someone who plans to set up a software company. They can use the data we collected to think about the testing practice in their own company. Then find out the best way to prevent and resolve the problem in testing.

L’innovation et le contrôle de gestion sont tous deux considérés comme des déterminants de la performance des entreprises. Pourtant, ces deux concepts apparaissent à première vue comme antinomiques, et certains chercheurs les ont présentés comme difficilement conciliables, préconisant aux organisations innovantes d’avoir recours à d’autres modes de contrôle. La question du rôle et de l’influence du contrôle de gestion en contexte innovant se pose alors et motive ce travail doctoral. Au-delà de la littérature s’intéressant à l’influence du contrôle de gestion sur l’innovation, nous empruntons les cadres théoriques et conceptuels portant sur l’innovation managériale et l’ambidextrie organisationnelle afin de traiter de cette question du lien entre contrôle de gestion et innovation produit. La méthodologie retenue est de nature exploratoire, qualitative et adductive correspondant ainsi à un positionnement épistémologique de type interprétativiste. Elle consiste en une démarche en deux temps : une étude exploratoire auprès de dix-neuf start-ups et PME innovantes, puis deux études de cas de PME récemment inscrites dans une stratégie d’innovation. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que, innovation et contrôle de gestion sont loin d’être antagonistes. D’abord, le contrôle de gestion, qu’il soit de type interactif ou cybernétique, apparaît comme favorable à l’innovation, mais l’innovation semble également impacter les systèmes de contrôle de gestion, en poussant les entreprises à mettre en place des outils de contrôle d’une part, des outils refaçonnés et adaptés d’autre part. Au final, on observe que l’innovation produit et l’innovation managériale se soutiennent mutuellement, mais également que le contrôle de gestion apparaît comme support d’ambidextrie contextuelle. Par ailleurs, cette étude souligne le rôle clé du dirigeant, en tant qu’acteur hybride ou ambidextre. / Innovation and management control are both considered as determinants of business performance. Yet, these two concepts appear at first sight contradictory, and some researchers have presented them as difficult to reconcile, advocating innovative organizations to have recourse to other modes of control. The issue of the role and influence of management control in innovative context arises and motivates this doctoral work.Beyond the literature concerned with the influence of management control on innovation, we use the theoretical and conceptual frameworks bearing on managerial innovation and organizational ambidexterity in order to deal with this issue of the link between management control and product innovation. The methodology is exploratory, qualitative and adductive corresponding thus to an interpretativist epistemological positioning. It consists of a two-stage approach : an exploratory study with nineteen start-ups and SMEs innovative and two case studies of SME which are both recently entered into an innovation strategy.The results of this research show that innovation and management control are far from being antagonistic. First, management control whether interactive or cybernetic type appears as favorable to innovation, but innovation also appears to impact the management control systems, pushing companies to develop tools of control on the one hand, tools which are reshaped and adapted on the other hand. Finally, we observe that product innovation and managerial innovation support each other, but also that management control appears as contextual ambidexterity support. Moreover, this study highlights the key role of the leader as hybrid or ambidextrous actor.