Dissertação (Mestrado em Administração de Empresas) - Centro Universitário FEI, São Paulo, 2018.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-08-23T13:49:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Giovana Ceron Zortea_.pdf: 1743114 bytes, checksum: 481d5ce9a934c3302b0679ff3339df50 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T13:49:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Giovana Ceron Zortea_.pdf: 1743114 bytes, checksum: 481d5ce9a934c3302b0679ff3339df50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / Nenhuma / As startups aumentaram o interesse pelo empreendedorismo, sendo vistas como alternativa para alcançar sucesso, dinheiro e prestígio por meio de atividades criativas, com grande potencial de rentabilidade, mas também de alto risco. O reconhecimento da importância de fomentar a criação de empresas de base tecnológica como um elemento essencial para os países em desenvolvimento, estimulando a competitividade e a criatividade nos mercados mediante a inovação, está aumentando. Este ecossistema inclui, segundo a OECD (2015b), uma série de fatores, como a regulação, o acesso a investimentos, condições de mercado adequadas, cultura empresarial, produção e disseminação de conhecimento. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar e comparar os mecanismos de aceleração de programas públicos para incentivar startups Start-Up Brasil e Start-Up Chile, colaborar para a sua evolução, e, na medida do possível, contribuir para os estudos de incentivo ao empreendedorismo em mercados emergentes. A estratégia de pesquisa empregada foi a de estudo de casos múltiplos, e os programas foram analisados como casos isolados. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se pesquisa documental, entrevistas com empresários que passaram pelo processo de aceleração de cada um dos programas e entrevistas com os membros das suas equipes de aceleração. A narrativa dos casos manteve a preocupação de triangular os dados e mostrar os diferentes entendimentos das partes sobre os mecanismos usados pelos programas. Na sequência, foi realizada a análise cruzada dos casos, na qual, foram comparadas as contribuições dos programas e elencadas sugestões para a sua evolução. Os resultados mostraram que os mecanismos de aceleração adotadas pelos programas favorecem o desempenho das startups e que o Start-Up Brasil e o Start-Up Chile, em geral, desempenharam papéis importantes nas trajetórias dessas empresas. Analisados os modos de operação dos programas e estudadas as indicações de melhorias feitas pelos entrevistados, foram elencadas sugestões na atuação de cada um dos seus mecanismos. / Startups caused increased interest by entrepreneurship, being seen as an alternative to achieve success, money and prestige through creative business, with great potential for profitability but also high risk. It's increasing the recognition importance of stimulating the creation of technology-based companies to an element important for developing countries, stimulating competitiveness and creativity in markets through innovation. This ecosystem includes, according to OECD (2015b), a number of factors such as regulation, access to investments, appropriate market conditions, entrepreneurial culture, knowledge production and dissemination. This study aims to analyze and compare the acceleration mechanisms of government programs for encouraging startups Start-up Brazil and Start-Up Chile, contribute to their evolution, and, as far as possible, contribute to the studies of encouraging entrepreneurship in emerging markets. The research strategy used was the study of multiple cases, and the programs analyzed as single cases. To collect data, we used desk research, interviews with entrepreneurs who have gone through the acceleration process of each of them and members of their teams’ acceleration. The narrative of cases remained the concern of data triangulation and shows the different understandings of the parties regarding the mechanisms used by the programs. Following, a cross analysis of cases was performed. In it, the programs’ contributions were compared and were listed suggestions for their evolution. The results showed that the acceleration mechanisms adopted by the programs, are supportive to the startups performance and that Start-Up Brasil e Start-Up Chile generally played important roles in their trajectories. After analyzing the programs operating modes and study the suggestions for improvement made by the respondents, it was possible to list suggestions for actions in each of its mechanisms.

La presente tesis desarrolla la investigación enfocada en el fenómeno conocido como start-ups, donde Perú ha sido escenario del rápido crecimiento de este tipo de innovaciones y cómo algunos de ellos ya están alcanzando mercados internacionales. Precisamente, el foco de esta investigación es conocer de manera más profunda aquellos factores que han logrado facilitar a estos emprendedores el ingreso a mercados extranjeros. Es en este punto que se busca conocer el nivel de importancia que representa para las start-ups cada uno de estos factores. La investigación se desarrolla considerando distintos puntos de vista. Por un lado, se encuentran los expertos del ecosistema emprendedor, representantes de instituciones públicas y privadas que están directamente relacionadas con las start-ups y el desarrollo de su ecosistema. Por otro lado, se tiene a los mismos emprendedores que son los usuarios de todas estas herramientas generadas en dicho ecosistema y cómo eso llevó a que algunos pudieran lograr la internacionalización. A partir de este enfoque, se logró identificar una serie de factores claves que necesitaban ser validados por la población de start-ups peruanas a través de una encuesta de opinión. Esto con el objetivo de identificar a los principales factores y tener un aporte que sirva de guía para aquellos que pertenecen al ecosistema. Conocer si existen relaciones o patrones entre los factores y las características de las start-ups, a través de metodologías cuantitativas. Finalmente, la tesis expone todos los resultados obtenidos, las conclusiones, recomendaciones e incluso las limitaciones bajo las que se desarrolló la investigación, contribuyendo de esta manera con el ecosistema emprendedor para que este documento sirva como guía para investigaciones más profundas acerca de este fenómeno que cada vez tiene mayor importancia en el Perú. / This thesis develops research focused on the phenomenon known as start-ups, where Peru has been the scenario of the rapid growth of this type of innovation and how some of them are already reaching international markets. Precisely, the focus of this research is to know more deeply those factors that have managed to facilitate these entrepreneurs entering foreign markets. It is at this point that we seek to know the level of importance that each of these factors represents for start-ups. The research was developed considering different points of view. On one hand, there are experts from the entrepreneurial ecosystem, representatives of public and private institutions that are directly related to start-ups and the development of their ecosystem. On the other hand, we have the entrepreneurs who are the users of all these tools generated in this ecosystem and how that led some of them to achieve internationalization. Based on this approach, it was possible to identify a series of key factors that needed to be validated by the Peruvian start-up population through an opinion poll. This with the objective of identifying the main factors and having a contribution that serves as a guide for those who belong to the ecosystem. To know if there are relations or patterns between the factors and the characteristics of the start-ups, through quantitative methodologies. Finally, the thesis exposes all the obtained results, conclusions, recommendations and even limitations under which the research was developed, contributing in this way with the entrepreneurial ecosystem so that this document serves as a guide for deeper investigations about this phenomenon that it is increasingly important in Peru. / Tesis

There has been a continuous interest in academia with regard to the venture capital (VC) as themain flourishing aid to new business. Nowadays, academia and the public consider it ‘hot‘ to argue and invest in business that define their activities with sustainable goals, and callthemselves ‘green’, ‘clean’ or ‘eco’. Furthermore, circles of discussions about sustainability, triple bottom line, green, clean, eco, and other terms related with positive impact towards society environment alongside financial returns have created uncertainty with respect to what defines an entity as green and how this can be used as a competitive advantage in the attractiveness of the business in the very first steps of its existence. However, green startups are considered a strong tool for the emergence of the environmentally friendly solutions needed in order to avoid dangerous and irreversible climate change. Furthermore, venture capitalists (VCs) are a key provider of financial capital for emerging firms. Therefore, given the complex nature of the VC investment decision, it is paramount to understand the VCs perspective on what are the factors andcharacteristics that attract and repel investors toward green startups. By undertaking this investigation, we seek to create an understanding of the evaluation criteria, as well as, characteristics and challenges related to VC investments in green startups. Therefore, contributing to the fields of environmental entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial finance, by identifying what VCs take in consideration when evaluating green startups. To develop this understanding of the VCs perspective on green startups we first developed an in-depth literature review of the extant research, then we conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with practitioners from the mainstream and the greenVC industry operating in Sweden. Furthermore, we implemented an interpretative approach which enabled us to analyze the individual perspectives of VC depending on the context in which they operate. This study provided interesting results that complement the existing literature and provide useful insights on the current state of green VC. Combining the findings of our study with the theories discussed in our comprehensive literature review on green entrepreneurs, green startups and venture capital, we provide an understanding of the evaluation criteria and investment thesis relevant to green startups as well as, insight on characteristics, challenges and opportunities related to investments in green startups. Therefore, this study generates new knowledge in this scarcely studied area of research and provide interesting insights for future research. To the end of this continuum, both actors involved - VCs and green entrepreneurs - will benefit from the findings which provide: green entrepreneurs with the tools to develop green startups with more potential to attract investors; and VCs with an understanding of the nature, challenges and opportunities of green startups´ investments.

Background: In the past few decades the world business map has shrunk considerably. Economic unions, tighter cooperation between different countries and across continents is nowadays setting the pace of current economy trends. Moreover, the rise of the internet and technology has interconnected people and markets more than ever. In this dynamic new setting, entrepreneurs and novel ideas have found the ideal ground to flourish. Startups are taking the business world by storm. Moreover, many of them are ambitious enough to engage in International markets right after their conception. It would be interesting to study the process they undergo and revisit it through the application of C-K Design Thinking Theory. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis dissertation is to apply Design Thinking C-K Theory in the Internationalization process of Startups and study how it can serve as model of reasoning for that process. Methodology: Primary data in the form of qualitative interviews were retrieved from three Startups concerning their Internationalization process. They were in turn analyzed by being revisited, with the application of Design Thinking Theory of C- K (Concept – Knowledge) and supported by relevant theory. The results were thought-provoking and will demonstrate how C-K can be used as a model of reasoning for this Process. Results: The study demonstrated that C-K Theory can be used as a model of reasoning for the Internationalization process by strengthening reasoning, improving management and organizing and working synergistically with other theories to generate creativity and problem solving.

Social media is a very important marketing channel for marketers. Marketing through social media can easily enhance the effects of viral marketing or accelerate the word-of-mouth effect. How small e-stores and startups that lack marketing resources conduct their online marketing strategies and overcome their marketing weaknesses are the points of interest in this research. This research examines how new online shops implement marketing strategies using social media. Our samples come from the E-commerce Idea Competition of 2009 and 2010. The students who participate in this competition only have two months to operate their online stores so that they can be taken as typical samples of new online shops. We encode 141 online shops¡¦ contents, including their final reports and website contents of blogs, Facebook, micro-blogs and YouTube. We use the content analysis method to analyze the dimensions of product information, trust messages, promotions, interactivities, multimedia contents and brand stories. This research is to answer two research questions. The first research question asked is how small e-stores implement their marketing strategies using social media. The findings show that information is exposed more completely in blogs because of the students¡¦ familiarity with blog platforms and the variety of information that it can handle. Promotions information such as special offers is the most commonly used information pattern on social media. The second research question is how the e-stores enhance and overcome marketing weaknesses in using social media. We found out that trust messages are seldom used in social media and only a few promotions skills were used. These are caused by the time constraints and the unfamiliarity with social media. From the results, it was shown that these students used very limited resources in implementing their marketing strategies. Analyzing the contents of the social media can give us a better understanding of the behavior and strategies of small e-stores and startups. To overcome these weaknesses, it is suggested that the features of the social media they want to use be studied first and to reduce the numbers of social media usage to become more familiar with the social media platform. The current study found what the operating characteristics of small e-stores and startups are and some suggestions are given to strengthen their weaknesses and establish long-term businesses. We hope that these suggestions can be applied to the e-commerce environment so that future startups can have a better working understanding of marketing using the social media.

This dissertation consists of three essays in applied econometrics that analyze the strategic interactions between individuals and institutions. The first chapter examines the relationship between employee benefits and the performance of startups. Using national longitudinal data on startups, I find that an increase in the share of employee benefits in total compensation packages leads to increased productivity of startups. Results indicate that a 10 percent increase in the share of employee benefits leads to an increase ranging from 1.5 to 3.9 percent in productivity even if the returns to the employee benefits are heterogeneous across startups. I also find that an increase in the share of employee benefits increases the chance of survival of startups. The second chapter investigates the dynamics of employee screening and transitions from temporary to permanent employment. I analyze unique German data that contains specific information about the dynamics of the transition from temporary to permanent employment, I find that employers screen the abilities of employees only before they hire them. I find no evidence that employers screen the cognitive ability of employees during temporary employment. The third chapter examines the relationship between housing prices and the availability of curbside parking. Using a policy change in Istanbul as a quasi-experiment, this chapter explores the effect of Istanbul’s switch from informal and free curbside parking to formal and paid curbside parking on housing prices. In a differences-in-differences model coupled with a propensity score matching, we find that an exogenous change in the availability of parking leads to a statistically significant decrease in house prices. We estimate that house prices per square meter decrease by 13 percent in the neighborhoods where the city starts charging curbside parking spaces. However, rents stay the same compared to the other neighborhoods. / text

The digitalization of the electricity grid can provide politicians and different kinds of companies with solid benefits in terms of efficiency, renewable integration and control. However, some part of the deployment of smart grids is only possible with the engagement of consumers who are required to change their behavior significantly. This behavioral change can be induced if energy companies (incumbents and new players) adopt business models that do not sell a technology but use technology to wrap a viable business case around the core task to “solving a customer’s problem”. This paper investigates different business models in the smart grid context on their possibility to diffuse in the market. Furthermore, it stresses that the emergence of smart grids will provide incumbents and new companies with new possibilities to offer new services. However for incumbent companies these new roles, increased competition, and new services also imply challenges. Old paradigms of the traditionally conservative utilities need to be changed. This paper finds out that the electricity consumer of today is not uniform, but rather can be divided into four segments who seem to describe the market well (at least in Germany) and have very different needs and preferences. In order to become agents of change in the future utilities will have to transform their business model, if they are not already on their way to do so. Throughout the paper, a EU (European Union) and North American perspective is considered, with primary focus on Sweden, Germany, and the USA.

The purpose of this thesis was exploring stakeholder influence on brand identity co-creation in startups, by answering the research question: "How do stakeholders influence brand identity co-creation in startups?". To answer this question, a multiple case study was conducted, consisting of interviews with six B2C (business-to-customer) startups. Furthermore, the startups studied are all tenants of incubators. This context is of interest, since incubators have been suggested to provide extensive resources and knowledge for startups struggling with their businesses' establishment. To analyze the data from the case studies, mainly the Corporate Brand Identity Matrix (Urde, 2013) was used, which helps to provide an overview of how different elements of brand identity are co-created with stakeholders in startups. In addition, to study this subject requires an overview and discussion of brand management research, stakeholder theory and co-creation litertature.  The findings show that several of the brand identity elements are co-created with stakeholders in startups. The stakeholders identified in co-creation are several, mainly cusomers, financiers, producers, designers and programmers. Furthermore, an interesting correlation between startups' orientations and co-creation, was discovered. The startups with a mainly market-oriented approach to branding are co-creating the brand identity elements to a much further extent, than brand-oriented startups. Finally, incubators are revealed as co-creators of several of the brand identity elements in startups, but the study also provides further insightsd into their important role in supporting the startups and facilitating networking opportunities.

CAVALCANTE, Fernando Luiz Nobret. Start! Up? O arranque empreendedor do capitalismo informacional. 2015. 381f. - Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-10T16:13:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_flncavalcante.pdf: 5148966 bytes, checksum: 57ed2d52c836576ef91e50a7ba65c587 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-11T14:34:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_flncavalcante.pdf: 5148966 bytes, checksum: 57ed2d52c836576ef91e50a7ba65c587 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T14:34:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_flncavalcante.pdf: 5148966 bytes, checksum: 57ed2d52c836576ef91e50a7ba65c587 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / In Brazil, and more recently in the city of Fortaleza, there is a new form of entrepreneurship that is focused on the information and communication technology service sector and that draws the attention of young people, investors, governments, authors and media companies: it is known as the start-up movement. Today, it is considered to be a driving force behind the creative economy. Rooted on progressive discourse, the words enterprise and innovation seduce new economic agents motivated by success stories from Silicon Valley in America along with increasing commercial activity for digital goods and services. This master’s dissertation assesses, from a sociological point of view, the new productive wave problematized by the light of Manuel Castells’ informational capitalism. Considering the skeptical as well as the optimistic opinions about the impact of this new entrepreneurial rearrangement, the following question is asked: does the startup movement rekindle the capitalist spirit or does it present roots which divert from its speculating essence? The raised hypotheses are based on employability factors as well as cultural, economical, and political matters related to innovation and technology. This study has produced a nationwide quantitative assessment with a special focus on the reality of these Ceará firms; as well as comparative qualitative interviews on American and Brazilian experiences lived by identified agents. This dissertation outlines the public incentive policy of the federal government, the Start-up Brasil Program, from the perspective of these companies and provides details as to the discipline methods of the new enterprising way born in the United States. The startups are very young companies that are headed towards the economic sustainment of the productive sector services. These companies are dropping the seeds that will produce the re-enchantment of young people and bring them back to participation in political debate; they provide relief and reheats the job market; and they produce a democratization of the entrepreneurial “Do-It-Yourself” culture. They capitalize the pivot of the wall street wolves and of agents being charged for new masks. There are developmental logic’s prophylaxis in the face of dreadful innovation stagnation. The lack of continuity in Brazilian governmental politics and cultural nuances related to entrepreneurship are barring the desired regional success of this ecosystem. / Emerge no Brasil, e mais recentemente na cidade de Fortaleza, uma nova forma de empreendedorismo voltada ao setor de serviços de tecnologia de informação e comunicação, que desperta a atenção de jovens, investidores, governos, autores e empresas midiáticas: o movimento intitulado de startups, hoje considerado como força motriz da “economia criativa”. Usados em discursos progressistas, os verbos empreender e inovar seduzem novos agentes econômico, embasados nos casos de sucesso da região americana do Vale do Silício, que está alinhada às crescentes práticas de consumo de serviços e mercadorias digitais. Esta dissertação de mestrado esmiuça, sob ótica a sociológica, a nova onda produtiva problematizada à luz do capitalismo informacional de Manuel Castells. Bifurcada em visões céticas e otimistas quanto ao impacto deste novo rearranjo empreendedor, questiona-se: o movimento das startups rejuvenesce o espírito capitalista ou apresenta raízes divergentes à sua essência especulativa? As hipóteses levantadas estão relacionadas a fatores de empregabilidade, culturais, econômicos, políticos e questões relativas à inovação e tecnologia. Neste estudo foi feito um levantamento quantitativo no âmbito do Brasil, mas focando especialmente na realidade destas firmas cearenses. Tal foram realizadas entrevistas qualitativas, comparativas com experiências americanas e brasileiras, entre os agentes identificados. A dissertação esboça a política pública do governo federal de estímulo a estas empresas, o Programa Start-up Brasil, e detalha os métodos disciplinadores da nova forma de empreender transferida dos Estados Unidos. As startups são as firmas infantes que caminham rumo à sustentação econômica do setor produtivo de serviços. Semeiam o reencanto à participação de jovens no centro de debates políticos; proporcionam o alívio que reaquece o mercado de trabalho; acessibilizam o escudo democrático da cultura do empreendedorismo “faça-você-mesmo”. Capitalizam o pivô dos “lobos” de Wall Street e de agentes que se vestem de novas carapuças. São profilaxias da lógica desenvolvimentista perante o temido atraso inovativo. A falta de continuidade das políticas governamentais brasileiras e as nuances culturais relativas ao empreendedorismo são barreiras ao tão esperado sucesso regional deste ecossistema.