Urban development plans in the Turkish planning system envision that a time would come and the spatial development of any city would be completed in the specific planning period. The allegation of the planning system is to control every detail during urban development. However, the static nature of development plans within the regulatory context cannot provide strategies to manage the dynamic nature of the socio-political context. This contradictory situation involves tensions in planning control mechanisms and creates cleavages within the spatial context. &amp / #8216 / Changes in the spatial context&amp / #8217 / are the indicators of such cleavages. They are conceived to be significant since they might enhance or erode the distinctiveness of a place. To the extent that possibility of change is disregarded in static nature of urban development plans, plan modifications become the primary tools for emergence of the &amp / #8216 / changes in spatial context&amp / #8217 / . They usually emerge through individual actions and individuals begin to produce their own pattern of urbanism in the urban built environment. Management and control of &amp / #8216 / changes in the spatial context&amp / #8217 / is at the very center of the study. It is about shaping the physical form of development rights. The study aims to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative influence of plan modifications on the spatial context through a study within the whole contexts of planning control mechanisms. Hence, the study also concentrates on the operation of planning control mechanisms in the Turkish planning system. The plan modifications are evaluated throughout a detailed analysis held within boundaries of Municipality of Greater Mersin.

The purpose of this thesis is to develop and understand dance balance characteristics on various kinds of dance, related positions and shoe types which contribute to dance performance and to understand different balance controls in various groups. The first study was conducted to examine balance into ballet 2nd position between Ballet shoes and Pointe shoes. Eight dancers performed five different conditions in ballet 2nd position (Ballet Flat, Ballet Demi, Pointe Flat, Pointe Demi, and Pointe Toe) and Centre of Pressure (COP) was used to assess balance. The second study was testing balance control and response to perturbations whilst standing on double leg stance dance positions using a moving platform. Four dance positions were performed by eight subjects (Normal Flat, Turnout Flat, Normal Demi and Turnout Demi) and the platform was moved in two different directions (Forward and Backward) at two different speeds (slow and fast). Kinetics, Kinematics and EMG data was taken from this study. The third study was taken to compare balance control and response to perturbations in single leg standing dance positions between eight dancers and eight gymnasts. The subjects performed static single leg balance in Normal Flat, Turnout Flat, Normal Demi and Turnout Demi. Also, perturbed stance trials were collected in anterior, posterior, right and left directions for two dance positions (Normal Flat and Turnout Flat) at two different speeds (slow and fast) on the moving platform. The results from the studies indicate that dancers move in Medial - Lateral direction more than in Anterior - Posterior direction on Demi-pointe and Toe standing by performing plantar flexion during ballet 2nd position. Demi-pointe position may cause longer delay of EMG latencies because CNS is probably sending information already to keep correcting balance on Demi-pointe. Dancers and Gymnasts have different balance controls due to their ways of training in their performance. Dancers generally reacted faster with slow perturbation in Turnout stance than Gymnasts because this is the particular condition which Dancers are training in.

Trees are one of the most fundamental structures in computer science. Standard pointer-based representations consume a significant amount of space while only supporting a small set of navigational operations. Succinct data structures have been developed to overcome these difficulties. A succinct data structure for an object from a given class of objects occupies space close to the information-theoretic lower-bound for representing an object from the class, while supporting the required operations on the object efficiently. In this thesis we consider representing trees succinctly. Various succinct representations have been designed for representing different classes of trees, namely, ordinal trees, cardinal trees and labelled trees. Barring a few, most of these representations are static in that they do not support inserting and deleting nodes. We consider succinct representations for cardinal trees that also support updates (insertions and deletions), i.e., dynamic cardinal trees. A cardinal tree of degree k, also referred to as a k-ary cardinal tree or simply a k-ary tree is a tree where each node has place for up to k children with labels from 1 to k. The information-theoretic lower bound for representing a k-ary cardinal tree on n nodes is roughly (2n+n log k) bits. Representations that take (2n+n log k+ o(n log k ) ) bits have been designed that support basic navigations operations like finding the parent, i-th child, child-labeled j, size of a subtree etc. in constant time. But these could not support updates efficiently. The only known succinct dynamic representation was given by Diego, who gave a structure that still uses (2n+n log k+o(n log k ) ) bits and supports basic navigational operations in O((log k+log log n) ) time, and updates in O((log k + log log n)(1+log k /log (log k + log log n))) amortized time. We improve the times for the operations without increasing the space complexity, for the case when k is reasonably small compared to n. In particular, when k=(O(√(log n ))) our representation supports all the navigational operations in constant time while supporting updates in O(√(log log n )) amortized time.

The task of this thesis is to study methods for the acquisition perfusní imaging based on dynamic MR imaging with T1 contrast. It describes methods of measurement of T1 relaxation time and the possibility of evaluating the results. It further describes the phantoms and their use. And it is here mentioned for the dynamic acquisition protocol perfusní imaging. There is also described in detail created a program for automatic control of the NMR system. In the experimental measurements are performed on static and dynamic phantom, are also evaluated perfusion parameters from the Flash sequence.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20760号 / 工博第4412号 / 新制||工||1686(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉浦 邦征, 教授 白土 博通, 教授 清野 純史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Os mapas conceituais (MCs) são úteis para representar o conhecimento e promover a aprendizagem significativa, porém recentes trabalhos na literatura apontam que não estão sendo plenamente explorados, pois raramente são utilizados para representar o conhecimento diversificando as proposições. As proposições são unidades fundamentais de conhecimento nos mapas conceituais (MCs). Diferentes mapeadores podem responder a mesma pergunta focal realizando diferentes conexões e relacionando os conceitos de formas diferentes para representar o conhecimento. A proposta do trabalho consiste na elaboração de uma análise de proposições (n=1455) presentes em MCs (n= 104) coletados na disciplina Ciências da Natureza (EACH-USP/Leste) em 2009, durante o período da primeira (MC5) e terceira avaliação (MC15). A análise proposicional proposta utilizou-se de um esquema taxonômico para classificação de proposições estáticas e dinâmicas em seis categorias. As proposições estáticas representam o conhecimento com definições e classificações, enquanto que as proposições dinâmicas expressam relações de ação, influência, dependência, interdependência funcional, proporcionalidade e causa e efeito entre os conceitos. O número de proposições por categoria passou por métodos de estatística descritiva, para mostrar os parâmetros estatísticos como, média, mediana, quartil inferior, quartil superior, mínimo da amostra, e máximo da amostra para descrever cada uma das seis variáveis consideradas na análise proposicional proposta neste trabalho. A comparação dos valores médios de cada categoria para análise proposicional das avaliações MC5 com os valores médios de cada categoria das avaliações MC15 foi feita utilizando-se o teste-t. O método de estatística exploratória multivariada foi empregado para realizar análise hierárquica de agrupamentos (HCA) a fim de observar possíveis tendências entre os alunos e/ou categorias. A HCA agrupou as seis categorias de proposições propostas por este trabalho, sendo que em MC15 houve uma maior distribuição dos tipos de proposições entre as categorias dinâmicas. A HCA formou três agrupamentos para ambas as avaliações e, ainda que tendências dos agrupamentos tenham se mantido, houve um aumento do número total de proposições, sendo que mais de 60% dos alunos optaram pelas proposições dinâmicas, comprovando a eficácia dos estímulos fornecidos nas avaliações. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade da utilização da análise proposicional no mapeamento conceitual para diversificar formas de representação do conhecimento, ou seja, que não sejam somente com o objetivo de descrever, definir e classificar conceitos, mas que sejam utilizadas para incentivar relações conceituais de ação, influência, dependência, proporcionalidade, interdependência funcional e causa e efeito. / The concept maps (CMs) are useful for representing knowledge and promote meaningful learning, but recent studies in the literature indicate that they are not being fully exploited because they are rarely used to represent knowledge by diversifying the propositions. The propositions are fundamental units of knowledge in concept maps (CMs). Different authors may answer the same question different focal performing connections and related concepts in different ways to represent knowledge. Our purpose is to prepare an analysis of propositions (n = 1455) present in MCs (n = 104) collected in the course of Nature Sciences (EACH-USP/Leste) in 2009, during the first (MC5) and third assessment (MC15). The analysis used the propositional proposed a scheme for taxonomic classification of static and dynamic propositions in six categories. The proposals represent the static knowledge with definitions and classifications, while the dynamic propositions expressing relations of action, influence, dependence, and proportionality between cause and effect concepts. The number of propositions in each category went through descriptive statistical methods, to show the statistical parameters as mean, median, lower quartile, upper quartile, the sample minimum and maximum sample to describe each of the six variables considered in the analysis proposed propositional this work. A comparison of mean values for each category analysis of propositional evaluations MC05 to mean values for each category of MC15 evaluation was made using t-test. The exploratory multivariate statistical method was used to perform hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to observe possible trends among students and / or categories. HCA grouped the categories and in MC15 was a greater distribution of the types of propositions between the dynamic categories. The HCA was formed three groups for both assessments and, although trends of groupings have been kept, there was an increase in the total number of propositions, and more than 60% of students opted for dynamic propositions, proving the effectiveness of the stimuli provided in the evaluations . The results point to the necessity of using propositional analysis of the conceptual mapping to diversify forms of knowledge representation, they are not solely for the purpose of describing, defining and classifying concepts, but are used to encourage conceptual relations action, influence, dependence, proportionality and cause and effect.

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo da deformação permanente de misturas asfálticas à luz dos resultados de ensaios de fluência por compressão uniaxial estática e dinâmica. Para isso, um programa experimental completo foi desenvolvido combinando fatores relacionados às misturas asfálticas e às condições de ensaio. Foram produzidos corpos de prova de misturas asfálticas densas tipo CAUQ com asfalto convencional (CAP 50/70) e com asfalto modificado com polímero SBS (CAP 50/70+SBS), variando o volume de vazios em dois níveis, 4 e 7%, e a presença de aditivo em dois níveis, sem e com cal hidratada. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos a ensaios de fluência com carregamentos estático e dinâmico em dois níveis de tensões, 0,1 MPa e 0,4 MPa, e em duas temperaturas diferentes, 40 e 50ºC. Essas condições do programa experimental permitiram observar o efeito do modificador SBS, da presença da cal e do volume de vazios nas misturas asfálticas, e entender o efeito da temperatura, do nível de tensão e do tipo de carregamento no comportamento de cada tipo de mistura asfáltica. Os resultados indicam que (i) a adição da cal promoveu redução de deformação acumulada somente nas misturas com ligante convencional (CAP 50/70); (ii) as misturas com volume de vazios de 7% apresentam maiores acúmulos de deformação permanente independente da presença de cal, do tipo de carregamento e da temperatura do ensaio, sendo maiores para a mistura asfáltica com CAP 50/70; (iii) as misturas com ligante modificado se mostraram menos sensíveis às variações da temperatura e do nível de tensão; (iv) e a melhora das características das misturas com asfalto modificado com polímero é detectada somente a partir de ensaios dinâmicos. / This paper presents a study of rutting on hot mixture asphalt (HMA) by means of static and dynamic creep tests. A full factorial experiment was developed considering factors related to HMA and to the test conditions. It was produced HMA (unmodified (CAP 50/70) and SBS modified binders) specimens at two different air voids (4 and 7%) and with or without hydrated lime. The specimens were submitted to static and dynamic creep tests at two stress levels, 0,1 MPa e 0,4 MPa, and two temperatures, 40 e 50ºC. These conditions of the experimental program allowed to observe the effects of the modifier SBS, the presence of the lime and the air voids in HMA, and to understand the effects of the temperature, stress and the type of loading on the behavior of each type of asphalt mix. The results indicate that (i) the addition of lime promoted reduction of accumulative deformation only in mixtures with conventional binder (CAP 50/70), (ii) mixtures with 7% air voids showed greater accumulation of permanent deformation regardless of presence of lime, the type of load and temperature of the test, mainly for the conventional HMA, (iii) the Polymer Modified Asphalt Hot Mix Asphalt (PMA-HMA) were less sensitive to temperature and the stress variation (iv) the improvement of the polymer modified asphalt mixture characteristics (PMA-HMA) were detected only on dynamic load conditions.

Actuellement, la restauration des oeuvres d’art, notamment des statues fracturées, repose sur des techniqueséprouvées, mais empiriques. Les statues endommagées comportent souvent des parties brisées. Leur restaurationconsiste la plupart du temps à les rassembler. Ainsi apparait la nécessité de prendre en compte lespropriétés mécaniques des interfaces entre les différentes parties brisées, ce qui permet de limiter l’ampleur desréparations et ainsi, de mieux conserver l’intégrité de l’oeuvre. Par ailleurs, les techniques numériques d’acquisition3D font leur entrée au service de la conservation du patrimoine. Cette thèse propose une méthodologiecapable d’utiliser des données issues d’une acquisition 3D pour simuler les opérations de restauration et leurseffets sur la structure de l’oeuvre. Les processus de restauration peuvent ainsi être testés et optimisés.Un scanner laser est utilisé pour l’acquisition de la géométrie des oeuvres, ce qui nous permet de reconstruireun modèle 3D pour la simulation numérique. Les calculs sont menés dans le cadre de la mécanique des milieuxcontinus déformables avec FLAC3D. Pour vérifier tous les points clés garantissant la stabilité mécanique, lecomportement des éléments de renforts et celui des interfaces entre les blocs ont été considérés. À partirdes résultats de ces études, une critique des stratégies de restauration mises en oeuvre ou envisageables estproposée.De plus, plusieurs méthodes de caractérisation visant à retrouver la provenance du matériau et/ou estimerles propriétés mécaniques de l’oeuvre sont proposées : caractérisations physico-chimiques et minéralogiques,essais non destructifs et destructifs. Une campagne expérimentale visant à caractériser le comportement desfractures en contact frottant avec acquisition de l’état de surface a été réalisée. Une analyse des corrélationsentre les propriétés mécaniques et morphologique des interfaces est ensuite élaborée. Enfin nous proposonsdes modèles prédictifs construits par régressions linéaires multiples et multivariées. Cette étude permet desimuler le comportement d’une oeuvre fracturée. / Currently, the artworks restoration, including broken statues, are based on proven but empirical techniques. Damaged statues often have broken parts. Restoration mainly consists in joining these parts. Thus appears the necessity of taking into account the interfaces mechanical properties between the different broken parts, reducing thereby the extent of repairs and thus better maintain the integrity of the work. Beside this, digital 3D acquisition techniques become more and more popular among the cultural heritage community. This thesis proposes a methodology able to use 3D acquisition datas to simulate the restoration operations and their effects on the structure. The restoration strategy can thus be tested and optimized. A laser scanner is used to acquire the statue geometry, allowing to reconstruct a 3D model for numerical simulation. Computations are carried out within the framework of deformable continuum mechanics using the FLAC3D software. In order to check all the key points ensuring mechanical stability, the behavior of reinforcing elements and those of the interfaces between blocks were considered. From the results of the present studies, a critical analysis of implemented or possible restoration strategy is proposed. In addition, several characterization methods to find the material origin and/or estimate the mechanical properties of the work are proposed : physico-chemical and mineralogical characterizations, non-destructive and destructive tests. An experimental campaign to characterize the behavior of fractures in contact with surface acquisition was performed. An analysis of correlations between mechanical and morphological interfaces properties is then developed. Finally, we propose a predictive modelling based on multiple linear and multivariate regressions. This study allow the simulation of fractured artworks behaviour.

The Texas state gas tax has been 20.0 cents per gallon since 1991, and the federal gas tax has been 18.4 cents per gallon since 1993. The gas tax is not only stagnant, but depreciating in value due to inflation. Thus, damage is being done to the infrastructure but the money needed to maintain and improve roadways is not being adequately generated. One proposed alternative to the gas tax is the creation of a vehicle miles traveled (VMT) fee; with equity being a crucial issue to consider. This research used 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) Texas data to consider the equity impacts surrounding four VMT fee scenarios. Data were filtered and weighted to reflect results representative of Texas vehicle-owning households in 2008. Each scenario was run both statically and dynamically under the assumption that the VMT fee would replace the state gas tax. An assessment of the relative vertical equity of each scenario was made by calculating the Gini Coefficient associated with the proportion of state gas tax or VMT fee revenue generated by each household income level quintile. Results indicate that all VMT fee scenarios are essentially as equally vertically equitable than the current state gas tax system. Scenario 4 was designed to be inherently horizontally equitable because the per mile fee associated with each roadway type (urban or rural) was assessed to all vehicles driven on these roadway types at a rate calculated to generate needed funds to address the mobility and infrastructure needs of that roadway type. Scenario 3, a scenario favoring vehicles with high fuel efficiency, was found to be the least horizontally equitable. Scenarios 2-4 were able to generate additional revenue desired to meet the infrastructure and mobility needs of Texas set forth by the 2030 Texas Transportation Needs Committee. The large fee increase necessary to achieve the desired additional revenue may not be popular or possible. However, an evaluation of the philosophy governing each scenario designed to generate additional revenue is informative when it comes to equity impacts. No one VMT fee scenario affects all household income levels and geographic locations uniformly and it was not the goal of this research to design an equitable VMT fee scenario. Rather, the effect of each scenario on 2008 Texas vehicle-owning households disaggregated by household income level and geographic location are presented and left to the discretion of elected officials to decide which VMT fee, if any, would be best for their constituents.

In this study, new design approaches are introduced for the seismic design of block type quay walls after reviewing the conventional methodologies. Within the development of the new design approaches an inverse triangular dynamic pressures distributions are applied to define both seismic earth pressures and seismic surcharge pressures. Differently from the conventional design methodology, the hydrodynamic forces are taken into consideration while dynamic forces are specified and equivalent unit weight concept is used during the both static and dynamic calculations Compatibility of this new design approaches are tested by case studies for the site and it is seen that the numerical results are in good agreement qualitatively with field measurements.